[Cytokines in the treatment of a generalized surgical infection]. / Tsitokiny v lechenii generalizovannoi khirurgicheskoi infektsii.

A novel approach to the treatment of surgical sepsis has been tried: cytokine-based immunotherapy. Human recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) and a mixture of native cytokines obtained by arteriovenous perfusion of xenospleen were used as a source of proinflammatory cytokines. Extracorporeal immunotherapy of 62 patients with surgical sepsis with mononuclear cells treated by autologous IL-2 resulted in a significant decrease of endotoxicosis and effective immunocorrection. Cytokine-based immunotherapy notably decreased the mortality of patients with generalized surgical infection--to 14.6%, which was lower than the expected mortality (35%) and the mortality in the control group (34.5%).

[The susceptibility of mosquitoes for Plasmodium gallinaceum in the joint use of biologically active substances]. / Vospriimchivost' komarov k maliariinym plazmodiiam pri sochetannom primenenii biologicheski aktivnykh veshchestv.

Making use of a model pair Aedes aegypti--Plasmodium gallinaceum, the authors assess the susceptibility of mosquito female survivors to malaria agent after treatment of larvae with various bioactive substances. Eight binary combinations of 6 preparations have been tried: dimilin and uvemon, insect development regulators; fundosol and copper sulfate, fungicides; phytobacteriomicin (PBM), a larvicidal antibiotic; bactoculicide, a bacterial agent. Combinations of PBM with compounds differing by their mechanisms of action were found to inhibit the specific effect of PBM on the vector, PBM specific effect consisting in depression of mosquito susceptibility to P. gallinaceum. PBM combinations with some agents may alter other parameters of the vector potential: combinations of copper sulfate or uvemon with low concentrations of PBM potentiated the larvicidal effect, and PBM mixtures with fungicides reduces the activity of female attacks.

[Experimental research on the effect of biologically active substances on the susceptibility of mosquitoes to the causative agent of malaria. 3. Algae, fertilizers]. / Eksperimental'noe issledovanie vliianiia biologicheski aktivnykh veshchestv na vospriimchivost' komarov k vozbuditeliu maliarii. Soobshchenie 3. Vodorosli, udobreniia.

On a model pair Aedes aegypti--Plasmodium gallinaceum in has been shown that changes in the conditions of larvae development caused by the addition into the water medium of the live culture of Synochocystis sp. cyanobacteria or green seaweeds Chlorella vulgaris, acetone extracts from the live culture precipitate or Chlorella powder, as well as nitrogen-containing fertilizer--ammonium chloride did not lower the sensitivity of the imago flying to malaria parasites. The results of the experiments assessing the effect of biologically active compounds introduced into the larvae habitation medium on the ability to change sensitivity of the survived mosquito females to malaria agent have been summed up. The data obtained are indicative of the high level of mutual adaptation between mosquito-carriers and malaria parasites.

[An experimental study of the effect of different biologically active substances on the susceptibility of mosquitoes to the causative agent of malaria. 1. Insect development regulators]. / Eksperimental'noe izuchenie vliianiia razlichnykh biologicheski aktivnykh veshchestv na vospriimchivost' komarov k vozbuditeliu maliarii. Soobshchenie 1. Reguliatory razvitiia nasekomykh.

It has been shown on the model pair Ae. aegypti-P. gallinaceum that dimilin, an inhibitor of insect chitin synthesis has practically no effect on female sensitivity to malaria agent. An analogue of the juvenile hormone juvemon at a concentration of 0.001-0.002 mg/l, causing death of 35% of insects, produces a 7-17% decrease in sporozoite index value. In concentration of 0.004-0.05 mg/l, there is a tendency towards an increase in the vector capacity of the survived female individuals. No differences in the intensity of infection have been revealed between test and control female individuals. No noticeable inhibition of the physiological conditions of test female individuals determined by the following parameters: activity of their aggression towards the donor and their death before and alter the infective feeding have been observed. Thus, none of the substances tested is an inhibitor of the development of malaria plasmodia and their vectors.

[An experimental study of the effect of different biologically active substances on the susceptibility of mosquitoes to the causative agent of malaria. 2. Herbicides and fungicides]. / Eksperimental'noe izuchenie vliianiia razlichnykh biologicheski aktivnykh veshchestv na vospriimchivost' komarov k vozbuditeliu maliarii. Soobshchenie 2. Gerbitsidy i fungitsidy.

The feasibility was determined of influencing Ae. aegypti sensitivity to bird malaria agent P. gallinaceum by sublethal concentrations of herbicides (ordram and propanide) and fungicides (fundozol and blue vitriol) introduced into the larvae habitation medium or into the imago feed. No stable changes in the infectivity of test female individuals, as compared to the control, have been observed. Specific action of the group of preparations under study has been noted. It has been shown that the use of herbicides causes a decrease in some parameters of the vector potential (survival and aggressiveness) of the survived insects, however, it is accompanied by a tendency towards enhanced invasion by malaria plasmodia. The treatment of larvae with fungicides has less effect on the viability of the imago and their reaction to the prey, however, unlike herbicides, fungicides are associated with a tendency towards reduced Ae. aegypti sensitivity to P. gallinaceum. When fungicides are added to the imago feed the indexes of test female individuals infectivity do not differ from the control ones.

[The absence of an action of the pyrethroids deltamethrin and cypermethrin on mosquito susceptibility to the causative agent of malaria]. / Otsutstvie vozdeistviia piretroidov del'tametrina i tsipermetrina na vospriimchivost' komarov k vozbuditeliu maliarii.

Mosquitos Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi contact with sublethal doses of deltametrin and cypermetrin pyretroids at larval stage and in grown state, when diet includes sugar with pyretroids, had no influence on the sensitivity of survived females to malaria agents P. gallinaceum and P. berghei. Mosquitos under experiment showed no obvious inhibition of the physiological condition in comparison with the control ones.

[The effect of density and temperature on the larval populations of the malaria vector Anopheles sacharovi]. / Vliianie plotnosti i temperatury na lichinochnye populiatsii perenoschika maliarii Anopheles sacharovi.

9 variants of cultivation of larvae at different population density (3.3-842.1 sp. per dm2), have been tested at 7 different temperatures (from 21 +/- 1 to 32 +/- 1 degrees C) each. Quantitative characteristics of the effect of 2 factors on the survival of larvae and duration of larval development are presented. Sexual structure of population is practically unchanged at density of the larvae (6.6-26.3 sp. per dm2), but in rarefied or extremely dense populations the males were prevailing. 233-290 pupae may be obtained from 1 m2 of medium per day in the first three days of pupation under optimal conditions of cultivation (13 larvae per dm2 at 28-30 degrees C). Increased sensitivity of An. sacharovi larvae to over-population allows to draw a conclusion of the higher cost of mass production of this mosquito species compared to other malarial vectors.

[Evaluation of the action of ivermectin on blood-sucking mosquitoes]. / Otsenka deistviia ivermektina na krovososushchikh komarov.

The effect of Ivomec, a formulation of ivermectin administered by various routes: through biological membrane and feeder animal was assessed. Higher insecticidal effect was obtained by feeding mosquitoes with blood containing ivermectin through biological membrane. Anopheles stephensi females were the most sensitive of 3 species under study. Their total death after feeding was observed at 1 ppm, while for Aedes aegypti the lethal dose was 2.5 ppm and for An. sacharovi, 50 ppm. Subcutaneous injection of the drug to rabbits at the dose 0.34 mg/kg wt with further feeding on it of 3 Anopheles species demonstrated the highest drug sensitivity of An. stephensi mosquitoes. Death rates among the females fed on the rabbit 4-6 days after injection of the drug were 93, 70 and 79%, respectively. Death rates among An. sacharovi and An. atroparvus differed only slightly from that of the control group. In some experiments ivermectin effect on female fertility and larvae hatching from ova can be traced. Probably, increasing the preparation dose, administered to an animal-feeder, may change significantly characteristics of the malaria carrier natural population. Moreover, further use of ivermectin versus helminths and mosquitoes in zootechnical practice may produce a side-effect on mosquitoes, feeding recurrently on domestic animals, thus increasing the effect of malaria zoological control.