ABSTRACT
RESUMEN La huella hídrica es un indicador de la apropiación de los recursos de agua dulce y aporta una valiosa información sobre el impacto ambiental que ocasiona un bien o servicio. Por ello, es interesante conocer el consumo de agua y los niveles de contaminación detrás de todo proceso productivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue dar una primera aproximación a la estimación de la huella hídrica en el proceso de beneficio bovino en el Frigorífico Vijagual S.A.S. de la ciudad de Bucaramanga y en el Frigorífico Jongovito S.A de la ciudad de San Juan de Pasto. Para el cálculo de la huella hídrica azul se hizo necesario conocer el volumen de agua empleada en el proceso y el del agua que retorna a la fuente hídrica después de su tratamiento. Para el cálculo de la huella hídrica gris se tomó como indicador la carga contaminante de materia orgánica expresada en DQO, por ser el parámetro de mayor concentración. La huella hídrica verde no se determinó por no tratarse de un proceso agroforestal. Para el Frigorífico Vijagual se obtuvo como resultado una huella hídrica total de 2.583l/res, mientras que para el Frigorífico Jongovito se obtuvo una huella hídrica de 1.358 l/res. Si bien es cierto estos valores son inferiores a datos nacionales e internacionales, en términos de sostenibilidad es muy importante disminuir el consumo de agua, mejorar cada vez más los sistemas de tratamiento y realizar un esfuerzo en concienciar respecto al uso responsable del agua a sus operarios, en beneficio de las generaciones presentes y futuras.
ABSTRACT The water footprint is an indicator of the appropriation of freshwater resources that contributes a valuable information on the environmental impact caused by a good and/or service. Therefore, it is interesting to know the water consumption and the pollution behind all productive processes. The objective of this study was to give a first approximation to the accounting of the water footprint in the process of bovine benefit in the Vijagual S.A.S. meat procesing plant in Bucaramanga city and the Jongovito S.A. meat plant in San Juan de Pasto City. To calculate the blue water footprint it was necessary to know the volume of water used in the process and the water that returns to the water source after its treatment. For the calculation of the gray water footprint, the pollutant load of organic matter expressed in DQO was taken as indicator, since it is the parameter with the highest concentration. The green water footprint was not determined because it was not an agroforestry process. As a result, the Vijagual meat plant the water footprint is 2.583 l/bovine, while the Jongovito meat plant the water footprint of 1.358 l/bovine was obteined. Altough it is true that these values are lower than national and international data, in terms of sustainability, it is very important to reduce water consumption, improve treatment systems more and more, and make an effort to raise awareness about the responsible use of water by its operators, for the benefit of present and future generations.
ABSTRACT
Introducción. Se ha considerado de una forma generalizada que las hormonas femeninas protegen el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares y muy especialmente el desarrollo de las alteraciones degenerativas de las arterias. Objetivo. El estudio trata de evidenciar las relaciones que el componente hormonal tiene sobre la pared arterial, valoradas desde el punto de vista histológico y morfométrico. Materiales y métodos. Se realiza un trabajo experimental en la rata con la utilización de diferentes grupos de animales, soportado el estudio en un modelo animal para evidenciar las repercusiones arterialmente de las diferentes situaciones hormonales. El diseño experimental se estructura en diferentes grupos de estudio sobre la base de una deprivación hormonal, posterior suplencia, ya sea farmacológica o a través del trasplante ovárico sobre la pared arterial. Resultados y conclusiones. Las repercusiones de la deprivación hormonal no han sido muy evidentes, pero sí detectables mediante métodos morfométricos. Los resultados demuestran que la suplencia hormonal neutraliza los posibles efectos degenerativos derivados de la deprivación hormonal. Se discute la interacción de las hormonas estrogénicas y su implicación en el desarrollo de patología arterial y las evidencias existentes al respecto, bibliográficamente (AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Arteries/physiopathology , Arteries/pathology , Arteries , Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Vascular Diseases/prevention & control , Castration , Ovary/surgery , Hormones/therapeutic use , Cytoplasm , Ovariectomy , Aorta, Abdominal/surgery , Aorta, Abdominal/physiopathology , Laparotomy , Photomicrography/methods , Photomicrography , Photomicrography/veterinaryABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: We studied during a 12-months follow-up the effect of the eradication of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) on the recurrence of duodenal ulcer (DU). BACKGROUND: The eradication of Hp from the gastric mucosa has been the objective of numerous therapeutic trials for preventing DU recurrence; however, an optimal treatment has not yet been established. METHODS: 51 patients with Hp infection and active DU confirmed by endoscopy were randomized in two groups. All patients received ranitidine 300 mg daily for eight weeks. Group A (26 patients) received a 5 day course of amoxycillin 500 mg t.i.d., metronidazole 500 mg t.i.d., and furoxone 100 mg t.i.d., during the 3rd week. After ranitidine treatment, none patient of this group received further treatment. Group B (25 patients) received 150 mg of ranitidine daily during 12 months. Endoscopy was performed at the end of the first eight weeks of the ranitidine treatment as well as at the 6th and 12th month of follow-up or sooner if symptoms recurred. Two biopsies were taken from gastric antrum at each endoscopy examination for Hp detection with Giemsa and hematoxylin/eosine stains. Each patient gave informed consent and this trial was approved by the regional Ethics Committee. Statistical analysis was performed using chi 2 test. RESULTS: After eight weeks of ranitidine treatment, the ulcer of all patients from both groups was healed. The percentage of Hp eradication was 92% (24/26 pt) in group A and none in group B (p < 0.001). Recurrence of Hp infection occurred in 9/24 patients (37.5%) during a 12 months follow-up (group A) and of these, one patient had recurrence of DU. In contrast, all 25 patients of group B were persistently Hp positive and 7 developed recurrent DU (p < 0.05). Both treatments were well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: The combined therapy with amoxycillin, metronidazole, furoxone and ranitidine is highly effective in both Hp eradication and prevention of DU recurrence.
Subject(s)
Helicobacter Infections/drug therapy , Helicobacter pylori , Peptic Ulcer/prevention & control , Adolescent , Adult , Amoxicillin/administration & dosage , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Ulcer Agents/administration & dosage , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Drug Therapy, Combination , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Furazolidone/administration & dosage , Histamine H2 Antagonists/administration & dosage , Humans , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Metronidazole/administration & dosage , Middle Aged , Penicillins/administration & dosage , Prospective Studies , Ranitidine/administration & dosage , Recurrence , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Varicella pneumonia can endanger the life of pregnant women. We have a case of varicella pneumonia complicating pregnancy in the third trimester. The patient required intubation, early treatment with acyclovir (700 mg/IV every eight hours), as well as the extraction of the fetus by cesarean section before the time gestation was completed. Early treatment with acyclovir has improved hope for these patients.