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Bull Soc Pathol Exot ; 112(3): 147-152, 2019.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31825568

ABSTRACT

Three distinct noso-epidemiological cutaneous leishmaniasis (LC) entities coexist in Algeria: the so-called sporadic form of the North (LCN), the zoonotic form (LCZ) and the chronic form (LCC). The precise identification of the parasitic species involved in each of the forms makes it possible to specify the geographical distribution of each of the forms raised, to distinguish their clinical aspects, to guide the therapeutic behaviors and to adapt the control programs. Ninety-seven (97) human strains from 97 cases of LC were subjected to molecular characterization by PCR-ITS1 followed by sequencing of this inter-gene space. Our results confirm the endemicity of the three forms. The LCN, caused by L. infantum (17 isolates/97 i.e. 17.52%) is limited to the North of the country mainly (16 isolates/17). Its geographical distribution is superimposable to that of visceral leishmaniasis with an extension more and more reported in previously unaffected areas, such as the regions of Tlemcen and Oran in the West, Setif, Annaba and Collo in the East. The LCZ, due to L. major (70 strains/97 i.e. 72.16%), remains the dominant form in the arid and semi-arid zones (47 strains/70) with a progression towards the North (20/70 strains). Indeed, long confined to the Sahara, it shows a geographical extension outside its historic homes of Biskra and Abadla. This form is progressing dangerously towards the highlands and the steppe regions of the country. The most interesting fact was the identification of L. tropica for the first time in North-Central and North-West Algeria in Algerian patients who had never left the national territory. Out of the 10 strains of L. tropica identified, 8 belonged to patients of Syrian origin and 2 to Algerian patients. L. tropica was reported for the first time in 2008 in 6 patients living in Constantine (North-East Algeria) and in 2017, still in the North-East of the country, in Annaba. The observation of L. tropica in the North and Northeast center of the country, where L. infantum and L. major coexist, suggests changes in the epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Algeria, which highlights the interest of more investigations to better understand the transmission cycle of the different entities.


Trois entités nosoépidémiologiques distinctes de leishmaniose cutanée (LC) coexistent en Algérie : la forme dite du nord, dite sporadique (LCN), la forme zoonotique (LCZ) et la forme chronique (LCC). L'identification précise des espèces parasitaires impliquées dans chacune des formes permet de préciser la répartition géographique de chacune de ces trois formes, de distinguer leurs aspects cliniques, d'orienter les conduites thérapeutiques et d'adapter les programmes de lutte. Quatre-vingt-dix-sept souches humaines ont fait l'objet d'une caractérisation moléculaire par une PCR-ITS1, suivie d'un séquençage de cet espace intergénique. Nos résultats confirment l'endémicité des trois formes. La LCN, causée par Leishmania infantum (17 isolats/97, soit 17,52 %), est limitée au nord du pays principalement (16 isolats/17). Sa répartition géographique est stable et superposable à celle de la leishmaniose viscérale. La LCZ, due à Leishmania major (70 souches/97, soit 72,16 %), reste la forme dominante au niveau des zones arides et semi-arides (47 souches/70) avec une progression vers le nord (20 souches/70). Cette forme connaît une extension géographique en dehors de ses foyers historiques et progresse vers les Hauts Plateaux et les régions steppiques du pays. Le fait remarquable est l'identification de Leishmania tropica pour la première fois au centre nord et nord-ouest de l'Algérie, chez des patients algériens n'ayant jamais quitté le territoire national. L'observation de L. tropica au centre nord et nord-ouest du pays, où coexistent L. infantum et L. major, suggère des modifications de l'épidémiologie de la LC en Algérie, ce qui souligne l'intérêt de plus d'investigations pour mieux comprendre le cycle de transmission des différentes entités.


Subject(s)
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/epidemiology , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/parasitology , Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/methods , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Algeria/epidemiology , Animals , Humans , Leishmania infantum/genetics , Leishmania infantum/isolation & purification , Leishmania major/genetics , Leishmania major/isolation & purification , Leishmania tropica/genetics , Leishmania tropica/isolation & purification , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length , Zoonoses/epidemiology , Zoonoses/parasitology
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