[Study on the antimicrobial effect of new bioactive glass against common bacteria in apical periodontitis of deciduous teeth].

PURPOSE: To study the antimicrobial effect of different concentrations of new bioactive glass(BG) on common bacteria in apical periodontitis of deciduous teeth. METHODS: The diameter (mm) of the inhibitory rings formed after treatment of Enterococcus faecalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Clostridium nucleatum with the new bioactive glass was detected and observed by paper diffusion method, and the minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC), minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimal biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) of E. faecalis, P. gingivalis and C. pseudomallei were determined. The mixed plaques of the three bacteria were treated with 20, 40, 60 and 80 mg/mL of the new bioactive glass for 24 h. The results were analyzed by laser confocal microscopy. The antibacterial effect of the new bioactive glass on the mixed plaque was observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Statistical analysis was performed with GraphPad Prism 10.0 software. RESULTS: The new bioactive glass showed strong antibacterial potential against the common bacteria of apical periodontitis; the MBEC of the new bioactive glass on the plaque was significantly greater than MIC and MBC of Enterococcus faecalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Clostridium nucleatum, and as the concentration of the new bioactive glass increased, the number of dead bacteria in the mixed plaque increased, and there was significant difference from that of the blank control group (P＜0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The novel bioactive glass shows significant antibacterial efficacy against Enterococcus faecalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Clostridium nucleatum, which are the common bacteria in apical periodontitis of deciduous teeth.

Identification of Immune Infiltration and Iron Metabolism-Related Subgroups in Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder with a broad spectrum of symptoms and prognoses. Effective therapy requires understanding this variability. ASD children's cognitive and immunological development may depend on iron homoeostasis. This study employs a machine learning model that focuses on iron metabolism hub genes to identify ASD subgroups and describe immune infiltration patterns. A total of 97 control and 148 ASD samples were obtained from the GEO database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and an iron metabolism gene collection achieved the intersection of 25 genes. Unsupervised cluster analysis determined molecular subgroups in individuals with ASD based on 25 genes related to iron metabolism. We assessed gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment, gene set variation analysis (GSVA), and immune infiltration analysis to compare iron metabolism subtype effects. We employed machine learning to identify subtype-predicting hub genes and utilized both training and validation sets to assess gene subtype prediction accuracy. ASD can be classified into two iron-metabolizing molecular clusters. Metabolic enrichment pathways differed between clusters. Immune infiltration showed that clusters differed immunologically. Cluster 2 had better immunological scores and more immune cells, indicating a stronger immune response. Machine learning screening identified SELENBP1 and CAND1 as important genes in ASD's iron metabolism signaling pathway. These genes express in the brain and have AUC values over 0.8, implying significant predictive power. The present study introduces iron metabolism signaling pathway indicators to predict ASD subtypes. ASD is linked to immune cell infiltration and iron metabolism disorders.

Adjusting the Dose of Ag-Ion Implantation on TiN-Ag-Modified SLA-Ti Creates Different Micronanostructures: Implications on Bacteriostasis, Biocompatibility, and Osteogenesis in Dental Implants.

The prevention of aseptic loosening and peri-implantitis is crucial for the success of dental implant surgery. In this study, different doses of Ag-implanted TiN/Ag nanomultilayers were prepared on the sandblasting with large grit and acid etching (SLA)-Ti surface using a multiarc ion-plating system and an ion-implantation system, respectively. The physical and chemical properties of the samples were assessed using various techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and water contact angle measurements. In addition, the applicability and biosafety of the SLA/1 × 1017-Ag and SLA/1 × 1018-Ag surfaces were determined via biocompatibility testing in vivo and in vitro. The results demonstrated that the physical and chemical properties of SLA/1 × 1017-Ag and SLA/1 × 1018-Ag surfaces were different to some extent. However, compared with SLA-Ti, silver-loaded TiN/Ag-modified SLA-Ti surfaces (SLA/1 × 1018-Ag) with enhanced bacteriostatis, osteogenesis, and biocompatibility have great potential for dental applications.

In vivo real-time assessment of developmental defects in enamel of anti-Act1 mice using optical coherence tomography.

The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility of using optical coherence tomography (OCT) for real-time and quantitative monitoring of enamel development in gene-edited enamel defect mice. NF-κB activator 1, known as Act1, is associated with many inflammatory diseases. The antisense oligonucleotide of Act1 was inserted after the CD68 gene promoter, which would cover the start region of the Act1 gene and inhibit its transcription. Anti-Act1 mice, gene-edited mice, were successfully constructed and demonstrated amelogenesis imperfecta by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. Wild-type (WT) mice were used as the control group in this study. WT mice and anti-Act1 mice at 3 weeks old were examined by OCT every week and killed at eight weeks old. Their mandibular bones were dissected and examined by OCT, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), and SEM. OCT images showed that the outer layer of enamel of anti-Act1 mice was obviously thinner than that of WT mice but no difference in total thickness. When assessing enamel thickness, there was a significant normal linear correlation between these methods. OCT could scan the imperfect developed enamel noninvasively and quickly, providing images of the enamel layers of mouse incisors.

Human serum-derived exosomes modulate macrophage inflammation to promote VCAM1-mediated angiogenesis and bone regeneration.

During exogenous bone-graft-mediated bone defect repair, macrophage inflammation dictates angiogenesis and bone regeneration. Exosomes from different human cells have shown macrophage immunomodulation-mediated bone regeneration potential. However, the effect of human serum-derived exosomes (serum-Exo) on macrophage immunomodulation-mediated angiogenesis during bone defect repair has not been investigated yet. In this study, we explored the effects of serum-Exo on macrophage inflammation regulation-mediated angiogenesis during bone defect repair and preliminarily elucidated the mechanism. Healthy serum-Exo was isolated by ultracentrifugation. The effect of serum-Exo on LPS-induced M1 macrophage inflammation was analysed in vitro. The conditioned medium of serum-Exo-treated LPS-induced M1 macrophage (serum-Exo-treated M1 macrophage-CM) was used to culture human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), and the effect on angiogenesis was analysed by western blot, qRT-PCR, etc. mRNA-sequencing of HUVECs was performed to identify deferentially expressed genes. Finally, the rat mandibular defect model was established and treated with Bio-Oss and Bio-Oss + Exo. The effect of the Bio-Oss + Exo combination on mandibular bone regeneration was observed by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, Masson staining, and immunohistochemical staining. Serum-Exo promoted the proliferation of RAW264.7 macrophages and reduced the expression of M1-related genes such as IL-6, IL-1ß, iNOS, and CD86. Serum-Exo-treated M1 macrophage-CM induced the proliferation, migration, and angiogenic differentiation of HUVEC, as well as the expression of H-type blood vessel markers CD31 and endomucin (EMCN), compared with M1 macrophage-CM. Moreover, higher expression of vascular endothelial adhesion factor 1 (VCAM1) in HUVEC cultured with serum-Exo-treated M1 macrophage-CM compared with M1 macrophages-CM. Inhibition of VCAM1 signalling abrogated the pro-angiogenic effect of serum-Exo-treated M1 macrophage-CM on HUVEC. Local administration of serum-Exo during mandibular bone defect repair reduced the number of M1 macrophages and promoted angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Collectively, our results demonstrate the macrophage inflammation regulation-mediated pro-angiogenic potential of serum-Exo during bone defect repair possibly via upregulation of VCAM1 signalling in HUVEC.

Combined Photothermotherapy and Chemotherapy of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Guided by Multifunctional Nanomaterials Enhanced Photoacoustic Tomography.

BACKGROUND: Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is the sixth most common cancer worldwide, with 40% occurring in the oral cavity. Although the level of early diagnosis and treatment of OSCC has improved significantly, the five-year survival rate of advanced patients remains unsatisfactory. However, the main challenges before us are how to get an early and accurate diagnosis and how to formulate effective treatment. Nanoparticle-based chemo-photothermal therapy has proven to be a promising non-invasive approach to treating oral squamous cell carcinoma treatment. METHODS: In this study, we tried to design and synthesize multifunctional hyaluronic acid (HA) modified gold nanorods/mesoporous silica-based nanoparticles loaded with doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) for photoacoustic imaging (PAI) guided cooperative chemo-photothermal therapy. RESULTS: The resultant nanocomposite shows favorable biocompatibility, relatively low cytotoxicity, ideal drug loading capability and strong PAI signals. In addition, they showed an excellent photothermal conversion efficiency of 49.02% for photothermal therapy (PTT). Moreover, in vivo and in vitro experiments have shown that synergistic chemo-photothermal therapy has better therapeutic effects than chemotherapy alone or PTT (P < 0.05). After being injected into the CAL-27 tumor-bearing mice, the DOX-AuNRs@mSiO2-HA nanoparticles could accumulate rapidly at the tumor sites and achieve complete ablation of tumors when combined with near-infrared laser irradiation, without obvious side effects on normal tissues. CONCLUSION: Our research provides a solid demonstration of the potential of DOX-AuNRs@mSiO2-HA as a multifunctional platform in PAI-guided photothermal chemotherapy for oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Real-Time Monitoring and Quantitative Evaluation of Resin In-Filtrant Repairing Enamel White Spot Lesions Based on Optical Coherence Tomography.

The aim of the present study was to explore the feasibility of real-time monitoring and quantitative guiding the repair of enamel white spot lesions (WSLs) with resin infiltration by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Seven New Zealand rabbits were treated with 37% phosphoric acid etchant for 15 min to establish the model of enamel demineralization chalk spots of upper incisors, which were repaired by Icon resin infiltrant. OCT, stereo microscope (SM) imaging, scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging and hematoxylin eosin (HE) staining were used to image each operation step. The changes of WSLs of enamel before and in the process of restoration with resin infiltrant showed specific performance in OCT images, which were consistent with the corresponding results of stereomicroscope and SEM. OCT can non-invasively and accurately image the whole process of repairing enamel demineralization layer with resin infiltration real-time, which can effectively guide the clinical use of resin infiltrant to repair enamel WSLs and be used as an imaging tool to evaluate the process and effect of restoration with resin infiltrant at the same time.

Photoacoustic imaging as a highly efficient and precise imaging strategy for the evaluation of brain diseases.

Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is an emerging imaging strategy with a unique combination of rich optical contrasts, high ultrasound spatial resolution, and deep penetration depth without ionizing radiation. Taking advantage of the features mentioned above, PAI has been widely applied to preclinical studies in diverse fields, such as vascular biology, cardiology, neurology, ophthalmology, dermatology, gastroenterology, and oncology. Among various biomedical applications, photoacoustic brain imaging has great importance due to the brain's complex anatomy and the variability of brain disease. In this review, we aimed to introduce a novel and effective imaging modality for diagnosing brain diseases. Firstly, a brief overview of two major types of PAI system was provided. Then, PAI's major preclinical applications in brain diseases were introduced, including early diagnosis of brain tumors, subtle changes in the chemotherapy response, epileptic activity and brain injury, foreign body, and brain plaque. Finally, a perspective of the remaining challenges of PAI was given for future advancements.

Drug-Drug Interactions at Organic Cation Transporter 1.

The interaction between drugs and various transporters is one of the decisive factors that affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs. The organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) is a member of the Solute Carrier 22A (SLC22A) family that plays a vital role in the membrane transport of organic cations including endogenous substances and xenobiotics. This article mainly discusses the drug-drug interactions (DDIs) mediated by OCT1 and their clinical significance.

Effect of ciliary neurotrophic factor on neural differentiation of stem cells of human exfoliated deciduous teeth.

The stem cells of human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) are considered to be one of the main sources of seed cells in stem cell therapy. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) on neurogenic differentiation of SHEDs. With the consent of parents, SHEDs from 6 to 8 year old children were isolated and cultured. The mesenchymal stemness and the potential of multidirectional (adipogenic and osteogenic) differentiation for the isolated SHEDs were firstly determined. The effect of CNTF on specific neurogenic differentiation of SHEDs was then examined by detecting the expression of marker genes and proteins via RT-PCR, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence microscopy. The isolated SHEDs expressed specific surface markers of mesenchymal stem cells, and their potential of osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation were confirmed. CNTF promoted the differentiation of SHEDs into neuron-like cells with a high expression of acetylcholine transferase (CHAT), a marker of cholinergic neurons. The expression of other neuron markers including nestin, microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP 2), and ß-tublin III was also detected. Interestingly, the expression of neurogenic markers was maintained at a high level after neurogenic induction. SHEDs can be induced by CNTF to differentiate into cholinergic neuron-like cells under appropriate culture conditions. Our findings have laid a foundation for future use of SHEDs to treat neurological diseases.

Metformin enhances osteogenic differentiation of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth through AMPK pathway.

Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) are ideal seed cells in bone tissue engineering. As a first-line antidiabetic drug, metformin has recently been found to promote bone formation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of metformin on the osteogenic differentiation of SHEDs and its underlying mechanism. SHEDs were isolated from the dental pulp of deciduous teeth from healthy children aged 6 to 12, and their surface antigen markers of stem cells were detected by flow cytometry. The effect of metformin (10-200 µM) treatment on SHEDs cell viability, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation was analyzed. The activation of adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation Thr172 (p-AMPK) was determined by western blot assay. SHEDs were confirmed as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on the basis of the expression of characteristic surface antigens. Metformin (10-200 µM) did not affect the viability and proliferation of SHEDs but significantly increased the expression of osteogenic genes, alkaline phosphatase activity, matrix mineralization, and p-AMPK level expression in SHEDs. Compound C, a specific inhibitor of the AMPK pathway, abolished metformin-induced osteogenic differentiation of SHEDs. Moreover, metformin treatment enhanced the expression of proangiogenic/osteogenic growth factors BMP2 and VEGF but reduced the osteoclastogenic factor RANKL/OPG expression in SHEDs. In conclusion, metformin could induce the osteogenic differentiation of SHEDs by activating the AMPK pathway and regulates the expression of proangiogenic/osteogenic growth factors and osteoclastogenic factors in SHEDs. Therefore, metformin-pretreated SHEDs could be a potential source of seed cells during stem cell-based bone tissue engineering.

Quality assessment of randomized controlled trial abstracts on drug therapy of periodontal disease from the abstracts published in dental Science Citation Indexed journals in the last ten years

BACKGROUND: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) provide the highest level of evidence and are likely to influence clinical decision-making. This study evaluated the reporting quality of RCT abstracts on drug therapy of periodontal disease and assessed the associated factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The Pubmed database was searched for periodontal RCTs published in Science Citation Indexed (SCI) dental journals from 2010/01/01 to 2019/07/17. Information was extracted from the abstracts according to a modified Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) guideline checklist. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis and the statistical associations were examined using the linear regression analysis (P < 0.05). RESULTS: This study retrieved 1715 articles and 249 of them were finally included. The average overall CONSORT score was 15.6 ± 3.4, which represented 40.9% (±0.6) of CONSORT criteria filling. The reporting rate of some items (trial design, numbers analyzed, confidence intervals, intention-to-treat analysis or per-protocol analysis, harms, registration) was less than 30%. The adequate reporting rate of some items (participants, randomization, numbers analyzed, confidence intervals, intention-to-treat analysis or per protocol analysis) was no more than 4%. None of the abstracts reported funding. According to the multivariable linear regression results, number of authors (P = 0.030), word count (P < 0.001), continent (P = 0.003), structured format (P < 0.001), type of periodontal disease (P < 0.001) and international collaboration (P = 0.023) have a significant association with reporting quality. CONCLUSIONS: The quality of RCT abstracts on drug therapy of periodontal disease in SCI dental journals remained suboptimal. More efforts should be made to improve RCT abstracts reporting quality

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Optical coherence tomography characterizes the roughness and thickness of the heterogeneous layer on cortical bone surface induced by Er:YAG laser ablation at different moisture contents.

BACKGROUND: As an innovative bone ablation tool, pulsed erbium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Er:YAG) laser is being used in clinical practice. It faces the same problems as traditional tools: the water content of bone usually changes with the position, while the amount of water spray in the process of laser irradiation is also uncertain. Real-time monitoring of the effects of laser bone ablation is necessary, but effective tools are still lacking. In this study, we examined the feasibility of rapidly and non-destructively evaluating the surface properties of bone after Er:YAG laser irradiation at different moisture contents by optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS: Bone specimens (n=90) collected from pig cortical bone were used in this study. All bone specimens had similar volume and surface characteristics after machining. To display the baseline level before Er:YAG laser ablation, a control group (n=10) without dehydration or Er:YAG laser ablation was examined with OCT, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The remaining specimens were randomly divided into four groups (n=20/group) with different moisture content: dried (Group 2 and Group 4) or not dried (Group 1 and Group 3). Pulsed Er:YAG laser (120 mJ/pulse, 20 Hz, 100 µs) was used for perpendicular irradiation with (Group 1 and Group 2) or without (Group 3 and Group 4) water spray. The treated specimens were subjected to SEM, EDX spectroscopy, OCT, and then processed for histological evaluation. RESULTS: After Er:YAG laser ablation, the melting effect was obvious in the SEM results of the dry groups and non-sprayed groups (Groups 2-4). EDX spectroscopy showed that the content of calcium and phosphorus and their ratios remained unchanged in the undried and with water spray group (Group 1) were the closest to the control group. Three-dimensional (3D) OCT could evaluate the depth and shape of ablation grooves. The roughness of the laser-ablated surface could be visualized by extracting the surface lines from cross-sectional OCT images. The results illustrated that the laser ablation with water spray could achieve a smoother surface. Furthermore, OCT results demonstrated that a layer with high image intensity was generated on the bone surface after laser irradiation. The thickness of these layers showed a correlation with whether or not the laser irradiation was sprayed with water. Histology showed that thin eosin-stained layers were created in all experimental groups, which matched well with OCT results of the layers with high image intensity. No denatured layer was observed in the non-irradiated areas of bone tissues. CONCLUSIONS: OCT could rapidly and non-destructively visualize the bone surface before and after Er:YAG laser ablation at four different moisture contents. The morphology of ablation grooves, as well as the roughness and thickness of the heterogeneous layer on the bone surface, could be characterized quantitatively with good correlation with SEM and histology. This study will promote the development of OCT as an efficient and accurate tool for evaluating laser ablation of bone.

Efficacy of the photon-initiated photoacoustic streaming combined with different solutions on Enterococcus faecalis in the root canals.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of different irrigation solutions used in photon-initiated photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) or conventional needle irrigation (CNI) for eradication of Enterococcus faecalis from artificial root canals. Altogether, 240 artificial root canal samples were included. The models were split and incubated for 2 days to allow formation of E. faecalis biofilm. The models were randomly divided into two groups (n = 120): CNI and laser-activated irrigation (LAI). Each group was divided into six subgroups according to different irrigation solutions: distilled water, 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2% NaOCl, 5.25% NaOCl, MTAD, and chlorhexidine, respectively. After irrigation, half of the samples (n = 10) were assessed immediately, and the other half of the samples (n = 10) were incubated for 6 hr. Bacterial suspensions were obtained from all samples before and after irrigation, and after incubation, and were quantified adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) assay kit. The biofilms were examined using fluorescent microscopy and analyzed by Image Pro Plus software. Significant reduction of ATP, average fluorescence density after irrigation, and growth after incubation was obtained in LAI group than in CNI group (p < .05). LAI can improve bacteriostasis effect of 2% NaOCl (p < .05). PIPS improved the antibacterial effect of the 2% NaOCl used in root canal therapy.

Three years of follow-up of otodental syndrome in 3-year-old Chinese boy: a rare case report.

BACKGROUND: Otodental syndrome is an exceptionally rare autosomal dominant condition characterized by a delayed eruption of posterior teeth, globodontia, lisping, and sensorineural hearing loss. In this case report, we reported a 3-year-old Chinese boy with the otodental syndrome. CASE PRESENTATION: A 3-year-old Chinese boy was referred to our hospital with complaint of no eruption of primary canines and molars. Three years follow-up showed lately erupted bulbous primary canines with hypoplastic enamel spot, globe-shaped primary molars and sensorineural hearing loss at 4 and a half-year-old age. We diagnosed otodental syndrome in the patient's mother with hearing loss at 16-year-old age. Gene sequencing and analysis of deafness-related genes GJB2, GJB3, SLC26A4, and mtDNA did not reveal any mutation or SNPs in the patient and his mother. CONCLUSIONS: This case report highlights the importance of detailed medical, dental, and family history examination, as well as multi-disciplinary teamwork for diagnosis and treatment of otodental syndrome.

Experimental study on the effect of hedysarum polybotys saccharides and selenizated hedysarum polybotys saccharides on oral squamous cancer cells in vitro / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#To study the effects of hedysarum polybotys saccharides (HPS) and selenizated hedysarum polybotys saccharides (SE-HPS) on the oral squamous cancer cell line SCC25.@*Methods@#Different concentrations (0, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 μg/ml) of HPS and SE-HPS were added to SCC25 cells in the logarithmic growth stage. Cell proliferation was detected by the CCK-8 method, apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry, and apoptosis-related indexes were observed by RT-qPCR and Western blotting.@*Results @#The concentrations of HPS and SE-HPS inhibited the proliferation of SCC25 cells. The inhibitory effect of 50 μg/mL HPS and SE-HPS on the proliferation of SCC25 cells was the strongest and was time-dependent. The inhibition effect significantly increased within 48 h, and the effect was achieved after 48 h. At the plateau stage, SE-HPS inhibited the proliferation of SCC25 cells more strongly than HPS (P < 0.05). The results of flow cytometry showed that 50 μg/mL HPS and SE-HPS acted on SCC25 cells for 48 h, and the apoptotic rates were 25.8% and 30.8% respectively. Compared with the control group (0 μg/mL HPS and SE-HPS), the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). RT-qPCR and Western blotting showed that 50 μg/mL HPS and SE-HPS acted on SCC25 cells for 48 h, and the mRNA and protein expression levels of the apoptosis gene Fas/FasL were upregulated. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05).@*Conclusion@# Both HPS and SE-HPS can inhibit the proliferation of SCC25 oral cancer cells, but SE-HPS is superior to HPS and can induce apoptosis through the Fas/Fasl pathway.

Selective Inhibition on Organic Cation Transporters by Carvedilol Protects Mice from Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity.

PURPOSE: The organic cation transporters (OCTs) and multidrug and toxin extrusions (MATEs), located in the basolateral and apical membrane of proximal tubular cells respectively, are crucial determinants of renal elimination and/or toxicity of cationic drugs such as cisplatin. The purpose of this study was to discover selective OCT inhibitors over MATEs, and explore their potential to protect against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity that is clinically common. METHODS: The inhibition by select compounds on the uptake of the probe substrate metformin was assessed in HEK293 cells overexpressing human OCT2, OCT1, MATE1, MATE2-K, and mouse Oct2, Oct1, and Mate1. Furthermore, the effects of carvedilol on organic cation transporter-mediated cellular and renal accumulation of metformin and cisplatin, and particularly the toxicity associated with cisplatin, were investigated in HEK293 cells and mice. RESULTS: Five selective OCT inhibitors were identified through the screening of forty-one drugs previously reported as the inhibitors of OCTs and/or MATEs. Among them, carvedilol showed the most selectivity on OCTs over MATEs (IC50: 3.6 µM for human OCT2, 103 µM for human MATE1 and 202 µM for human MATE2-K) in the cellular assays in vitro, with the selectivity in mice as well. Moreover, carvedilol treatment could significantly decrease cisplatin accumulation and ameliorate its toxicity both in vitro in cells and in vivo in mouse kidney. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that selective inhibition of OCTs by carvedilol may protect from cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by restraining the cellular entry of cisplatin via OCTs, while having no impact on its elimination through MATEs.

Evaluation of Ion Release from Four Dental Sealants.

The purpose of this study was to determine the ion release from four commercially available pit-and-fissure sealants [3M Clinpro, 3M Concise™, BeautiSealant (BS), and GI FX-II)]. With each brand, 18 specimens were prepared. Their fluoride release in de-ionized water was measured by fluoride electrode, while the release of silicate (Si), aluminum (Al), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), and phosphorus (P) was measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28. The result showed that fluoride was not released from 3M Concise™. GI FX-II displayed the largest fluoride release, which, however, dropped rapidly on day 3. 3M Clinpro exhibited less fluoride release than GI FX-II and BS did. At any time during the 28-day experimental period, GI FX-II released more Na than the other sealants (P<0.001). BS ranked the second in Na release, and a small amount of Na ions was released from the 3M Clinpro and 3M Concise™ samples. Al ions were only detected from BS and GI FX-II, but not from the 3M Clinpro and 3M Concise™. Additionally GI FX-II had the largest Si release among the four brands at any time during the experimental period (P<0.001). Ca ions were detected from 3M Clinpro and 3M Concise™, but not from GI FX-II. BS released more Sr than the other sealants at any time during the experimental period (P<0.001). All the samples released similar amounts of P continuously during these 28 days. In conclusion, based on the type and the amount of ion release, BS is the best pit-and-fissure sealant among the four brands.

The relationship between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism and deciduous tooth decay in Chinese children.

BACKGROUND: In the present study, we explored the link between vitamin D receptor (VDR) BsmI, TaqI, ApaI and FokI gene polymorphisms with deciduous tooth decay in Chinese children. METHODS: Our study included 380 Chinese children aged 4-7 years, whose DNA sample was collected from the buccal mucosa. VDR gene polymorphisms was determined by PCR-RFLP. RESULTS: The adjusted logistic regression analysis demonstrated that BsmI containing the Bb genotype was linked with the increased risk of deciduous tooth decay (OR = 1.856, 95% CI = [1.184, 2.908], p = 0.007). However, VDR polymorphisms ApaI, TaqI and FokI were not associated with deciduous tooth decay (ApaI: OR = 0.839, 95% CI = [0.614, 1.145], p = 0.268; TaqI: OR = 1.150, 95% CI = [0.495, 2.672], p = 0.744; FokI: OR = 0.856, 95% CI = [0.616, 1.191], p = 0.356). CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that VDR BsmI polymorphism was associated with the risk of deciduous tooth decay in Chinese children aged 4-7 years. However, the specific mechanism remains to further verify through experiment.

[In vitro study on the curvatures of root canal of maxillary first premolars among adolescents in Guangdong province].

OBJECTIVE: To study the root canal curvatures of adolescents' maxillary first premolars in Guangdong province and the differences between male and female were studied. METHODS: 200 maxillary first premolars among adolescents in Guangdong Province (100 males and 100 females) were numbered in proper. After access preparation, a K-file was inserted into the canal until the tip of the file was just seen at the apical foramen. Then standardized periapical images were taken from mesial-distal and buccal-lingual directions with radio visio graphy. The angle of canal curvature (CCA) was determined according to the method described by Schneider. Then the curved canals whose angle were more than 5 degrees were chosen, and the canal access angle (CAA), curvature height (X) and curvature distance (Y) were determined according to the method described by Günday. Linear correlations of the measurements were analyzed. RESULTS: 59.21% of the total roots were curved in buccal-lingual directions. The incidence rates of males' and females' were 49.74% and 68.98%, respectively. 41.05% of the total roots were curved in mesial-distal directions. The incidence rates of males' and females' were 36.27% and 45.99%, respectively. 6.84% of the total roots were S-shaped curves. 4.15% and 9.63% of canals from male and female were S-shaped curves, respectively. The curvatures of single root canals between male and female had statistical differences in buccal-lingual directions (P<0.05). The curvatures of the lingual root canals from females in buccal-lingual directions and mesial-distal directions was higher than males' (P<0.05). The Y of buccal root canals in buccal-lingual directions and mesial-distal directions and the CCA of lingual root canals in buccal-lingual directions between male and female had statistical differences (P<0.05). The CAA of curved buccal canals and curved palatal canals from female and female had positive correlation with CCA and X (P<0.01), while negative correlation with Y (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: There are curved root canals in buccal-lingual and mesial-distal directions in the maxillary first premolars, and some curved root canals were S-shaped. The curved canals incidence rate of females was higher than males.