The role of life skills in developing an authentic leadership attitude in public health students: a multicenter cross-sectional study in Poland.

BACKGROUND: Decision-making skills are considered crucial life skills that condition proper social functioning within groups (i.e., support authentic leadership skills and increasing one's chances of success and wellbeing in life). Nonetheless, the number of scientific papers addressing the role of life skills in developing authentic leadership skills in public health students is limited. The aim of the present study was to develop a theoretical model to determine the role of selected life skills in developing authentic leadership skills in public health students. METHODS: The study was conducted from January 16 through February 28, 2018. In total, 653 students undertaking in-service training in Master's degree programs qualified for the study, and complete data sets were obtained from 329 students (response rate 50.38%). The data were collected by means of a paper questionnaire. Four research tools were used in the study: The Authentic Leadership Self-Assessment Questionnaire, The Moral Foundations Questionnaire, The General Self-Efficacy Scale, and The Youth Leadership Life Skills Development Scale. RESULTS: Two subgroups were identified among the public health students in the study: 1) the extra life skills training group (N = 113) and 2) the no extra life skills training group (N = 216). Both groups of study participants did not differ significantly in terms of age (M (SD): 25.0 (3.89) vs. 25.0 (3.66); t = 0.068, P = 0.946). On the other hand, clear differences were observed in the case of the respondents' participation in voluntary service. The respondents from the extra life skills training group declared participation in voluntary activities less frequently than the respondents from the second identified group (48.7 vs. 31.9%). CONCLUSIONS: A verified theoretical model showed that course aimed at strengthening authentic leadership competences should be modular, should focus on self-improvement and critical reflection, and should be spread over time to enable and encourage each participant to grow and flourish at their own pace.

Socioeconomic correlates and biochemical profiles of smokers in Poland: a cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: Epidemiological studies have shown a fairly constant association between the socioeconomic status and smoking. However, associations between smoking and the biological indicators of health status have not been well described yet. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the relationship among smoking, biochemical risk factors, and sociodemographic characteristics in the Polish population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A survey was carried out in a representative sample of Polish residents aged 18 to 79 years. A total of 2413 randomly selected subjects participated in the survey. Logistic regression analysis as well as parametrical and nonparametrical tests were performed. RESULTS: Significantly higher cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and potassium levels were observed in smoking women and men compared with the nonsmoking population. Significantly lower bilirubin levels were noted in smoking individuals. Higher C­reactive protein and lower creatinine levels were reported only in the smoking male population compared with nonsmokers. There was a significant inverse gradient in the relationship between income and smoking. Single women and men were at greater risk of being smokers (odds ratio [OR], 1.9 and 2.39, respectively). Individuals from small towns (less than 50 000 inhabitants) were at significantly greater risk of smoking compared with those living in rural areas (OR, 1.45 and 1.64 in women and men, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: We found differences regarding socioeconomic characteristics and major biochemical parameters between smokers and nonsmokers in Poland. However, it is difficult to establish which associations are causal for cardiovascular risk owing to the cross­sectional design of this study.

Cost-Effectiveness of an Obesity Management Program for 6- to 15-Year-Old Children in Poland: Data from Over Three Thousand Participants.

BACKGROUND: Obesity and overweight, including childhood obesity and overweight, pose a public health challenge worldwide. According to the available research findings, long-term interventions focusing on dietary behavior, physical activity, and psychological support are the most effective in reducing obesity in children aged 6-18 years. There are limited studies showing the financial effectiveness of such interventions. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to evaluate cost-effectiveness of the 6-10-14 for Health weight management program using pharmacoeconomic indicators, i.e., cost-effectiveness analysis using the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. METHODS: We used anthropometric data of 3,081 children included in a 1-year-long intervention with a full financial cost assessment. RESULTS: The cost of removing a child from the overweight group (BMI >85th percentile) was PLN 27,758 (EUR 6,463), and the cost of removing a child from the obese group (BMI >95th percentile) was slightly lower, i.e., PLN 23,601 (EUR 5,495). Given the obesity-related medical costs calculated in the life-long perspective, these results can be considered encouraging. At the same time, when comparing the total costs per participant with the costs of other interventions, it can be noted that they are similar to the costs of school programs containing more than 1 type of intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The 6-10-14 for Health program can be considered cost-effective. As a result of committing financial resources in the approximate amount of EUR 1,790 per child, around half of the children participating in the program have improved their weight indicators.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Integrated Care in Management of Advanced Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).

BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common disease that occurs all over the world. Models of care, initially accessed from the clinical point of view, must also be evaluated in terms of their economic effectiveness, as health care systems are limited. The Integrated Care Model (ICM) is a procedure dedicated to patients suffering from advanced COPD that offers home-oriented support from a multidisciplinary team. The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the ICM. MATERIAL AND METHODS We included 44 patients in the study (31 males, 13 females) with an average age 72 years (Me=71). Costs of care were estimated based on data received from public payer records and included general costs, COPD-related costs, and exacerbation-related costs. To evaluate cost-effectiveness, cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) was used. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated based on changes in health care resources utilization and the value of costs observed in 2 consecutive 6-month periods before and after introducing ICM. RESULTS Costs of care of all types decreased after introducing ICM. Demand for ambulatory visits changed significantly (p=0.037) together with a substantial decrease in the number of emergency department appointments and hospitalizations (p=0.033). ICER was more profitable for integrated care than for standard care when assessing costs of avoiding negative parameters such as hospitalizations (-227 EUR), exacerbations-related hospitalizations (-312 EUR), or emergency procedures (-119 EUR). CONCLUSIONS ICM is a procedure that meets the criteria of cost-effectiveness. It allows for avoiding negative parameters such as unplanned hospitalizations with higher economic effectiveness than the standard type of care used in managing COPD.

Ocena gminnego programu ochrony zdrowia psychicznego. / Ocena gminnego programu ochrony zdrowia psychicznego.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this article was to assess the structure of municipal Mental Health Program. METHODS: The subject of the analysis was the Gdansk Mental Health Program for the years 2016-2023. The program was verified through comparison with the model of health policy program, developed by the Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System. Particular attention was paid to the presence of all recommended components of a program and the precise definition of terminology, especially the formulated goals, expected results and efficiency measures. RESULTS: The evaluated program does not contain required components of the health policy program. Unfortunately, this affects its quality. The document reveals a lack of estimation of the program implementation costs. The main goals and specific objectives do not meet the SMART criteria. Among the measures of effectiveness included in the program, the product indicators of quantitative nature have the largest share. Additionally, there is a lack of information on how to measure quality results and determine impact indicators. Regarding the evaluation, the assessment of the quality of services, their effectiveness and durability of the intended effects were not taken into account. CONCLUSIONS: Structural recommendations for mental health programs are needed. They would increase the effectiveness of the planned activities. Such effect could be achieved by use of criteria for health policy programs expressed in the Act of 27 August 2004 on health care benefits financed from public funds. Mental health programs would benefit if they were consulted by public health specialists.

Impact of Integrated Care Model (ICM) on Direct Medical Costs in Management of Advanced Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).

BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a commonly diagnosed condition in people older than 50 years of age. In advanced stage of this disease, integrated care (IC) is recommended as an optimal approach. IC allows for holistic and patient-focused care carried out at the patient's home. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of IC on costs of care and on demand for medical services among patients included in IC. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 154 patients diagnosed with advanced COPD. Costs of care (general, COPD, and exacerbations-related) were evaluated for 1 year, including 6-months before and after implementing IC. The analysis included assessment of the number of medical procedures of various types before and after entering IC and changes in medical services providers. RESULTS Direct medical costs of standard care in advanced COPD were 886.78 EUR per 6 months. Costs of care of all types decreased after introducing IC. Changes in COPD and exacerbation-related costs were statistically significant (p=0.012492 and p=0.017023, respectively). Patients less frequently used medical services for respiratory system and cardiovascular diseases. Similarly, the number of hospitalizations and visits to emergency medicine departments decreased (by 40.24% and 8.5%, respectively). The number of GP visits increased after introducing IC (by 7.14%). CONCLUSIONS The high costs of care in advanced COPD indicate the need for new forms of effective care. IC caused a decrease in costs and in the number of hospitalization, with a simultaneous increase in the number of GP visits.

Factors Associated With Quitting Among Smoking Pregnant Women From Small Town and Rural Areas in Poland.

INTRODUCTION: Smoking rates among women in Poland are high, and access to specialized smoking cessation services in rural areas are limited. The aim of this study was to assess factors related to quitting among pregnant women who smoke in rural areas of Poland. METHODS: Data were collected during interviews conducted by midwives among 4512 women at various stages of their pregnancy. The interviews took place in small towns with populations having less than 8000 residents, located within 12 out of 16 voivodships (provinces). We used exhaled carbon monoxide to verify self-reported smoking status. RESULTS: Overall, 38% of women interviewed (n = 1578) smoked before they found out they were pregnant. Among these women, 33% quit just after they had become aware of their pregnancy. The main predictors of early quitting were: higher educational attainment among pregnant women (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 3.21; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.81-5.68), secondary educational attainment among their partners (AOR 1.63; 95% CI = 1.06-2.48), and not having children (AOR 1.71; 95% CI = 1.31-2.24). The main barriers to early quitting were: living with at least one current smoker (AOR 0.55, 95% CI = 0.39-0.76), being single (AOR 0.45; 95% CI = 0.29-0.71), and having both parents smoke cigarettes (AOR 0.67; 95% CI = 0.46-0.97). CONCLUSIONS: A modest proportion of women included in this study quit after they became aware of their pregnancy. However, women faced multiple barriers to quitting, including the smoking status of their family members. The factors identified in the study can inform the design of tailored interventions for pregnant women in rural areas. IMPLICATIONS: Smoking rates among women in Poland are high, and access to specialized smoking cessation services in rural areas are limited. This study found that women were motivated to quit smoking, and many quit after they had become aware of their pregnancy. However, women faced multiple barriers to quitting, including the smoking status of their family members. The factors identified in the study can inform the design of tailored interventions for pregnant women in rural areas.

Wards in Opinion of Patients - A Comparative Study on the Quality of Nursing Care.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of nursing care in psychiatric wards and compare it between hospitals of different types. RESULTS: Significant differences between hospitals were found in: personnel benevolence (p=0,006219) and response to patient needs (p=0,011446) as well as patients' sense of safety (p=0,020042). In both hospitals, patients were equally dissatisfied with the quality of information concerning treatment side effects (p=0,207804). In both hospitals patients were equally satisfied regarding the level of respect for their dignity and psychological support (p=0,176928). CONCLUSION: General patient perception of nursing care in psychiatry wards seems to be positive. Some tasks carried out by nurses in psychiatric care still require improvement, especially regarding providing information to patients.

Attempt to eliminate health inequalities in Poland arising at the time of political and economic transformation: Polish 400 Cities Project.

AIM: Epidemiological data show that citizens of small towns and villages have presented worse trends in cardiovascular mortality during the political, social and economic transformation in Poland during past 15 years than citizens of large towns. To try to eliminate these inequalities the Polish 400 Cities Project (P400CP), a large educational and interventional project, was prepared. The project consists of two arms: medical and social interventions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The main aim of the medical screening intervention in P400CP is to increase detection and control of cardiovascular risk factors in inhabitants of 418 small cities (<8000 inhabitants) and surrounding villages, particularly in men and people of lower education. In 2003 and 2004 the P400CP covered 123 cities. All together, 36 696 subjects aged between 18 and 98 years were examined. In all participants, blood pressure (BP), anthropometric measurements, laboratory tests and questionnaire interviews were performed. The social arm of P400CP is one of multi-level educational intervention. Modern techniques of social psychology and marketing were involved to increase participation in interventions. RESULTS: Only 12.5% of all subjects had normal BP, cholesterol (<190 mg/dl) and glucose (<100 mg/dl in whole capillary blood) levels. During the first screening visit 65.5% of all examined subjects had BP>/=140 mmHg or >/=90 mmHg. The fasting glucose level was increased in 19% of women and 26% of men. Almost two-third of all subjects had a total cholesterol level above the norm. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in participants of the screening programme P400CP in small towns in Poland was very high. High prevalence and low control of risk factors in participants of the P400CP confirm the decision to target this programme at citizens of small towns and villages.

[Prevention and health promotion programmes on websites of the Polish health insurance funds]. / Programy profilaktyki i promocji zdrowia prezentowane w serwisach internetowych kas chorych.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to evaluate the content and presentation of prevention and health promotion programmes on websites of the Polish health insurance funds. DESIGN: A systematic review of the content of official websites of all 17 national health insurance funds was done. RESULTS: Information on health care programmes was given on 12 websites, In four cases information can be described as sufficient and in only one case the programme was described in detail. Health insurance funds in Poland make extensive use of the Internet to communicate with contractual service providers. However, there is much to be done concerning communication with the patients.

[The role of medical university in modern prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Examples from Medical University of Gdansk]. / Rola uczelni w nowoczesnej prewencji chorób ukladu krazenia na przykladzie programów Akademii Medycznej w Gdansku.

Constant worsening of epidemiological situation in cardiovascular diseases in Poland in the 70's and 80's called for intensive measures in the field of preventive cardiology. Thus in 90's, in order to change this situation, among others, team from Department of Hypertension and Diabetology from Medical University of Gdansk started, in cooperation with other medical universities, important regional and national research programs and preventive interventions. The aim of the educational program carried out in years 1999-2001 for Members of the Polish Parliament, opinion leaders and decision makers was to increase knowledge of the Polish elites about epidemic of cardiovascular diseases in our country. These actions made possible receiving greater support from the government for new epidemiological and preventive programs in this field. Thanks to NATPOL PLUS project, carried out on the representative sample of adults in 2002, we determined for the first time the prevalence and control of main cardiovascular risk factors in Poland. Results of this program helped planning preventive tasks in the National Cardiovascular Diseases Prevention and Treatment Program POLKARD 2003-2005. The aim of the preventive programmes: SOPKARD and Polish Four-Cities Project was to work out standards of modern, comprehensive interventions. They permitted planning and introduction of the largest preventive program: the Polish 400 Cities Project (PP400M). The PP400M is addressed to citizens of all small towns (to 8000 citizens) and surrounding villages in the whole country. All these accomplishments in the field of quickly expanded clinical epidemiology and cardiovascular prevention are directed mainly to Pomeranian and Polish citizens, especially those who are not aware of high risk of myocardial infarction or stroke. The main principle of our strategy is the role of university as an expert in preparation and supervision of the programs, which were carried out by the specialized organizations and firms such as PBS in Sopot. The second important component of our strategy was an intensive cooperation with other leading research centres in Poland that allowed taking advantage of the joint achievements.

Epidemiology and prevention of arterial hypertension in Poland.

The authors review the present situation in epidemiology and prevention of arterial hypertension in Poland. In 2002, the NATPOL PLUS survey on representative sample of adults (n=3051, age range 18-93) was conducted. Prevalence of hypertension, diagnosed on basis of three separate visits, was 29%, awareness 67% and efficacy of treatment 12.5%. Thus, in Poland, one-third of 8.6 million hypertensives are unaware of their disease. A comparison with data from other countries should be careful due to the different methods (age range, number of readings and visits) used in the studies. The data, in concert with a decrease in awareness of one's own blood pressure (from 71% in 1994 to 59% in 2002), called for urgent preventive measures. Two large interventions were implemented under the National Programme POLKARD in 2003: the Polish 400 Cities Project aimed to increase detection and knowledge of hypertension and other risk factors among small-town and village communities, and the educational project, A Chance for the Young Heart targeted at children aged 11-14 years and using traditional teaching methods and an interactive Internet website. Also, an educational and marketing programme targeted at public opinion leaders and decision makers (trade unions, local governments, healthcare financing authorities, print media and radio, the Polish Parliament) started in 1999 and is still in process.

[Health services provided for victims of traumas and accidents in the Gdansk metropolitan area]. / Swiadczenia medyczne udzielane ofiarom urazów i wypadków w aglomeracji Gdanskiej.

Traumas and accidents are one of three main treats of public health. There are many research works on the topic, but only some of them concentrate on the issue of organization of the services and cost of hospitalisation. In our research we have analysed individual patients' documentation in the clinic of traumatic surgery of the main regional hospital. We were searching for the reason of hospitalisations and delivered services during the stay in hospital ward. There are three main reason of hospitalisation: transportation accidents (25%), acts of violence (20% of the man and 7% of the women) and home accidents (7% of treated man and 28 of treated women). The background of diagnoses were classic radiograms. In addition to this ultrasonography was carried out in 16% of patients and computer topography in 12% of patients.

[Evaluation of the quality of primary health care in Sopot after privatization]. / Ocena jakosci swiadczen podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej w Sopocie po prywatyzacji.

One of the main aims of health system reform was to increase the quality of service and patients' satisfaction. The deepest changes were in the primary care sector. Besides the changes in financing the services, we can observe here the process of privatisation of primary care clinics. We have evaluated the quality of services of four private primary care clinics in the town of Sopot. We received 571 questionnaires from the patients. The average patient was 50 years old, finished high school and complained of mild health problems. Most of patients were satisfied of given services by physicians and nurses. In most categories they gave 85 to 95% good and very good marks for specific quality aspects. One of the main complains was information received, both in the registration board and from the physician. Most of patients were also delighted by medical outcome of treatment, because only 18% gave their mark as satisfactory and worse.

[Health status evaluation in cities of the Silesia Voivodship--model studies]. / Ocena sytuacji zdrowotnej ludnosci miast na prawach powiatu w województwie slaskim--badania modelowe.

This paper presents the synthetic measure of health evaluation, which was used for model studies on populations of cities with poviat status in Silesia Voivodship. The study describes theoretical foundations for applying multidimensional comparative analysis in evaluation of the people health status. The range of entrance variables has been defined and selected. They have represented the following: demographic and economic variables, health needs variables, social variables and health service supplies variables. The examined cities have been assessed by means of the partial criteria and on the basis of the synthetic measure. According to the obtained results the examined cities were ranked and classified to a determined group. The results of model studies were also given.

[Evaluation of health status in the Silesia Voivodship--model studies]. / Ocena sytuacji zdrowotnej ludnosci powiatów województwa slaskiego--badania modelowe.

Silesia Voivodship is one of the most polluted areas in Europe. Especially Upper Silesia Region is recognized as ecologically ruined area according to the European Union standards. Very high degree of environmental degradation in Silesia Voivodship is connected with the industrialization. This region is the most polluted area in Poland. Gas and dust air pollution of this region has the highest level in Poland. The quality of the environment and its present status has got undoubtedly negative influence on the health of inhabitants. The paper presents the results of model studies of health status based on multidimensional comparative analysis using statistical data of Silesia Voivodship population. In the research different groups of factors were taken into account: demographic, economical, social and medical care service system. The studied objects were ranked according to the obtained measure of synthetic health status estimation. According to this, the poviats were included in the determined groups. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of the used method have been discussed.

[Spatial differentiation in financing medical services under universal health insurance selected segments of services]. / Przestrzenne zróznicowanie finansowania swiadczen zdrowotnych w systemie powszechnego ubezpieczenia zdrowotnego. Wybrane segmenty uslug.

After the universal health insurance has been started in Poland, patients believed that access to the health care system financed by the sick fund could be improved. It is generally known that there is a kind of relationship between both the access to the health care system and quality of medical system, and amount of money to be paid for that. There are 17 separate and independent sick funds in Poland. In this work the authors try to find how sick funds spend their financial resources in selected segments of medical services. The strongest influence of sick fund is in the region where its headquarter is located. If each sick fund has different amount of money to spend for a single patient and the right to divide funds according to its policy, the authors expect regional differentiation in financing medical services (according to the district). The data used in the work came from Urzad Nadzoru nad Ubezpieczeniami Zdrowotnymi (UNUZ) and Glówny Urzad Statystyczny (GUS). As a result their is no doubt that public money from the medical insurance is regionally significantly differentiated and each sick fund, spending money resources, creates its own medical policy in the examined segments of services.

[Ways of spending free time by students of the Medical University of Gdansk in relation to their health behavior]. / Sposoby spedzania wolnego czasu przez studentów Akademii Medycznej w Gdansku i zawarte w nich zachowania zdrowotne.

Problems connected with the issue of free time are the field of interest for social, and medical scientists and economists. Medical students are perceived by others as well as by themselves as the group with free time deficiency. An inquiry was conducted on subject of some aspects of free time and healthy lifestyle in practice of VIth year students of Faculty of Medicine and 1st year students of Medical Analysis at the Medical University of Gdansk. One of the questions in the inquiry was direct question about the ways of spending free time. There were differences in forms of spending free time between students of Faculty of Medicine and students of Medical Analysis. Among the first group examined the most, about 46%, points to recreational sport as the form of spending free time; quite a lot people read books, and about 40% of them sleep. Medical Analysis students asked the same question answer that they study during their free time--almost 41%, they also go for walks and listen to the radio. On the grounds of the answer about practicing recreational sport we can assume that for the greatest part of the students such activities have become an obligatory part of their lifestyle and not everybody classifies them among free time activities. Students of both inquired groups fill their free time with number of activities, among which we can find those involving rest, health or entertainment.

[Evaluation of the epidemiology of neoplasms in the Pomerania Voivodship in 1999 in comparison with the situation in Poland]. / Ocena sytuacji epidemiologicznej w zakresie nowotworów zlosliwych w województwie pomorskim w roku 1999 na tle danych ogólnopolskich.

The aim of the research was the analysis of epidemiological situation of neoplasm in Pomerania Voivodship in 1999 compared with situation in Poland. Neoplasms are the second cause of deaths in Poland. Only cardiac and circular system diseases are more frequent cause of deaths. The situation of cardiac and circular system mortality has positively changed and the number of circular deaths has decreased. On the contrary, the number of neoplasms deaths has increased. Especially, as far as neoplasm are concerned, Pomerania Voivodship's situation is not good. Main trends in epidemiological situation of cancers in Pomerania Voivodship are similar to the situation in Poland, however standardized mortality and incidence rates are higher than average in Poland. In Pomerania Voivodship standardized mortality rates are very high, for females the highest in Poland, for males the second in row of Polish voivodships. In the structure of registered new cases of cancer in Pomerania Voivodship we observe high percentage of multi-sites neoplasms in comparison with data for Poland. The reason of this is undoubtedly connected with the coding system used in Pomerania Voivodship. The presented results indicate the need searching for the factors causing the situation and create programs to eliminate them. The programs must concentrate on early diagnosis of cancers as well as heath promotion and natural environment preservation.