Efeito de soluções ou dentifrícios contendo trimetafosfato de sódio, xilitol, eritritol e fluoreto, em diferentes associações, sobre biofilmes de interesse cariogênico / Effect of solutions or dentifrices containing sodium trimetaphosphate, xylitol, erythritol and fluoride, in different associations, on biofilms of cariogenic interest

Este estudo avaliou o efeito de dentifrícios ou soluções contendo trimetafosfato de sódio(TMP), xilitol(X), eritritol(E) e fluoreto(F), em diferentes associações, sobre cepas e biofilmes cariogênicos. Três subprojetos (SP1, SP2 e SP3) apresentaram os objetivos: SP1) Avaliar o efeito de dentifrícios contendo "TMP(0,25%)", "X(16%)", "E(4%)", "F(200 e 1100 ppm)" sozinhos ou em diferentes associações, sobre cepas isoladas de Streptococcus mutans(SM), Lactobacillus casei(LC), Actinomyces israelii(AI) e Candida albicans(CA). SP2) Avaliar o efeito de soluções contendo "TMP"(0,075%), "X"(4,8%), "E"(1,2%), "F"(60 e 330 ppm) e saliva artificial pura, sozinhos ou em diferentes associações sobre biofilmes mistos de SM e CA. SP3) Avaliar o efeito das mesmas soluções de SP2 sobre biofilmes microcosmos patogênicos com a incorporação ou não de SM. No SP1, cepas de SM, LC, AI e CA foram incorporadas ao meio de BHIágar, vertidas em placas, realizados poços no ágar e diferentes diluições de slurries dos dentifrícios foram adicionados. Os halos foram medidos com paquímetro digital. A análise estatística se deu por ANOVA dois critérios, e teste de Tukey HSD (p< 0,05). Para SM, o maior halo foi observado por "200F+TMP" em todas as diluições, seguido por "200F+X+E". Para LC, a tendência mostrou inibição microbiana promovida pelos polióis, potencializado pela associação com os outros compostos. Para AI, observou-se uma tendência menos definida. Para CA, o dentifrício experimental "200F+X+E+TMP" foi mais eficaz que os outros. No SP2, as mesmas soluções e grupos do SP1 foram usados a uma concentração final de 30% do valor inicial dos dentifrícios. Biofilmes mistos de SM e CA foram cultivados na presença contínua desses ativos e avaliou-se a quantificação de células viáveis (UFCs), biomassa total, atividade metabólica e componentes da matriz extracelular. A análise estatística se deu por ANOVA um critério e teste de Tukey HSD (p< 0,05). As contagens de UFCs foram afetadas pelo F, enquanto a biomassa e atividade metabólica pelo TMP. Adicionalmente, observou-se efeito sinérgico desses ativos. Os polióis tiveram efeitos mais pronunciados nos carboidratos da matriz extracelular, com pouca ou nenhuma ação nas demais variáveis. A associação dos quatro ativos promoveu aumento no efeito antibiofilme, e foi afetado por F e/ou TMP, com pouco efeito dos polióis isoladamente. No SP3, biofilmes microcosmos foram formados em um modelo de biofilme de alto rendimento com ou sem a incorporação da cepa de SM. As mesmas soluções e concentrações de SP2 estavam constantemente presentes no meio de cultura. Analisou-se as UFCs e produção de acido lático dos biofilmes. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA ou Kruskal-Wallis, e StudentNewman-Keuls (p< 0,05). O grupo "60F+TMP" produziu quantidades de ácido lático significativamente menor, e apresentou reduções na contagem total de UFCs em biofilmes microcosmos, incorporados ou não com SM, comparado ao grupo controle. O grupo experimental promoveu diminuições sobre os parâmetros analisados. A associação de "F+TMP" e o grupo experimental reduziram as contagens de UFCs total e de SM, e a produção de ácido lático por biofilmes microcosmos derivados de saliva. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a associação dos quatro compostos ativos e "F+TMP" apresentaram reduções em todos os parâmetros avaliados(AU)

This study evaluated the effect of dentifrices or solutions containing sodium trimetaphosphate(TMP), xylitol(X), erythritol(E) and fluoride(F), in different associations, on cariogenic strains and biofilms. Three subprojects (SP1, SP2 and SP3) presented the objectives: SP1) To evaluate the effect of dentifrices containing "TMP(0.25%)", "X(16%)", "E(4%)", "F( 200 and 1100 ppm)" alone or in different associations, on isolated strains of Streptococcus mutans(SM), Lactobacillus casei(LC), Actinomyces israelii(AI) and Candida albicans(CA). SP2) Evaluate the effect of solutions containing "TMP"(0.075%), "X"(4.8%), "E"(1.2%), "F"(60 and 330 ppm) and pure artificial saliva, alone or in different associations on mixed SM and CA biofilms. SP3) To evaluate the effect of the same SP2 solutions on pathogenic microcosm biofilms with or without the incorporation of SM. In SP1, SM, LC, AI and CA strains were incorporated into the BHI-agar medium, poured into plates, wells were made in the agar, and different dilutions of dentifrice slurries were added. The halos were measured with a digital caliper. Statistical analysis was performed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test (p< 0.05). For SM, the largest halo was observed by "200F+TMP" in all dilutions, followed by "200F+X+E". For LC, the trend showed microbial inhibition promoted by polyols, potentiated by the association with the other compounds. For AI, a less defined trend was observed. For CA, the experimental dentifrice "200F+X+E+TMP" was more effective than the others. In SP2, the same solutions and groups of SP1 were used at a final concentration of 30% of the initial value of the dentifrices. Mixed biofilms of SM and CA were cultured in the continuous presence of these actives, and the quantification of viable cells (CFUs), total biomass, metabolic activity and extracellular matrix components were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test (p< 0.05). CFU counts were affected by F, while biomass and metabolic activity by TMP. Additionally, a synergistic effect of these actives was observed. Polyols had more pronounced effects on extracellular matrix carbohydrates, with little or no action on other variables. The association of the four actives promoted an increase in the antibiofilm effect and was affected by F and/or TMP, with little effect of polyols alone. In SP3, microcosm biofilms were formed in a high-throughput biofilm model with or without the incorporation of the SM strain. The same SP2 solutions and concentrations were constantly present in the culture medium. The CFUs and lactic acid production of biofilms were analyzed. Data were analyzed by ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis and StudentNewman-Keuls (p< 0.05). The "60F+TMP" group produced significantly lower amounts of lactic acid and showed reductions in total CFU counts in microcosm biofilms, whether or not incorporated with SM, compared to the control group. The experimental group promoted decreases in the analyzed parameters. The association of "F+TMP" and the experimental group reduced total and SM CFU counts and lactic acid production by saliva-derived microcosm biofilms. The results allowed us to conclude that the association of the four active compounds and "F+TMP" showed reductions in all evaluated parameters(AU)

Dental Environment Stress: Findings among Lusophone Dental Students

Objective: To perform cross-cultural adaptation of the Dental Environment Stress (DES), to test its construct validity and reliability, and to identify the sources of stress among Brazilian dental students. Material and Methods: The DES was transculturally adapted to Portuguese using translation/back-translation, review by an expert bilingual committee and consensus building. The first version was tested in a sample of 42 dental students to check the understanding level of the alternatives. The final version was applied to all the students enrolled in a Brazilian Public Dental School. Construct validity was assessed through factor analysis, performed by principal components analysis and Varimax rotation and reliability by internal Cronbach's alpha coefficient (95% CI). Wilcoxon rank sum was conducted to test for gender and Kruskall-Wallis for year comparison. Multivariate analysis relied on ordinal logistic regression modeling. Results: Factor analysis revealed five factors that possessed eigenvalues greater than 1.5 and together explained 46.88% of the total variance. Internal consistency of each factor was adequate, with Cronbach's alpha ranging from 0.65 to 0.84. 'Examinations and grades' (82.80%) was the highest scored item. Females presented higher rates, as well as second's and fifth's years students. The entering students were generally concerned with factors related to "Academic Performance", whereas clinical year students with "Insecurity Concerning their Professional Future". Conclusion: The Portuguese version of the DES presented good results, thus it could be a valid instrument to assess the factors of perceived stress in Lusophone countries, subsidizing the development of strategies to minimize the stress and optimize school performance.

Knowledge of triathlon athletes about the relationship between oral health and performance

Introduction: The triathlon athletes have great energy loss due to physical activity of high intensity and resets are based on a highcarbohydrate diet and acid elements (acids replacers), both substrates to decay and periodontal disease. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate, through a questionnaire whether triathlon athletes relate oral health to their physical performance. Material and methods: We developed a questionnaire with 20 objective questions and applied during marathons and at fitness centers, in the city of Curitiba, in 2015. Results: The majority of athletes use supplements with high levels of carbohydrates and acids for energy replacement daily and do not brush their teeth after workouts / nutrition. Of the 254 respondents, only 96 relate oral health to their performance in sports. Conclusion: The athletes do not relate the importance of oral health care to performance and largely do not brush the teeth after the activities, leaving the oral environment more susceptible to the onset of periodontal disease and caries, which can decrease their performance. It is necessary to inform triathlon athletes about the relationship oral health x systemic health x performance, as well as the dentists about the need of oral health care for these athletes.