A novel methodology for emotion recognition through 62-lead EEG signals: multilevel heterogeneous recurrence analysis.

Objective: Recognizing emotions from electroencephalography (EEG) signals is a challenging task due to the complex, nonlinear, and nonstationary characteristics of brain activity. Traditional methods often fail to capture these subtle dynamics, while deep learning approaches lack explainability. In this research, we introduce a novel three-phase methodology integrating manifold embedding, multilevel heterogeneous recurrence analysis (MHRA), and ensemble learning to address these limitations in EEG-based emotion recognition. Approach: The proposed methodology was evaluated using the SJTU-SEED IV database. We first applied uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) for manifold embedding of the 62-lead EEG signals into a lower-dimensional space. We then developed MHRA to characterize the complex recurrence dynamics of brain activity across multiple transition levels. Finally, we employed tree-based ensemble learning methods to classify four emotions (neutral, sad, fear, happy) based on the extracted MHRA features. Main results: Our approach achieved high performance, with an accuracy of 0.7885 and an AUC of 0.7552, outperforming existing methods on the same dataset. Additionally, our methodology provided the most consistent recognition performance across different emotions. Sensitivity analysis revealed specific MHRA metrics that were strongly associated with each emotion, offering valuable insights into the underlying neural dynamics. Significance: This study presents a novel framework for EEG-based emotion recognition that effectively captures the complex nonlinear and nonstationary dynamics of brain activity while maintaining explainability. The proposed methodology offers significant potential for advancing our understanding of emotional processing and developing more reliable emotion recognition systems with broad applications in healthcare and beyond.

Characterization of sleep disturbance in established rheumatoid arthritis patients: exploring the relationship with central nervous system pain regulation.

BACKGROUND: To characterize sleep disturbance in patients with established rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and explore the relationship between sleep and mechanisms of central nervous system pain regulation. METHODS: Forty-eight RA participants completed wrist-worn actigraphy monitoring and daily sleep diaries for 14 days to assess sleep-wake parameters. Participants underwent quantitative sensory testing to assess pressure pain thresholds, temporal summation, and conditioned pain modulation. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Spearman's correlation, and multivariable median regression analyses. RESULTS: Median actigraphy and sleep diary derived sleep duration was 7.6 h (interquartile range (IQR) 7.0, 8.2) and 7.1 h (IQR 6.7, 7.6), respectively. Actigraphy based sleep fragmentation (rho = 0.34), wake after sleep onset (rho = 0.36), and sleep efficiency (rho = -0.32) were each related to higher temporal summation values in unadjusted analyses, but these relationships did not persist after controlling for age, body mass index, disease duration, and swollen joint count. No significant relationships were observed between sleep with pressure pain thresholds and conditioned pain modulation. CONCLUSION: Actigraphy and sleep diary monitoring are well tolerated in established RA patients. Future investigations should include both subjective and objective assessments, as they may provide information relating to different components and mechanisms.

Cardiovascular Risks in People With Narcolepsy: Expert Panel Consensus Recommendations.

BACKGROUND: Observational and retrospective studies suggest that people with narcolepsy may have an increased prevalence of cardiovascular and cardiometabolic comorbidities and may be at greater risk for future cardiovascular events. An expert consensus panel was formed to establish agreement on the risk of hypertension and cardiovascular/cardiometabolic disease in people with narcolepsy and to develop strategies to mitigate these risks. METHODS AND RESULTS: Experts in sleep medicine and cardiology were selected to participate in the panel. After reviewing the relevant literature, the experts identified key elements, drafted recommendation statements, and developed discussion points to provide supporting evidence for the recommendations. The draft and final recommendations were rated on a scale from 0 (not at all agree) to 4 (very much agree). All experts had an agreement rating of 4.0 for all 14 revised recommendation statements for patients with narcolepsy. These statements comprised 3 themes: (1) recognize the risk of hypertension and cardiovascular/cardiometabolic disease, (2) reduce the risk of hypertension and cardiovascular/cardiometabolic disease, and (3) reduce sodium intake to lower the risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS: These consensus recommendations are intended to increase awareness of potential cardiovascular/cardiometabolic risks in patients with narcolepsy for all clinicians. Early monitoring for, and prevention of, cardiovascular risks in this population are of great importance, especially as narcolepsy usually develops in adolescents and young adults, who will be exposed to adverse effects of the disease for decades. Prospective systematic studies are needed to determine association and causation of narcolepsy with cardiovascular/cardiometabolic disorders.

Development of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Narcolepsy: A Feasibility Study.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Mindfulness-based interventions (MBI) have been shown to improve psychosocial functioning in medical populations but have not been studied in narcolepsy. This study examined the feasibility and acceptability of an MBI that was adapted for narcolepsy, including three variations in program length. METHODS: Adults with narcolepsy (N = 60) were randomized to MBI groups of varying durations: brief (4 weeks), standard (8 weeks), or extended (12 weeks). Participants completed assessments at baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks. To assess feasibility and acceptability, primary outcomes included attendance, meditation practice, and data completeness. Additionally, participants completed measures of mindfulness, self-compassion, mood, sleep, psychosocial functioning, and cognition. An effect size of Cohen's d ≥ 0.5 was used as the pre-specified benchmark for a minimal clinically important difference (MCID). RESULTS: The attendance, meditation, and data completeness benchmarks were met by 71.7%, 61.7%, and 78.3% of participants, respectively. Higher proportions of the brief and extended groups met these benchmarks compared to the standard group. All groups met the MCID for mindfulness, self-compassion, self-efficacy for managing emotions, positive psychosocial impact, global mental health, and fatigue. Standard and extended groups met the MCID for anxiety and depression, and extended group met the MCID for additional measures including social and cognitive functioning, daytime sleepiness, hypersomnia symptoms, and hypersomnia-related functioning. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that the remote delivery and data collection methods are feasible to employ in future clinical trials, and it appears that the extended MBI provides the most favorable clinical impact while maintaining attendance and engagement in meditation practice.

Wireless wearable sensors can facilitate rapid detection of sleep apnea in hospitalized stroke patients.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To evaluate wearable devices and machine learning for detecting sleep apnea in patients with stroke at an acute inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF). METHODS: A total of 76 individuals with stroke wore a standard home sleep apnea test (ApneaLink Air), a multimodal, wireless wearable sensor system (ANNE), and a research-grade actigraphy device (ActiWatch) for at least one night during their first week after IRF admission as part of a larger clinical trial. Logistic regression algorithms were trained to detect sleep apnea using biometric features obtained from the ANNE sensors and ground truth apnea rating from the ApneaLink Air. Multiple algorithms were evaluated using different sensor combinations and different apnea detection criteria based on the Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI≥5, AHI≥15). RESULTS: Seventy-one (96%) participants wore the ANNE sensors for multiple nights. In contrast, only forty-eight participants (63%) could be successfully assessed for OSA by ApneaLink; 28 (37%) refused testing. The best-performing model utilized photoplethysmography (PPG) and finger temperature features to detect moderate-severe sleep apnea (AHI≥15), with 88% sensitivity and a positive likelihood ratio (LR+) of 44.00. This model was tested on additional nights of ANNE data achieving 71% sensitivity (10.14 LR+) when considering each night independently and 86% accuracy when averaging multi-night predictions. CONCLUSIONS: This research demonstrates the feasibility of accurately detecting moderate-severe sleep apnea early in the stroke recovery process using wearable sensors and machine learning techniques. These findings can inform future efforts to improve early detection for post-stroke sleep disorders, thereby enhancing patient recovery and long-term outcomes.

Adverse pregnancy outcomes and pharyngeal flow limitation during sleep: Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study Monitoring Mothers-to-be (nuMoM2b).

BACKGROUND: Pharyngeal flow limitation during pregnancy may be a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes but was previously challenging to quantify. Our objective was to determine whether a novel objective measure of flow limitation identifies an increased risk of pre-eclampsia (primary outcome) and other adverse outcomes in a prospective cohort: Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study Monitoring Mothers-to-be (nuMoM2b). METHODS: Flow limitation severity scores (0%=fully obstructed, 100%=open airway), quantified from breath-by-breath airflow shape, were obtained from home sleep tests during early (6-15 weeks) and mid (22-31 weeks) pregnancy. Multivariable logistic regression quantified associations between flow limitation (median overnight severity, both time-points averaged) and pre-eclampsia, adjusting for maternal age, body mass index (BMI), race, ethnicity, chronic hypertension and flow limitation during wakefulness. Secondary outcomes were hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and infant birthweight. RESULTS: Of 1939 participants with flow limitation data at both time-points (mean±sd age 27.0±5.4 years and BMI 27.7±6.1 kg·m-2), 5.8% developed pre-eclampsia, 12.7% developed HDP and 4.5% developed GDM. Greater flow limitation was associated with increased pre-eclampsia risk: adjusted OR 2.49 (95% CI 1.69-3.69) per 2sd increase in severity. Findings persisted in women without sleep apnoea (apnoea-hypopnoea index <5 events·h-1). Flow limitation was associated with HDP (OR 1.77 (95% CI 1.33-2.38)) and reduced infant birthweight (83.7 (95% CI 31.8-135.6) g), but not GDM. CONCLUSIONS: Greater flow limitation is associated with increased risk of pre-eclampsia, HDP and lower infant birthweight. Flow limitation may provide an early target for mitigating the consequences of sleep disordered breathing during pregnancy.

National plans and awareness campaigns as priorities for achieving global brain health.

Neurological conditions are the leading cause of death and disability combined. This public health crisis has become a global priority with the introduction of WHO's Intersectoral Global Action Plan on Epilepsy and Other Neurological Disorders 2022-2031 (IGAP). 18 months after this plan was adopted, global neurology stakeholders, including representatives of the OneNeurology Partnership (a consortium uniting global neurology organisations), take stock and advocate for urgent acceleration of IGAP implementation. Drawing on lessons from relevant global health contexts, this Health Policy identifies two priority IGAP targets to expedite national delivery of the entire 10-year plan: namely, to update national policies and plans, and to create awareness campaigns and advocacy programmes for neurological conditions and brain health. To ensure rapid attainment of the identified priority targets, six strategic drivers are proposed: universal community awareness, integrated neurology approaches, intersectoral governance, regionally coordinated IGAP domestication, lived experience-informed policy making, and neurological mainstreaming (advocating to embed brain health into broader policy agendas). Contextualised with globally emerging IGAP-directed efforts and key considerations for intersectoral policy design, this novel framework provides actionable recommendations for policy makers and IGAP implementation partners. Timely, synergistic pursuit of the six drivers might aid WHO member states in cultivating public awareness and policy structures required for successful intersectoral roll-out of IGAP by 2031, paving the way towards brain health for all.

Metabolomic profiles of sleep-disordered breathing are associated with hypertension and diabetes mellitus development.

Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is a prevalent disorder characterized by recurrent episodic upper airway obstruction. Using data from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL), we apply principal component analysis (PCA) to seven SDB-related measures. We estimate the associations of the top two SDB PCs with serum levels of 617 metabolites, in both single-metabolite analysis, and a joint penalized regression analysis. The discovery analysis includes 3299 individuals, with validation in a separate dataset of 1522 individuals. Five metabolite associations with SDB PCs are discovered and replicated. SDB PC1, characterized by frequent respiratory events common in older and male adults, is associated with pregnanolone and progesterone-related sulfated metabolites. SDB PC2, characterized by short respiratory event length and self-reported restless sleep, enriched in young adults, is associated with sphingomyelins. Metabolite risk scores (MRSs), representing metabolite signatures associated with the two SDB PCs, are associated with 6-year incident hypertension and diabetes. These MRSs have the potential to serve as biomarkers for SDB, guiding risk stratification and treatment decisions.

Enhanced conductive body heat loss during sleep increases slow-wave sleep and calms the heart.

Substantial evidence suggests that the circadian decline of core body temperature (CBT) triggers the initiation of human sleep, with CBT continuing to decrease during sleep. Although the connection between habitual sleep and CBT patterns is established, the impact of external body cooling on sleep remains poorly understood. The main aim of the present study is to show whether a decline in body temperatures during sleep can be related to an increase in slow wave sleep (N3). This three-center study on 72 individuals of varying age, sex, and BMI used an identical type of a high-heat capacity mattress as a reproducible, non-disturbing way of body cooling, accompanied by measurements of CBT and proximal back skin temperatures, heart rate and sleep (polysomnography). The main findings were an increase in nocturnal sleep stage N3 (7.5 ± 21.6 min/7.5 h, mean ± SD; p = 0.0038) and a decrease in heart rate (- 2.36 ± 1.08 bpm, mean ± SD; p < 0.0001); sleep stage REM did not change (p = 0.3564). Subjects with a greater degree of body cooling exhibited a significant increase in nocturnal N3 and a decrease in REM sleep, mainly in the second part of the night. In addition, these subjects showed a phase advance in the NREM-REM sleep cycle distribution of N3 and REM. Both effects were significantly associated with increased conductive inner heat transfer, indicated by an increased CBT- proximal back skin temperature -gradient, rather than with changes in CBT itself. Our findings reveal a previously far disregarded mechanism in sleep research that has potential therapeutic implications: Conductive body cooling during sleep is a reliable method for promoting N3 and reducing heart rate.

The association between timing of dietary macronutrient and sodium consumption and sleep duration and quality.

Study Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the association between the timing of dietary macronutrients and sodium intake and sleep quantity and quality. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that included 34 adults between 21 and 50 years of age. The main outcome measures were objective sleep measures assessed from three nights of wrist actigraphy including sleep duration, fragmentation, and wake after sleep onset (WASO), and one night of polysomnography (PSG), including rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, non-REM stage 2 (N2), stage 3 (N3), and WASO. Multiple linear regression models and linear mixed models were used to estimate the associations between sleep measures and dietary measures (carbohydrates, fats, saturated fats, proteins, and sodium). Dietary timing was examined in two ways: (1) the average amount of each nutrient consumed within 3 hours of sleep start, and (2) the interval between the final intake of each nutrient and sleep. Results: Average fat intake within 3 hours of sleep was associated with greater WASO from PSG (ß = 4.48, p = 0.01). No other associations were found between the macronutrients or sodium intake (p > 0.05) within 3 hours of sleep and the sleep parameters from PSG or actigraphy. Similarly, no associations were found between any of the PSG or actigraphy sleep measures and the interval between final nutrient intakes and sleep with sleep duration. Conclusions: The study suggests that greater fat but not carbohydrate, protein, saturated fat, or sodium intake close to sleep may be associated with greater sleep disruption; however, no other associations were observed.

Circadian Rhythms in Skin Barrier Function in Atopic Dermatitis: A Pilot Study.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is symptomatically worse in the evening, but the mechanism driving nocturnal eczema remains elusive. Our objective was to determine the circadian rhythm of skin barrier function measured by transepidermal water loss (TEWL) in AD patients and explore the molecular underpinnings. A pilot study was performed on a diverse group of AD (n = 4) and control (n = 2) young patients. We used an inpatient tightly controlled, modified, constant routine protocol. TEWL was measured at least every 90 min in the antecubital fossa (lesional) and forearm, while whole blood samples were collected every 4 h. Results show a significant difference in the antecubital fossa TEWL in the AD group versus controls. TEWL in control skin decreases starting a few hours prior to bedtime, both in the antecubital fossa and in the forearm, while in the AD forearm skin, pre-bedtime TEWL increases. We identified 1576 differentially expressed genes using a time-dependent model. The top 20 upregulated gene ontology pathways included neuronal pathways, while the downregulated functional terms included innate immune signaling and viral response. Similar pathways positively correlated with forearm TEWL in controls and inversely with the AD group. Upregulation in sensory perception pathways correlated with increases in lesional (antecubital fossa) TEWL in the evening. Results show skin barrier function worsens in the evening in the AD group, at a time when barrier is normally rejuvenating in healthy skin. This timing and the detection of transcriptomic signatures of sensory perception and diminished viral response might correspond to the nocturnal itch. Larger studies are needed to evaluate these associations in the skin.

Impact of sleep disruption on cognitive function in patients with postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection: initial findings from a Neuro-COVID-19 clinic.

Introduction: Fatigue, brain fog, and sleep disturbance are among the most common symptoms of postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). We sought to determine the impact of sleep disruption on cognition and quality of life in patients with neurologic manifestations of PASC (Neuro-PASC). Methods: Thirty-nine patients were recruited from Neuro-COVID-19 clinic. Mean age was 48.1 years, 71.8% were female, and 82% were never hospitalized for COVID-19. Patients were evaluated via clinical assessment, quality-of-life measures in domains of cognitive function, fatigue, sleep disturbance, anxiety, and depression, NIH Toolbox cognitive tests, and 7 days of wrist actigraphy. Results: The median number of neurologic symptoms attributed to PASC was 6, with brain fog being the most common in 89.7%. Regarding non-neurologic symptoms, 94.9% complained of fatigue and 74.4% of insomnia. Patients reported significant impairment in all quality-of-life domains and performed worse in a task of attention compared to a normative US population. Actigraphy showed Neuro-PASC patients had lower sleep efficiency, longer sleep latency (both p < 0.001), and later sleep midpoint (p = 0.039) compared to 71 age-matched healthy controls with no PASC history. Self-reported cognitive symptoms correlated with the severity of fatigue (p < 0.001), anxiety (p = 0.05), and depression (p < 0.01). Objective evidence of sleep disruption measured by wakefulness after sleep onset, sleep efficiency, and latency were associated with decreased performance in attention and processing speed. Conclusion: Prospective studies including larger populations of patients are needed to fully determine the interplay of sleep disruption on the cognitive function and quality of life of patients with PASC.

The circadian metabolome of atopic dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by dry, pruritic skin. Several studies have described nocturnal increases in itching behavior, suggesting a role for the circadian rhythm in modulating symptom severity. However, the circadian rhythm of metabolites in the skin and serum of patients with AD is yet to be described. OBJECTIVE: We sought to assess circadian patterns of skin and serum metabolism in patients with AD. METHODS: Twelve patients with moderate to severe AD and 5 healthy volunteers were monitored for 28 hours in a controlled environment. Serum was collected every 2 hours and tape strips every 4 hours from both lesional and nonlesional skin in participants with AD and location-, sex-, and age-matched healthy skin of controls. We then performed an untargeted metabolomics analysis, examining the circadian peaks of metabolism in patients with AD. RESULTS: Distinct metabolic profiles were observed in AD versus control samples. When accounting for time of collection, the greatest differences in serum metabolic pathways were observed in arachidonic acid, steroid biosynthesis, and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis. We identified 42 circadian peaks in AD or control serum and 17 in the skin. Pathway enrichment and serum-skin metabolite correlation varied throughout the day. Differences were most evident in the late morning and immediately after sleep onset. CONCLUSIONS: Although limited by a small sample size and observational design, our findings suggest that accounting for sample collection time could improve biomarker detection studies in AD and highlight that metabolic changes may be associated with nocturnal differences in symptom severity.

Allostatic load in early pregnancy and sleep-disordered breathing.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the association between allostatic load in early pregnancy and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) during pregnancy. METHODS: High allostatic load in the first trimester was defined as ≥ 4 of 12 biomarkers (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, triglycerides, insulin, glucose, creatinine, and albumin) in the unfavorable quartile. SDB was objectively measured using the Embletta-Gold device and operationalized as "SDB ever" in early (6-15 weeks) or mid-pregnancy (22-31 weeks); SDB at each time point was analyzed as secondary outcomes. Multivariable logistic regression was used to test the association between high allostatic load and SDB, adjusted for confounders. Moderation and sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the role of allostatic load in racial disparities of SDB and obesity affected the relationship between allostatic load and SDB. RESULTS: High allostatic load was present in 35.0% of the nuMoM2b cohort. The prevalence of SDB ever occurred among 8.3% during pregnancy. After adjustment, allostatic load remained significantly associated with SDB ever (aOR= 5.3; 3.6-7.9), in early-pregnancy (aOR= 7.0; 3.8-12.8), and in mid-pregnancy (aOR= 5.8; 3.7-9.1). The association between allostatic load and SDB was not significantly different for people with and without obesity. After excluding BMI from the allostatic load score, the association decreased in magnitude (aOR= 2.6; 1.8-3.9). CONCLUSION: The association between allostatic load and SDB was independent of confounders including BMI. The complex and likely bidirectional relationship between chronic stress and SDB deserves further study in reducing SDB.

Assessment and Management of Sleep Disturbances in Atopic Dermatitis: A Review.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic burdensome inflammatory skin disease with well-established cutaneous and systemic comorbidities and disease burden. AD particularly has profound impacts on sleep in individuals of all ages. Sleep disturbances (SDs) affect 6.2% of school-age children and 33-87.1% of adults with AD. This narrative review addresses the burden of SD in AD patients, as well as biological mechanisms of SD in AD, including biological clocks influencing sleep, inflammation, and behavior. Approaches for early detection, diagnosis, objective quantification, patient education, and management are reviewed. It is imperative to break the itch-scratch cycle to reduce SDs and improve quality of life in individuals with AD.

Severe atopic dermatitis, sleep disturbance, and low light exposure.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder in children. AD worsens at night, particularly in severe disease. Low light exposure contributes to inflammation, poor sleep, and misalignment between circadian (24-hour) rhythms (biological clocks) and social clocks (weekday vs. weekend sleep timing), but has not been evaluated in AD. Our objective was to perform a cross-sectional study to determine whether there is an association between AD severity, recorded light exposure (RLE), and sleep measures in participants with AD and healthy controls. METHODS: Secondary data analysis from two prospective observational studies of 74 participants ages 5-17 years old with severe AD compared to others (healthy controls and mild/moderate AD). Participants wore actigraphy watches for at least 1 weekday and one weekend. Rest/activity and RLE (lux) were obtained from the watches and were analyzed to estimate duration and quality of sleep/light exposure. RESULTS: Participants (n = 74) were on average 10.9 ±â€…3.6 years old, with 45% female, 17% no AD, 27% mild, 32% moderate, and 24% severe AD. On weekends, severe AD participants versus others fell asleep at a similar time (23:52 ±â€…1:08 vs. 23:40 ±â€…1:29 mean clock-time hours ±â€…SD; p = 0.23), had similar sleep-onset latency (8.2 ±â€…8.7 vs. 12.7 ±â€…16.9 minutes; p = 0.28), but woke later (09:12 ±â€…1:04 vs. 08:13 ±â€…1:14 minutes; p < 0.01) resulting in a later sleep-midpoint (04:32 ±â€…0:53 vs. 03:49 ±â€…1:08 minutes; p = 0.02). Severe AD participants had lower levels of daytime RLE than others (mean-over-all-days: 1948.4 ±â€…2130.0 vs. 10341.3 ±â€…13453.8 lux; p = 0.01) and throughout seasons, weekdays, or weekend, yet had similar nighttime RLE. CONCLUSION: Severe AD is characterized by low RLE and sleep disturbance. Low RLE could potentially induce circadian misalignment, contributing to inflammation and worse disease in severe AD. Low RLE can also reflect altered lifestyle and behavior due to atopic disease impacts. Prospective studies are needed to test causality and the potential of bright light as an adjuvant therapy for severe AD.

Dosing and transition characteristics in people with narcolepsy transitioning from sodium oxybate to low-sodium oxybate: Data from the real-world TENOR study.

OBJECTIVE: The Transition Experience of persons with Narcolepsy taking Oxybate in the Real-world (TENOR) study assessed the real-world experience of people with narcolepsy switching from sodium oxybate (SXB) to low-sodium oxybate (LXB; 92 % less sodium than SXB). METHODS: TENOR is a patient-centric, prospective, observational, virtual-format study. Eligible participants included US adults with narcolepsy transitioning from SXB to LXB (±7 days from LXB initiation). Longitudinal data were collected from baseline (taking SXB) through 21 weeks post-transition. RESULTS: TENOR included 85 participants with narcolepsy (type 1, n = 45; type 2, n = 40). Mean (SD) age was 40.3 (13.0) years; the majority (73 %) were female and White (87 %). At study completion, wake-promoting agents were the most common concomitant medications (47 %). Mean (SD) SXB treatment duration was 57.8 (52.1) months; 96 % took SXB twice nightly. After transitioning, 97 % continued on twice-nightly regimens. Mean (SD) dose of both total nightly SXB (n = 85) and baseline LXB (n = 84) was 7.7 (1.5) g; SXB-LXB dose conversions at baseline were gram-for-gram in 87 % of participants. The mean final total nightly dose of LXB was 7.9 g. The most common participant-reported reasons for transitioning included lower sodium content for improved long-term health (93 %), physician recommendation (47 %), to avoid cardiovascular issues (39 %), to avoid side effects (31 %), and to improve control of narcolepsy symptoms (18 %). CONCLUSION: Most participants transitioned from SXB to LXB using a gram-for-gram strategy. The most commonly cited reason for transition was long-term health benefits due to lower sodium.

Study protocol for a longitudinal observational study of disparities in sleep and cognition in older adults: the DISCO study.

INTRODUCTION: Cognitive dysfunction, a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the USA and globally, has been shown to disproportionately affect the socioeconomically disadvantaged and those who identify as black or Hispanic/Latinx. Poor sleep is strongly associated with the development of vascular and metabolic diseases, which correlate with cognitive dysfunction. Therefore, sleep may contribute to observed disparities in cognitive disorders. The Epidemiologic Study of Disparities in Sleep and Cognition in Older Adults (DISCO) is a longitudinal, observational cohort study that focuses on gathering data to better understand racial/ethnic sleep disparities and illuminate the relationship among sleep, race and ethnicity and changes in cognitive function. This investigation may help inform targeted interventions to minimise disparities in cognitive health among ageing adults. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The DISCO study will examine up to 495 individuals aged 55 and older at two time points over 24 months. An equal number of black, white and Hispanic/Latinx individuals will be recruited using methods aimed for adults traditionally under-represented in research. Study procedures at each time point will include cognitive tests, gait speed measurement, wrist actigraphy, a type 2 home polysomnography and a clinical examination. Participants will also complete self-identified assessments and questionnaires on cognitive ability, sleep, medication use, quality of life, sociodemographic characteristics, diet, substance use, and psychological and social health. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study was approved by the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Institutional Review Board. Deidentified datasets will be shared via the BioLINCC repository following the completion of the project. Biospecimen samples from the study that are not being analysed can be made available to qualified investigators on review and approval by study investigators. Requests that do not lead to participant burden or that conflict with the primary aims of the study will be reviewed by the study investigators.