Nocturnal hypertension and dysautonomia in patients with Parkinson's disease: are they related?

Orthostatic hypotension and supine hypertension frequently coexist in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, leading to visceral damage and increased mortality rates. The aim of this paper is to analyze the frequency and association of both conditions in a sample of outpatients with PD. A total of 111 patients, diagnosed with PD, were studied. Disease duration, treatment, cardiovascular risk factors, UPDRS I-IV and Scopa Aut scale scores were reported. Subjects underwent 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring and were assessed for orthostatic hypotension. We compared our results with those published in 17,219 patients using the same protocol and the same type of device. Overall, 71.1 % had no proper circadian rhythm. This frequency was significantly higher than that of the control population (48 %). The prevalence of the nondipper or riser patterns was higher in patients with orthostatic hypotension (77.8 vs. 66.7 %). There was a correlation between nightly increases in diastolic blood pressure and changes in BP during the orthostatic test. Patients taking higher doses of treatment had less decreases in SBP (cc:-0.25; p = 0.007) and DBP (cc:-0.33; p < 0.001) at night, however there was no relation with drug type. The majority of patients with Parkinson's disease show an altered circadian rhythm of blood pressure. Patients with a non-dipper or riser pattern on 24 h ABPM exhibited a higher prevalence of autonomic disorders (orthostatic hypotension) and received higher doses of dopaminergic treatment. A day-night variation in diastolic blood pressure was the most important marker of these findings.

Coexistence of protease sensitive and resistant prion protein in 129VV homozygous sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: The coexistence of different molecular types of classical protease-resistant prion protein in the same individual have been described, however, the simultaneous finding of these with the recently described protease-sensitive variant or variably protease-sensitive prionopathy has, to the best of our knowledge, not yet been reported. CASE PRESENTATION: A 74-year-old Caucasian woman showed a sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease clinical phenotype with reactive depression, followed by cognitive impairment, akinetic-rigid Parkinsonism with pseudobulbar syndrome and gait impairment with motor apraxia, visuospatial disorientation, and evident frontal dysfunction features such as grasping, palmomental reflex and brisk perioral reflexes. She died at age 77.Neuropathological findings showed: spongiform change in the patient's cerebral cortex, striatum, thalamus and molecular layer of the cerebellum with proteinase K-sensitive synaptic-like, dot-like or target-like prion protein deposition in the cortex, thalamus and striatum; proteinase K-resistant prion protein in the same regions; and elongated plaque-like proteinase K-resistant prion protein in the molecular layer of the cerebellum. Molecular analysis of prion protein after proteinase K digestion revealed decreased signal intensity in immunoblot, a ladder-like protein pattern, and a 71% reduction of PrPSc signal relative to non-digested material. Her cerebellum showed a 2A prion protein type largely resistant to proteinase K. Genotype of polymorphism at codon 129 was valine homozygous. CONCLUSION: Molecular typing of prion protein along with clinical and neuropathological data revealed, to the best of our knowledge, the first case of the coexistence of different protease-sensitive prion proteins in the same patient in a rare case that did not fulfill the current clinical diagnostic criteria for either probable or possible sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. This highlights the importance of molecular analyses of several brain regions in order to correctly diagnose rare and atypical prionopathies.

SCOPA-AUT scale in different parkinsonisms and its correlation with (123) I-MIBG cardiac scintigraphy.

INTRODUCTION: Our objective was to assess the usefulness of the Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson's disease - Autonomic (SCOPA-AUT) in the differential diagnosis of Parkinsonisms and clarify its relation with 123-I-MIBG cardiac scintigraphy. METHODS: A total of 112 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), 12 with multiple system atrophy parkinsonian variant (MSA-P) and 20 with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) participated in the study. The following variables were collected: age, sex, age at onset, length of illness, type and dose of anti-Parkinson medication, and score on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. The Unified Multiple System Atrophy Rating Scale was administered to patients with MSA and the Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Rating Scale to those with PSP. Finally, the SCOPA-AUT was administered to all the patients. Cardiac 123I-MIBG SPECT scans were performed on a subset of patients (25 with PD and 5 with MSA-P). RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were observed (p < 0.01) in the SCOPA-AUT scores between patients with PD (14.75+/-8.09) and those with MSA (21.07+/-5.56), the latter having higher scores on the bowel function (20.07+/-13.40 vs 34.92+/-14.91) and urinary domains (30.21+/-21.55 vs 49.26+/-21.40) (p < 0.01). No correlation was found between the SCOPA-AUT score and anti-Parkinson's medication and heart:mediastinum (H/M) MIBG uptake ratio in the cardiac SPECT (at 4 h). DISCUSSION: Severity of dysautonomia as measured by the SCOPA-AUT was not correlated with clinical severity, time since onset or the H/M ratio. In the patients with PD, the only variable associated with the H/M ratio was age at onset of the disease.

Initial neuropsychological impairments in patients with the E46K mutation of the α-synuclein gene (PARK 1).

INTRODUCTION: In 2004 we described the mutation E46K of the α-Synuclein (SNCA). These patients show Parkinson's disease with early cognitive impairment, sleep disorders and autonomic dysfunction. OBJECTIVE: The main objective is to identify early neuropsychological impairments in patients with the E46K mutation. METHODS: This is a longitudinal neuropsychological study of 4 of the 5 surviving patients with E46K mutation by semi-structured interviews and the following scales: Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (MDRS), semantic and phonemic verbal fluency tests (VFT), Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT), Stroop Test (STROOP), Clock drawing test (CLOCK), WAIS III Letter and Number sequencing (WAIS III LN), Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) and Benton Judgement of Line Orientation Test (BJLOT). Motor status was assessed by UPDRS III. RESULTS: Motor status: Patients 1, 2 and 3 present mild to moderate Parkinson disease of 7, 8 and 3years of evolution respectively, patient 4 is asymptomatic. Cognitive status: Patient 2 and 3 both refer cognitive decline while patient 1 presents no cognitive complaints, however they all show a progressive cognitive decline across various tasks. Tests of frontal function showed the first alterations in all patients but fluctuate. The first cognitive complaints coincide with deterioration of tasks of posterior cortical basis. Patient 4 presents a normal performance on all tests. Patient 1, 2 and 3 have all presented visual hallucinations. CONCLUSIONS: A fluctuating frontal impairment is observed at early stages. Prominent visuospatial alterations and visual hallucinations suggest that posterior cortical dysfunction might be a distinct early feature of the cognitive impairment observed in patients with this mutation.

Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy in a patient with bilateral lesions in the dorsal medulla.

Tako-tsubo-like cardiomyopathy (TTC) is much more common than originally thought. The exact pathophysiology of TTC is unclear. The most accepted theory proposes myocardial stunning of neurogenic origin, supported by the frequent antecedent of emotional or physical stress, suggesting a catecholamine-mediated mechanism. We present a patient with this syndrome and bilateral damage of the dorsal medulla oblongata likely affecting both solitary tract nuclei. Our case points to a link between baroreflex failure and TTC, highlighting the important role of sympathetic discharge in the pathophysiology of TTC.

Impact of psychiatric symptoms and sleep disorders on the quality of life of patients with Parkinson's disease.

The objective of this study is to assess how the non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), such as depression, cognitive deterioration, neuropsychiatric and sleep disorders, affect the quality of life, and to compare them with the motor symptoms in order to determine their real impact. A cross-sectional study was designed including 99 patients (mean age 68.5 ± 9.9 years, duration of disease 8.7 ± 6.2 years). Demographic data, onset of PD, years on treatment with levodopa (LD), class of dopaminergic drug prescribed, and dosages were obtained. The following scales were used: quality of life (PDQ-39), Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS I-IV), Parkinson Disease Sleep Scale (PDSS) and daytime sleepiness (Epworth), Mini-Mental State Examination, depression (HAM-D), and the neuropsychiatric inventory (NPI-10). The PDQ-39 summary index (PDQ-39 SI) was 24.7 ± 13.2. A linear regression model including all variables showed that four independent variables accounted for 67.2% of the variance in the PDQ-39 SI (F = 33,277; p < 0.001): NPI, PDSS, UPDRS IV, and UPDRS I. When sub-items of the NPI, PDSS and UPDRS IV scales are analyzed, significant correlations (p < 0.001) are found between the PDQ-39 SI and depression, agitation, apathy, anxiety, hallucinations, delusions, incontinence of urine, morning painful posturing, restlessness in bed, morning fatigue, duration of off periods, unpredictable and predictable off periods, early morning dystonia, and sudden off periods. Neuropsychiatric symptoms, especially depression, nighttime sleep disorders such as urinary incontinence, nighttime restlessness, morning fatigue and somnolence, off-period dystonia and motor fluctuations are the variables that most affect the quality of life of patients with PD.

A novel form of human disease with a protease-sensitive prion protein and heterozygosity methionine/valine at codon 129: Case report.

BACKGROUND: Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder in humans included in the group of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies or prion diseases. The vast majority of sCJD cases are molecularly classified according to the abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) conformations along with polymorphism of codon 129 of the PRNP gene. Recently, a novel human disease, termed "protease-sensitive prionopathy", has been described. This disease shows a distinct clinical and neuropathological phenotype and it is associated to an abnormal prion protein more sensitive to protease digestion. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 75-year-old-man who developed a clinical course and presented pathologic lesions compatible with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and biochemical findings reminiscent of "protease-sensitive prionopathy". Neuropathological examinations revealed spongiform change mainly affecting the cerebral cortex, putamen/globus pallidus and thalamus, accompanied by mild astrocytosis and microgliosis, with slight involvement of the cerebellum. Confluent vacuoles were absent. Diffuse synaptic PrP deposits in these regions were largely removed following proteinase treatment. PrP deposition, as revealed with 3F4 and 1E4 antibodies, was markedly sensitive to pre-treatment with proteinase K. Molecular analysis of PrPSc showed an abnormal prion protein more sensitive to proteinase K digestion, with a five-band pattern of 28, 24, 21, 19, and 16 kDa, and three aglycosylated isoforms of 19, 16 and 6 kDa. This PrPSc was estimated to be 80% susceptible to digestion while the pathogenic prion protein associated with classical forms of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease were only 2% (type VV2) and 23% (type MM1) susceptible. No mutations in the PRNP gene were found and genotype for codon 129 was heterozygous methionine/valine. CONCLUSIONS: A novel form of human disease with abnormal prion protein sensitive to protease and MV at codon 129 was described. Although clinical signs were compatible with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, the molecular subtype with the abnormal prion protein isoforms showing enhanced protease sensitivity was reminiscent of the "protease-sensitive prionopathy". It remains to be established whether the differences found between the latter and this case are due to the polymorphism at codon 129. Different degrees of proteinase K susceptibility were easily determined with the chemical polymer detection system which could help to detect proteinase-susceptible pathologic prion protein in diseases other than the classical ones.

Factors influencing the symmetry of Parkinson's disease symptoms.

INTRODUCTION: The presence of asymmetry in symptoms and clinical signs favours the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of this study is to analyse this symptom asymmetry as a function of different variables and compare it with other parkinsonisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 201 Patients with PD were studied. The sample was supplemented with 29 patients diagnosed with MSA-P (according to the criteria established by the American Academy of Neurology) and 17 with PSP (according to the criteria established by the NINDS-SPSP International Workshop). The symmetry was evaluated, based on items 20-23, 25 and 26 of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, by subtracting the motor score for the left side from that for the right side. Those patients with a difference of one point or more were designated as being asymmetric. RESULTS: Around 16.4% of patients presented symmetrical clinical symptoms. There were no differences between those patients with or without family history of the disease. Those patients with symmetric symptoms were found to have longer symptomatic disease duration (10.8 vs. 7.9 years), a worse mental state (UPDRS I: 3.9 vs. 3.2), a higher incidence of complications (UPDRS IV: 4.5 vs. 3.2) and had their activities of daily living (ADL) affected to a greater degree (UPDRS II: 13.0 vs. 11.0). Around 48.3% of the MSA-P patients and 52.9% of the PSP patients showed symmetric symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The degree of symmetry is not useful in differentiating between sporadic and familial PD. However, the observation of highly symmetrical symptoms in a patient with short evolution time indicates that an atypical parkinsonism should be suspected.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and serotonin syndrome in a female patient: a clinicopathologic case.

We report the case of a 24-year-old female patient who initially developed a neuroleptic malignant syndrome after haloperidol exposure and experienced 6 years later a serotonin syndrome after repeated fluoxetine exposure. The patient did not respond to symptomatic treatment and died in this latter episode. At necropsy, no gross or microscopic changes were seen with conventional histological stains, and immunohistochemical stains were negative. This is the first clinicopathologic case of a patient who experienced both neuroleptic malignant and serotonin syndromes. We speculate that this case argue in favor that both syndromes share some fundamental pathogenetic mechanisms.

Orthostatic hypotension associated with an epidermoid tumor of the IV ventricle.

We report the case of a 32-year-old man with an epidermoid tumor of the fourth ventricle. About 14 years later, he showed a tumor recurrence which was removed. After this procedure the patient complained of presyncopal and syncopal crisis while attempting to stand or walk. On examination, severe orthostatic hypotension was confirmed and autonomic tests were abnormal. The brain MRI showed a tetraventricular hydrocephalus predominating in the fourth ventricle. A ventriculo-peritoneal shunt was performed, and after surgery the orthostatic intolerance improved. We believe that hydrocephalus has probably been a contributory factor to orthostatic hypotension, and suggest expanding testing for dysautonomia in patients with hydrocephalus.

Lrrk2 R1441G-related Parkinson's disease: evidence of a common founding event in the seventh century in Northern Spain.

Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene together represent the most common genetic determinant of Parkinson's disease (PD) identified to date. The vast majority of patients with LRRK2-related PD reported in the literature carry one of three pathogenic substitutions: G2019S, R1441C, or R1441G. While G2019S and R1441C are geographically widespread, R1441G is most prevalent in the Basque Country and is rare outside of Northern Spain. We sought to better understand the processes that have shaped the current distribution of R1441G. We performed a haplotype analysis of 29 unrelated PD patients heterozygous for R1441G and 85 wild-type controls using 20 markers that spanned 15.1 Mb across the LRRK2 region. Nine of the patients were of Basque origin and 20 were non-Basques. We inferred haplotypes using a Bayesian approach and utilized a maximum-likelihood method to estimate the age of the most recent common ancestor. Significant but incomplete allele sharing was observed over a distance of 6.0 Mb and a single, rare ten-marker haplotype 5.8 Mb in length was seen in all mutation carriers. We estimate that the most recent common ancestor lived 1,350 (95% CI, 1,020-1,740) years ago in approximately the seventh century. We hypothesize that R1441G originated in the Basque population and that dispersion of the mutation then occurred through short-range gene flow that was largely limited to nearby regions in Spain.

Outcome of bilateral deep brain subthalamic stimulation in patients carrying the R1441G mutation in the LRRK2 dardarin gene.

OBJECTIVE: Deep brain subthalamic stimulation provides symptomatic relief to patients with Parkinson's disease. The present study analyzes the postoperative outcome of deep brain subthalamic stimulation in patients carrying the R1441G mutation in the leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2) (dardarin) gene. METHODS: Five of the 48 patients treated in our unit carried a mutation in the LRRK2 (dardarin) gene. All five met the Core Assessment Program for Surgical Interventional Therapies criteria for inclusion in the surgical program. Pre- and postoperative assessment (6 mo) was made using the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale II, Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale III, and Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 scores, as well as the type and dosage of drugs used. RESULTS: The response to L-dopa after 6 months was similar to the baseline in all four patients. One suffered a stroke four months after surgery and is not eligible for evaluation. The improvements in motor response, daily life activities, and quality of life were limited (18, 22, and 33%, respectively) and were lower than those of the control group (39, 45, and 41%, respectively). DISCUSSION: Carriers of the R1441G mutation were clinically analogous to the rest of similarly operated patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. However, the response to deep brain subthalamic stimulation was worse among the former. The explanation for this negative result is unclear because all patients maintained an excellent response to L-dopa. Further larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Molecular evidence of founder effects of fatal familial insomnia through SNP haplotypes around the D178N mutation.

This work presents a detailed investigation of the genomic region surrounding the PRNP gene in a sample of patients diagnosed with fatal familial insomnia (FFI) from several European countries, notably Spain. The main focus of the study was to explore the origins of the chromosomes carrying the D178N mutation by designing a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) haplotype around the PRNP gene. Haplotypes were constructed by genotyping six SNPs (rs2756271, rs13040327, rs6037932, rs13045348, rs6116474, and rs6116475) in 25 FFI patients from all over Spain. To augment the geographical scope of our study, 13 further FFI cases from Germany (9) and Italy (4) were also examined. Genotyping of SNPs in conjunction with the analysis of genealogical data for a group of FFI patients revealed the existence of two distinct haplotypes potentially associated with the D178N mutation. Of them, GCATTA-M proved to be the common haplotype of Spanish patients, whereas ACATTA-M was typical of the German cases. It is interesting to note that both haplotypes were identified in the Italian samples: GCATTA-M in a family from the Tuscany region and ACATTA-M in a family from the Veneto region. Our findings suggest the occurrence of two independent D178N-129M mutational events in Europe, preserved and transmitted from one generation to the next until nowadays. Likewise, results based on the analysis of SNP data indicate that previous hypotheses postulating that the D178N mutation had independent origins for each family and that its global distribution was determined by recurrent mutational events must be regarded with caution.

Central hypoventilation as the presenting symptom in Hu associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis.

Central hypoventilation is usually caused by ischaemic or neoplastic lesions of the medulla and upper cervical spinal cord. An autoimmune disorder is not usually considered in the differential diagnosis of this syndrome. We retrospectively identified 14 patients from our database of 202 patients with Hu antibodies who presented with brainstem symptoms. Three were admitted to hospital because of central hypoventilation. All underwent intubation and mechanical ventilation. They could breathe properly while they were awake but suffered deep apnoeas during sleep. Two died, but one is still alive requiring ventilatory assistance during sleep. Autopsy was performed in one of the patients which showed severe inflammatory infiltrates and neuronal loss in the medulla. All patients had normal brain imaging studies and the cause of central hypoventilation was an unsolved problem until Hu antibodies were determined.

Lrrk2-associated parkinsonism is a major cause of disease in Northern Spain.

Herein we describe a comparative clinical and genetic study of Lrrk2-associated parkinsonism in Northern Spain. In our sample from the Basque region, Lrrk2 R1441G and G2019S account for 15 out of 50 kindreds (30%) with familial Parkinson's disease. We observe common founder haplotypes for both R1441G and G2019S carriers. Our findings highlight the importance of Lrrk2 parkinsonism in this population and may have important consequences for its extended Diaspora in North, Central and South Americas.

Restless legs syndrome in Parkinson's disease.

The present study explores the frequency of RLS in PD and focuses on the clinical differences between patients with and without restless legs syndrome (RLS). A cross-sectional study was designed, comprising 114 patients diagnosed with PD. Those patients positive for RLS were assessed for intensity of the syndrome (IRLS). We compared the clinical characteristics of the patients with and without RLS, using specific scales: Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS I-IV), quality of life (Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire, PDQ 39), sleep symptoms (Parkinson's Disease Sleep Scale, PDSS), and diurnal hypersomnia (Epworth Sleepiness Scale). Twenty-five patients (21.9%) out of a total of 114 subjects diagnosed with PD met the RLS diagnostic criteria. RLS was more frequent in women (68%). The patients with RLS showed poorer scores on the PDSS (PD-RLS+: 102.4 +/- 15.1 vs PD-RLS-: 113.2 +/- 16.4) (P = 0.005) and in the bodily discomfort dimension of the PDQ-39 (PD-RLS+ 6.1 +/- 3.4 vs PD-RLS- 3.8 +/- 2.6) (P = 0.002). Analysis of the subscales of the PDSS showed significant differences (P < 0.001) between both groups of patients in items 4 and 10, and to a lesser degree in items 5 (P = 0.01) and 11 (P = 0.02) There was no increased incidence of diurnal hypersomnia in the group of patients with RLS. There were no differences in the rest of the variables. RLS is frequent in patients with PD, though this condition doesn't apparently affect quality of life or lead to an increased presence of diurnal hypersomnia. It would be advisable to validate the diagnostic criteria of RLS in this specific group of patients.

Tau-predominant-associated pathology in a sporadic late-onset Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome.

Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome (HSS) is a heterogeneous clinicopathological disorder currently included within the broader title of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA). The classic histological hallmarks of HSS are axonal spheroids and excessive iron-containing granules accompanied by neuronal loss and gliosis in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra reticulata. In the modern literature, attention has been drawn to the co-occurrence of two other histological markers: Lewy bodies mainly composed of abnormal alpha-synuclein, and neurofibrillary tangles due to hyperphosphorilated tau aggregation. Discrepancies exist regarding the importance of these molecular changes and its relevance for the nosology of HSS. Most authors have emphasized the importance of the Lewy body-like pathology, favoring the inclusion of HSS within the alpha-synucleinopathies. We report on a case of late-onset HSS, with the typical histological findings restricted to the basal ganglia and cerebellum in which tau pathology was exceedingly more abundant than alpha-synuclein pathology. This case contributes to the increasing evidence about the heterogeneity of HSS. We favor the view that the molecular changes and the protein misfolding underlying the Lewy body and tangle formation in HSS/NBIA are secondary to the main pathological process and should not be taken as the basis for its nosological classification.