ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Many pediatric patients with severe scoliosis requiring surgery have baseline anemia. Pediatric scoliosis fusion surgery is associated with perioperative blood loss requiring transfusion. As such, many patients in this surgical population could benefit from a perioperative blood conservation program. METHODS: Here we present a narrative review of perioperative blood conservation strategies for pediatric scoliosis surgery involving nurses, transfusion medicine physicians, anesthesiologists, surgeons, dieticians, perfusionists and neurophysiologists spanning the pre-, intra- and postoperative phases of care. RESULTS: The review highlights how perioperative blood conservation strategies, have the potential to minimize exposures to exogenous blood products. Further, we describe a relevant example of blood conservation related to the care of a Jehovah's Witness patient undergoing staged scoliosis repair. Lastly, we outline areas which would benefit from clinical studies to further elucidate perioperative blood conservation interventions and their outcomes relevant to pediatric scoliosis surgery patients. CONCLUSION: Interdisciplinary communication and meticulous blood conservation strategies are proving to be a means of reducing if not eliminating the need for allogeneic blood products for surgical correction of pediatric scoliosis.
Subject(s)
Anemia , Bloodless Medical and Surgical Procedures , Jehovah's Witnesses , Scoliosis , Blood Transfusion , Child , Humans , Scoliosis/surgeryABSTRACT
In an attempt to study the mechanisms by which estrogens affect vascular responses, we utilized aortic preparations from intact and ovariectomized female rats receiving low- and high-dose subcutaneous estrogen treatments. Oil-treated, as well as male rats, served as controls. In ovariectomized females, low-dose 17-beta-estradiol injections (5 microg/kg daily for two days) affected the basal release of nitric oxide, as evaluated by concentration-related curves to superoxide dismutase and N(G)-Methyl-L-arginine acetate, which was found to be greater in 17-beta-estradiol-treated females compared to oil-treated females or males. Conversely, the nitric oxide-related vascular relaxation evoked by acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside was unchanged. Prostacyclin production was also evaluated. Aortic rings from ovariectomized 17-beta-estradiol-treated females released significantly more prostacyclin than those from oil-treated females. These results point out a possible role for nitric oxide and prostacyclin in the vascular protection brought about by physiological levels of estrogens. When intact females were treated with high doses of ethynilestradiol (100 microg/Kg daily for one month), a component of contraceptive pills, either the basal release of nitric oxide, or acetylcholine-induced relaxation underwent a significant decrease. Likewise, the relaxant responses to sodium nitroprusside were impaired in the aortic rings obtained from ethynilestradiol-treated animals when compared to controls. Similarly, the amount of prostacyclin released from aortic tissues obtained from ethynilestradiol-treated animals was significantly reduced. These results may provide a possible explanation for the higher incidence of cardiovascular disease in women who take contraceptive preparations containing high doses of estrogens.
Subject(s)
Estradiol/pharmacology , Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects , Acetylcholine/pharmacology , Animals , Aorta/drug effects , Aorta/metabolism , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Interactions , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Epoprostenol/metabolism , Estradiol Congeners/pharmacology , Ethinyl Estradiol/pharmacology , Female , In Vitro Techniques , Male , Muscle Contraction/drug effects , Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism , Nitric Oxide/metabolism , Nitric Oxide/pharmacology , Nitric Oxide/physiology , Nitroprusside/metabolism , Nitroprusside/pharmacology , Norepinephrine/pharmacology , Ovariectomy , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism , Superoxide Dismutase/physiology , Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology , omega-N-Methylarginine/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Calcium metabolism appears to be altered in human and experimental hypertension, which represents an important risk factor for thrombotic events. We investigated the possible effect of the calcium antagonist nicardipine on a model of experimental venous thrombosis in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Thrombus formation was highly enhanced in SHR with respect to normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). Nicardipine, when administered orally (10 mg kg-1) at a single dose or once a day for three days, completely counteracted the increase in thrombus size caused by hypertension. Furthermore, a significant rise in prostacyclin production from aortic tissue [19.2 +/- 1.5 vs 13.2 +/- 2.4 ng (mg dry tissue)-1], associated with a fall in thromboxane A2 release from activated platelets (328.3 +/- 74.6 vs 705.0 +/- 88.1 ng ml-1), was observed in nicardipine-treated SHR. Plasma triglyceride and free fatty acid levels were also lowered by drug administration. Our results suggest that the actions of nicardipine on calcium metabolism result in antithrombotic effect through an increased availability of vasodilating eicosanoids in vessel walls and through a reduced amount of prothrombotic agents (thromboxane, free fatty acids).