Transcranial brain parenchyma sonography in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy.

INTRODUCTION: There are rising evidences that subcortical structures, including the basal ganglia, are affected in patients with epilepsy. These structures are thought to influence the modulation and phenotypic expression of epileptic seizures. Our study aimed to evaluate the presence of structural abnormalities in subcortical structures in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 51 patients who were diagnosed with JME and who were monitored on an outpatient basis at the Clinic for Neurology and Psychiatry for Children and Youth in Belgrade from January 1985 to October 2017. All patients underwent transcranial parenchymal sonography (TCS) from October 2015 to October 2017. Relation of clinical parameters (seizure control andcognitive functioning,) with TCS results was assessed. RESULTS: Hyperechogenicity of the substantia nigra (SN) was detected in 37.2% of JME subjects and it was significantly more common in patients with JME than in the control group. The marked echogenicity of the red nucleus (RN) was detected in 17.6% of cases, while 11.8% of subjects had hyperechogenic RN. The presence of hyperechogenic RN (both right and left) was significantly more frequent in the group of patients with JME compared to the control group. The third ventricle diameter was larger in patients with JME than in controls. CONCLUSION: Structural changes of certain subcortical structures, primarily SN and RN, detected in JME patients indicate additional non-lesional abnormalities of the basal ganglia and midbrain structures in these patients.

Correlation between Morphological and Hemodynamic Parameters of Carotid Arteries and Cerebral Vasomotor Reactivity.

The function of cerebral small vessels can be assessed using cerebral vasomotor reactivity (VMR). Our aim in this retrospective cross-sectional study was to investigate a correlation between carotid artery stenosis measured through ultrasonographic morphological and hemodynamic parameters and cerebral VMR. A total of 285 patients (125 males; mean age 54) were included. The breath-holding index (BHI) was used to evaluate cerebral VMR. Ultrasonographic carotid artery parameters were collected: the presence and characteristics of carotid plaques, the degree of carotid diameter stenosis, intima-media thickness (IMT), peak systolic velocity (PSV), and end diastolic velocity (EDV). Additionally, hemodynamic parameters of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) were evaluated, including the mean flow velocity (MFV) and pulsatility index (PI). The following was collected from patients' medical histories: age, gender, and vascular risk factors. A negative correlation between the BHI and age (r = -0.242, p < 0.01), BHI and the presence of carotid plaques, BHI and IMT (r = -0.203, p < 0.01), and BHI and the PI of MCA on both sides (r = -0.268, p < 0.01) was found. We found a positive correlation between the BHI in the left MCA and EDV in the left internal carotid artery (r = 0.121, p < 0.05). This study shows the correlation between cerebral VMR and carotid stenosis but indicates a higher influence of morphological parameters on VMR values.

Traumatic lingual hematoma after generalized tonic-clonic seizure in a patient with an acquired coagulopathy.

Oral lacerations are common complications of seizures and account for 92% of all oral injuries. Seizures are relatively commonly associated with chronic alcohol consumption. It is already known that provoked seizures can occur after a sudden cessation of prolonged alcohol intoxication. Meanwhile, chronic alcohol consumption can disrupt the blood coagulation process on several levels. This report aims to present a case of generalized tonic-clonic seizure in a man with chronic alcoholism and acquired coagulopathy who suffered severe tongue injury during a seizure. A 45-year-old man was brought to the emergency department after a first-in-life generalized tonic-clonic seizure. He gave information that he bit his tongue during the seizure. Shortly afterward, the patient had another generalized seizure during which he stopped breathing and was intubated. On admission, the patient was sedated, intubated, and on mechanical ventilation, with no signs of focal neurological deficit. A detailed physical examination revealed massive tongue swelling, which was significantly moved forward. Laboratory tests revealed coagulopathy (INR 2,10) severe thrombocytopenia with a platelet count of 50x109/L. Electrolyte values were in the reference range. According to the maxillofacial surgeon's recommendation, he was treated conservatively, and after 2 weeks, he was clinically stable with a significant reduction of lingual hematoma and without new epileptic events. In our case, decreased platelet count and probable platelet dysfunction associated with chronic alcohol consumption and tongue bite during generalized tonic-clonic seizure played a significant role in developing lingual hematoma. These fast-developing lingual hematomas can lead to possible airway obstruction; therefore, careful observation and timely intubation are mandatory to prevent possible fatal complications.

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy: Diagnostic problems in clinical practice in Serbia.

Making diagnosis of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is challenging since it can mimic a multitude of disorders, and is misdiagnosed in at least 50% of cases. We sought to determine the frequency of CIDP misdiagnosis in clinical practice in Serbia, to uncover CIDP mimics, and to identify factors that may aid in CIDP diagnosis. Our longitudinal retrospective cohort study included 86 eligible adult patients referred to the Neurology Clinic, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, with a diagnosis of CIDP. We also included 15 patients referred to us with different diagnoses that ended up having CIDP as their final diagnosis. Exactly half of patients referred as CIDP failed to meet the established diagnostic criteria (non-CIDP) and were given an alternative diagnosis at the first hospitalization. At the 1-year follow-up, the diagnosis was further revised in four subjects. Confirmed CIDP patients usually had their initial diagnosis based on the nerve conduction studies (NCS), a typical presentation with symmetrical involvement of all four limbs, as well as higher frequencies of elevated protein levels and albuminocytologic dissociation in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CIDP patients also responded better to immune therapy. We found that 52% of the patients initially referred to our Clinic as CIDP were given other diagnoses after a 1-year follow-up. Out of all CIDP cases, 27% had been unrecognized prior to referral to our Center. Utilization of clear and objective indicators - conclusive NCS, improvement on therapy, and elevated CSF proteins may provide greater certainty in diagnosing CIDP.

Atrial fibrillation is associated with poor long-term outcome after mechanical thrombectomy for anterior large vessel occlusion stroke.

OBJECTIVES: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the leading causes of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). The aim of our study was to determine the influence of AF on the long-term outcome of patients with AIS due to anterior circulation large vessel occlusion (LVO) treated with mechanical thrombectomy (MT). METHODS: Our study included 127 consecutive patients with AIS due to anterior LVO who underwent MT between January 2018 and March 2020. Demographics, clinical, radiological and treatment characteristics were prospectively collected. Modified Rankin scale (mRS) score ≤2 was defined as a good functional outcome. RESULTS: AF was detected in 62 (48.8%) patients. Patients with AF were elder (73.1 ± 8.7 vs. 58.5 ± 14.2 years, p<0.01) and usually female (56.5% vs. 36.9%, p=0.03). They had a lower percentage of good functional outcome (31.6% vs. 62.3%, p<0.01) and a higher mortality rate (47.5% vs. 18.5%, p<0.01) after one year of follow-up. In the multivariate logistic regression the variables that showed significance with p <0.05 in previous univariate analyses were included. The presence of AF (aOR 0.29, 95% CI 0.11-0.78, p=0.01) and initial NIHSS score >15 (aOR 0.25, 95% CI 0.11-0.56, p<0.01) were independent negative predictors of good functional outcome after one year of follow-up. However, the presence of AF did not affect all-cause mortality within one year (p=0.18). CONCLUSION: AF and initial NIHSS score >15 are independent negative predictors of good long-term functional outcome in patients with AIS due to anterior circulation LVO treated with MT.

Myasthenia gravis treated in the neurology intensive care unit: a 14-year single-centre experience.

INTRODUCTION: Severe myasthenia gravis (MG) exacerbation with respiratory failure and/or dysphagia usually requires monitoring and treatment in the neurology intensive care unit (NICU). The aim of our study was to identify all patients with severe MG exacerbation treated in the NICU in order to assessed potential factors affecting patients' need for mechanical ventilation, occurrence of complications and the final outcome. METHODS: We retrospectively included all patients with severe exacerbation of MG who required management in the NICU during a 14-year period. Baseline sociodemographic and clinical features, data on medication, comorbidities and outcome were obtained by reviewing medical records and institutional databases. RESULTS: Our study comprised 130 severe MG exacerbations detected in 118 patients. Median age of patients was 61.5 years, and women accounted for 58.5% of the patients. Half of the patients required mechanical ventilation during hospitalization. Lethal outcome was observed in 12.3% of severe MG exacerbations. Only elder age was an independent negative predictor of survival (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.82-0.97, p < 0.01). Complications during hospitalization were detected in 50% of patients. A higher number of comorbidities (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.60-2.35, p = 0.01) and mechanical ventilation (OR 28.48, 95% CI 8.56-94.81, p < 0.01) were independent predictors of complications during hospitalization. CONCLUSION: Patients with a severe MG exacerbation who do not require mechanical ventilation have a good outcome after treatment in the NICU. Elder age is an independent predictor of lethal outcome in patients with severe MG exacerbation. Mechanical ventilation and a higher number of comorbidities lead to more frequent complications.

Is there a difference between GBS triggered by COVID-19 and those of other origins?

Background: Since the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an increasing number of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) cases following the infection has been reported. The aim of our study was to detect patients with GBS treated in our hospital over a 1-year period and to compare the characteristics and outcomes of those triggered by COVID-19 with the rest of GBS patients. Our prospective study included 29 patients who were diagnosed with GBS from March 2020 to March 2021. Based on the preceding event, patients were stratified as post-COVID-19 and non-COVID-19. The GBS disability scale (GDS) was used to assess functional disability. Results: We identified 10 (34.5%) patients with post-COVID-19 GBS and 19 (65.5%) patients with non-COVID-19 GBS. The median time from the preceding event to the symptoms onset was longer in post-COVID-19 than in non-COVID-19 GBS patients (p = 0.04). However, the time from the symptom onset to the nadir did not differ (p = 0.12). GDS at admission, as well as at nadir, did not differ between these two groups. The level of proteinorrachia was higher in post-COVID-19 GBS patients (p = 0.035). The most frequent subtype of GBS in both groups was acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP). GDS score at discharge (p = 0.56) did not differ between two study groups. Conclusions: There was no difference in clinical and electrophysiological features, disease course, and outcome in post-COVID-19 compared with non-COVID-19 GBS patients.

Guillain-Barré syndrome during pregnancy: A case series.

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) in pregnancy may be a serious disease associated with high maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Herein, we present the long-term maternal and fetal outcomes of five pregnant GBS patients from our center. The mean age of pregnant GBS patients was 29.8 ± 3.1. Two patients had a severe disability at admission. Three patients were treated with intravenous immunoglobulins, while the remaining two were treated with symptomatic therapy. One year after disease onset, one patient had a mild disability, while the remaining four had normal neurological findings. All babies born were healthy and developed normally. GBS in pregnancy may affect both maternal and neonatal outcomes. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for the outcome. Most patients and their babies have a favorable long-term outcome.

Influence of Thrombocytopenia on the Outcome of Mechanical Thrombectomy in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke.

OBJECTIVES: Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) has become leading treatment option for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to large vessels occlusion (LVO). Platelet counts may affect outcome in patients with AIS or transient ischemic attack. The aim of our study was to determine the influence of thrombocytopenia on the safety and efficacy of MT in patients with AIS due to anterior circulation LVO. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 127 consecutive adult patients with AIS due to anterior circulation LVO who underwent MT. The patients were divided into 2 groups based on initial platelet count: with thrombocytopenia (<150 × 109/L) and without thrombocytopenia (≥150 × 109/L). Primary safety outcome was symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage (SICH), while secondary safety outcome was stroke-related mortality. Efficacy outcome was functional independence, defined as modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score 0-2. Follow- up time was 90 days. RESULTS: Initial thrombocytopenia (<150 × 109/L) was detected in 19 (15%) patients. Multivariable analysis showed that initial thrombocytopenia did not increase the risk of SICH and did not affect the short-term functional outcome (p = 0.587). However, initial thrombocytopenia increased the risk for stroke-related mortality (aOR 3.639, 95% CI 1.079-12.641, p = 0.037). The main cause of mortality in the group with thrombocytopenia was malignant cerebral infarction (44.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Thrombocytopenia does not affect the efficacy and the risk of SICH in patients with AIS caused by anterior circulation LVO treated with MT. However, the risk of mortality is higher in patients with thrombocytopenia, mainly due to malignant cerebral infarction.