Mild photothermal therapy assist in promoting bone repair: Related mechanism and materials.

Achieving precision treatment in bone tissue engineering (BTE) remains a challenge. Photothermal therapy (PTT), as a form of precision therapy, has been extensively investigated for its safety and efficacy. It has demonstrated significant potential in the treatment of orthopedic diseases such as bone tumors, postoperative infections and osteoarthritis. However, the high temperatures associated with PTT can lead to certain limitations and drawbacks. In recent years, researchers have explored the use of biomaterials for mild photothermal therapy (MPT), which offers a promising approach for addressing these limitations. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms underlying MPT and presents a compilation of photothermal agents and their utilization strategies for bone tissue repair. Additionally, the paper discusses the future prospects of MPT-assisted bone tissue regeneration, aiming to provide insights and recommendations for optimizing material design in this field.

The Molecular Characterization and Immunity Identification of Rhoptry Protein 22 of Toxoplasma gondii as a DNA Vaccine Candidate Against Toxoplasmosis.

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) rhoptry proteins (TgROPs) have been considered main targets and indicator molecules for immune diagnosis and prophylaxis since they initially present during the process of invasion. In this study, the effect of intramuscularly injecting the genetic vaccine pVAX-ROP22 was evaluated, made by inserting the TgROP22 sequence into the eukaryotic expression vector of pVAX I, into BALB/c mice. The levels of IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a in pVAX-ROP22 vaccinated animals were integrally increased. It was uncovered by cytokine profile analyses that the levels of IFN-γ and IL-2 were significantly increased, while no significant changes were detected in IL-4 and IL-10 levels. In addition, we found that immunization with pVAX-ROP22 significantly prolonged the survival time (13.80 ± 1.75 d) of mice after challenge infection with the virulent T. gondii RH strain, in comparison with those of control animals (died within 10 d). Moreover, the number of brain cysts (1,406 ± 277) in the animals subjected to pVAX-TgROP22 vaccination decreased remarkably (P < 0.05) compared with the blank control mice (2,333 ± 473), and the size of brain cysts in pVAX-TgROP22 group was significantly smaller than the groups of blank, PBS and pVAXI. These results suggested that TgROP22 as DNA vaccine could trigger strong humoral and cellular responses and induce partial protection against toxoplasmosis.