Emergence of New Delhi Metallo-ß-Lactamase (NDM) Genes Detected from Clinical Strains of Escherichia coli Isolated in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

The emergence and spread of carbapenem resistance in Gram-negative bacilli such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa through the production of carbapenemases is a global phenomenon. It threatens patient care and leads to therapeutic impasses. This study aims to genotypically determine the prevalence of the most frequent carbapenemase genes among multidrug-resistant E. coli strains isolated from patients at a biomedical analysis laboratory. A total of fifty-three unduplicated E. coli strains isolated from patient samples with a multidrug-resistant (MDR) profile were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for carbapenem resistance genes. This study allowed us to identify fifteen strains carrying resistance genes among the fifty-three E. coli strains. All fifteen strains produced the metallo-ß-lactamase enzymes; this represents a rate of 28.30% of study strains. Among these strains, ten carried the NDM resistance gene, NDM and VIM genes were detected in three strains and VIM was identified in two strains of E. coli. However, carbapenemases A (KPC and IMI), D (OXA-48), and IMP were not detected in the strains studied. Thus, NDM and VIM are the main carbapenemases detected in the strains in our study.

(GTG)5-PCR fingerprinting of multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli bacteria isolates from hospital in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

BACKGROUND: Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most common bacterial species implicated in various types of infections including septicemia, gastroenteritis, urinary tract infections, meningitis and others pathologies. These involve several bacterial clones with multidrug resistance making them difficult to treat. The aims of this study was to perform molecular typing of E. coli strains using universal primer (GTG)5. In this study, 53 E. coli strains were collected from inpatients and outpatients. The test of antimicrobial sensibility was realized using CA-SFM /EUCAST method and strains were identified by conventional microbiological tests. The carbapenemase-producing strains were demonstrated by phenotypic method. Bacterial DNA was extracted by boiling method. (GTG)5-PCR was used for strain subtyping. The DendroUPGMA software was used for grouping of strains from the genetic fingerprints obtained by (GTG)5-PCR. RESULTS: Antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that all strains were multi-drug resistant (MDR). Its strains showed resistance to at least three different families of antibiotics. Of this MDR strains, only one was a metallo-ß-lactamase producer. The dendrogram obtained using genetic fingerprinting allowed the E. coli strains to be grouped into 22 clusters (G1 to G22). CONCLUSION: The (GTG) 5-PCR assay enabled rapid molecular typing of E. coli strains. The strains of E. coli typed in this study would belong to different clones.

Evaluation of enzymes inhibition activities of medicinal plant from Burkina Faso.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate some enzymes inhibitory effects of 11 plant species belonging to 9 families from Burkina Faso. Methanolic extracts were used for their Glutathione-s-transferase (GST), Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Carboxylesterase (CES) and Xanthine Oxidase (XO) inhibitory activities at final concentration of 100 microg mL(-1). The total phenolics, flavonoids and tannins were also determined spectrophotometrically using Folin-Ciocalteu, AlCl3 and ammonium citrate iron reagents, respectively. Among the 11 species tested, the best inhibitory percentages were found with Euphorbia hirta, Sclerocarya birrea and Scoparia dulcis (inhibition > 40%) followed by Annona senegalensis, Annona squamosa, Polygala arenaria and Ceratotheca sesamoides (inhibition > 25%). The best total phenolic and tannin contents were found with S. birrea with 56.10 mg GAE/100 mg extract and 47.75 mg TAE/100 mg extract, respectively. E hirta presented the higher total flavonoids (9.96 mg QE/100 mg extract). It's was found that Sclerocarya birrea has inhibited all enzymes at more than 30% and this activity is correlated to total tannins contents. Contrary to S. birrea, the enzymatic activities of E. hirta and S. dulcis are correlated to total flavonoids contents. Present findings suggest that the methanolic extracts of those plant species are potential inhibitors of GST, AChE, CES and XO and confirm their traditional uses in the treatment of mental disorders, gout, painful inflammations and cardiovascular diseases.

Antiacetylcholinesterase and antioxidant activity of essential oils from six medicinal plants from Burkina Faso

In this investigation, we evaluated essential oils from six medicinal plants from Burkina Faso for their antiacetylcholinesterase and antioxidant abilities. The chemotype of most active were also determined. The best antiacetylcholinesterase activities were recorded for the essential oils of Eucalyptus camaldulensis (IC50 18.98 µ g/mL) and Ocimum canum (IC50 36.16 µ g/mL). Their chemotype have been related to the 1,8-cineole one. Both essential oils demonstrated a linear mixed non competitive inhibition. The essential oil of Ocimum basilicum which belong to the linalool-eugenol chemotype exhibited the best radical scavenging activity (IC50 3.82 µ g/mL) and reducing power (531.75 mg AAE/g). In comparison with gallic and ascorbic acids, O. basilicum essential oil evidenced interesting antioxidant activities. The antiacetylcholinesterase and antioxidant activities of essential oils were discussed in regard with their chemical composition.

IND-6, a highly divergent IND-type metallo-beta-lactamase from Chryseobacterium indologenes strain 597 isolated in Burkina Faso.

The genus Chryseobacterium and other genera belonging to the family Flavobacteriaceae include organisms that can behave as human pathogens and are known to cause different kinds of infections. Several species of Flavobacteriaceae, including Chryseobacterium indologenes, are naturally resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics (including carbapenems), due to the production of a resident metallo-beta-lactamase. Although C. indologenes presently constitutes a limited clinical threat, the incidence of infections caused by this organism is increasing in some settings, where isolates that exhibit multidrug resistance phenotypes (including resistance to aminoglycosides and quinolones) have been detected. Here, we report the identification and characterization of a new IND-type variant from a C. indologenes isolate from Burkina Faso that is resistant to beta-lactams and aminoglycosides. The levels of sequence identity of the new variant to other IND-type metallo-beta-lactamases range between 72 and 90% (for IND-4 and IND-5, respectively). The purified enzyme exhibited N-terminal heterogeneity and a posttranslational modification consisting of the presence of a pyroglutamate residue at the N terminus. IND-6 shows a broad substrate profile, with overall higher turnover rates than IND-5 and higher activities than IND-2 and IND-5 against ceftazidime and cefepime.

Antimicrobial resistance and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains causing childhood infection in Burkina Faso.

In Burkina Faso, a Western African country, reports on pneumococci carriage, resistance patterns and serotypes are inconsistent. The present study was conducted in order to evaluate these parameters. Thus 860 nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from children attending vaccination centers for pneumococci isolation, identification and serotype determination. The susceptibility to 16 antibiotics was assayed as recommended by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standard (NCCLS). The results revealed that the majority of children were of 2 to 24 months age and 73.4% of children were well vaccinated. A carriage rate of 50.6% was recoded among the children. The main serotypes were: 6 (22.22%); 23 (16.67%); 7 and 9 (3.70%); 4, 11, 14, 15, 20 and 24 (1.85%). Serotypesl9, 23, 6, 7 and 18 were linked to penicillin resistance. Globally, high resistance rates to: amikacin, tetracyclin, pefloxacin, cotrimoxazol and penicillins (resistance rates greater than 25%) were recorded; however the following antibiotics remained active on the strains: rifampicin, ceftriaxone, erythromycin, spectinomycin, chloramphenicol, vancomycin, lincomycin and ciprofloxacin.

Polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of fourteen wild edible fruits from Burkina Faso.

A total of fourteen (14) species of wild edible fruits from Burkina Faso were analyzed for their phenolic and flavonoid contents, and their antioxidant activities using the DPPH, FRAP and ABTS methods. The data obtained show that the total phenolic and total flavonoid levels were significantly higher in the acetone than in the methanol extracts.Detarium microcarpum fruit had the highest phenolic and the highest flavonoid content,followed by that of Adansonia digitata, Ziziphus mauritiana, Ximenia americana and Lannea microcarpa. Significant amounts of total phenolics were also detected in the other fruit species in the following order of decreasing levels: Tamarindus indica > Sclerocaryabirrea > Dialium guineense > Gardenia erubescens > Diospyros mespiliformis > Parkiabiglobosa > Ficus sycomorus > Vitellaria paradoxa. Detarium microcarpum fruit also showed the highest antioxidant activity using the three antioxidant assays. Fruits with high antioxidant activities were also found to possess high phenolic and flavonoid contents. There was a strong correlation between total phenolic and flavonoid levels and antioxidant activities.

Major enzymatic factors involved in bacterial penicillin resistance in Burkina Faso.

Many clinical species of bacteria were isolated from biological samples such as urines, blood and wound in Saint Camille medical centre of Ouagadougou. Among the concerned species, the most important members were Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. These p-lactamases producing isolates were directly screened by PCR to identify the nature of the amplified genes responsible for penicillin destroying activity. Therefore specific TEM and SHV primers were used. The PCR products were sequenced. The sequencing results indicated that the parental forms bla(TEM-1) and bla(SHV-1) were the most common determinants of beta-lactamase found, respectively in Escherichia species and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The bacterial susceptibility analysis by MICs measurement clearly correlated the presence of concerned beta-lactamase determinants and their resistance patterns. This study is part of a set of investigations carried out by our laboratory to assess the beta-lactamase incidence in the failure of beta-lactam therapy. In particular, the purpose of this study was to determine the precise nature of beta-lactamase supporting the low susceptibility of host bacteria towards penicillins.