ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Previous analyses on the burden of disease in Mexico identified that injuries differentially affect young people, males and working-age people. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the burden of disease due to intentional and unintentional injuries in Mexico during 1990 and 2021, at the national and state levels. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The results of the Global Burden of Disease study for the 1990-2021 period were used to describe the burden of disease attributed to injuries in Mexico. The life years lost (YLL) due to premature mortality, years lived with disability (YLD) and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) were analyzed. RESULTS: The burden of disease related to intentional injuries has increased, as also have YLDs and DALYs associated with unintentional injuries. Men continue to have higher mortality and DALY rates compared to women. Interpersonal violence and suicide have steadily increased. The analysis by state showed patterns with important variations. CONCLUSIONS: Injuries generate catastrophic consequences in terms of mortality and disability in Mexico. It is necessary to promote and strengthen programs and policies in order to improve the data system and injury prevention.
ANTECEDENTES: Análisis previos sobre la carga de la enfermedad en México identificaron que las lesiones afectan de manera diferenciada a hombres, personas jóvenes y en edad productiva. OBJETIVO: Analizar la carga de la enfermedad por lesiones intencionales y no intencionales en México durante 1990 y 2021 en los ámbitos nacional y estatal. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se utilizaron los resultados del Global Burden of Disease respecto al período 1990-2021 para describir la carga de la enfermedad por las principales causas de lesiones en México; se analizaron los años perdidos por muerte prematura (APMP), los años vividos con discapacidad (AVD) y los años de vida saludable perdidos (AVISA). RESULTADOS: La carga de la enfermedad relacionada con lesiones intencionales se ha incrementado, al igual que los AVD y AVISA por lesiones no intencionales. Los hombres continúan presentando tasas de mortalidad y AVISA más altas comparados con las mujeres. La violencia interpersonal y el suicidio se han incrementado de manera sostenida El análisis por estados mostró patrones con variaciones importantes. CONCLUSIONES: Las lesiones generan consecuencias catastróficas en términos de mortalidad y discapacidad en México. Es indispensable impulsar y reforzar los programas y políticas para mejorar el sistema de datos y la prevención de lesiones.
Subject(s)
Global Burden of Disease , Suicide , Male , Female , Humans , Adolescent , Mexico/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Stomata are epidermal valves that facilitate gas exchange between plants and their environment. Stomatal patterning is regulated by the EPIDERMAL PATTERING FACTOR (EPF) family of secreted peptides: EPF1 enforces stomatal spacing, whereas EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR-LIKE9 (EPFL9), also known as Stomagen, promotes stomatal development. It remains unknown, however, how far these signaling peptides act. Utilizing Cre-lox recombination-based mosaic sectors that overexpress either EPF1 or Stomagen in Arabidopsis cotyledons, we reveal a range within the epidermis and across the cell layers in which these peptides influence patterns. To determine their effective ranges quantitatively, we developed a computational pipeline, SPACE (stomata patterning autocorrelation on epidermis), that describes probabilistic two-dimensional stomatal distributions based upon spatial autocorrelation statistics used in astrophysics. The SPACE analysis shows that, whereas both peptides act locally, the inhibitor EPF1 exerts longer range effects than the activator Stomagen. Furthermore, local perturbation of stomatal development has little influence on global two-dimensional stomatal patterning. Our findings conclusively demonstrate the nature and extent of EPF peptides as non-cell autonomous local signals and provide a means for quantitative characterization of complex spatial patterns in development.This article has an associated 'The people behind the papers' interview.
Subject(s)
Arabidopsis Proteins/metabolism , Arabidopsis/metabolism , DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Plant Stomata/metabolism , Signal Transduction , Transcription Factors/metabolism , Arabidopsis/genetics , Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics , DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics , Plant Stomata/cytology , Plant Stomata/genetics , Transcription Factors/geneticsABSTRACT
Receptor endocytosis is important for signal activation, transduction, and deactivation. However, how a receptor interprets conflicting signals to adjust cellular output is not clearly understood. Using genetic, cell biological, and pharmacological approaches, we report here that ERECTA-LIKE1 (ERL1), the major receptor restricting plant stomatal differentiation, undergoes dynamic subcellular behaviors in response to different EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR (EPF) peptides. Activation of ERL1 by EPF1 induces rapid ERL1 internalization via multivesicular bodies/late endosomes to vacuolar degradation, whereas ERL1 constitutively internalizes in the absence of EPF1. The co-receptor, TOO MANY MOUTHS is essential for ERL1 internalization induced by EPF1 but not by EPFL6. The peptide antagonist, Stomagen, triggers retention of ERL1 in the endoplasmic reticulum, likely coupled with reduced endocytosis. In contrast, the dominant-negative ERL1 remained dysfunctional in ligand-induced subcellular trafficking. Our study elucidates that multiple related yet unique peptides specify cell fate by deploying the differential subcellular dynamics of a single receptor.
