Brazilian consensus on vesicoureteral reflux-recommendations for clinical practice

ABSTRACT Introduction Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) is characterized by a retrograde flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters and kidneys. It is one of the most common urinary tract anomalies and the major cause of urinary tract infection (UTI) in the first years of life. If not properly diagnosed and treated can lead to recurrent UTI, renal scar and, in severe cases, to end stage renal disease. Despite recent advances in scientific and technological knowledge, evaluation and treatment of VUR is still controversial and there is still considerable heterogeneity in evaluation methods and therapeutic approaches. The aim of the present consensus is to give a practical orientation on how to evaluate and treat VUR. Methods The board of Pediatric Urology of the Brazilian Society of Urology joined a group of experts and reviewed all important issues on Vesicoureteral Reflux evaluation and treatment and elaborated a draft of the document. On November 2017 the panel met to review, discuss and write a consensus document. Results and Discussion Vesicoureteral Reflux is a common and challenging problem in children. Children presenting with Vesicoureteral Reflux require careful evaluation and treatment to avoid future urinary tract infections and kidney scars. The panel addressed recommendations on up to date choice of diagnosis evaluation and therapies.

Brazilian consensus in enuresis-recomendations for clinical practice

ABSTRACT Introduction Enuresis, defined as an intermittent urinary incontinence that occurs during sleep, is a frequent condition, occurring in about 10% of children at 7 years of age. However, it is frequently neglected by the family and by the primary care provider, leaving many of those children without treatment. Despite of many studies in Enuresis and recent advances in scientific and technological knowledge there is still considerable heterogeneity in evaluation methods and therapeutic approaches. Materials and Methods The board of Pediatric Urology of the Brazilian Society of Urology joined a group of experts and reviewed all important issues on Enuresis and elaborated a draft of the document. On September 2018 the panel met to review, discuss and write a consensus document. Results and Discussion Enuresis is a multifactorial disease that can lead to a diversity of problems for the child and family. Children presenting with Enuresis require careful evaluation and treatment to avoid future psychological and behavioral problems. The panel addressed recommendations on up to date choice of diagnosis evaluation and therapies.

Cross-cultural adaptation of the dysfunctional voiding score symptom (DVSS) questionnaire for Brazilian children

PURPOSE: To translate and culturally adapt the Dysfunctional Voiding Symptom Score (DVSS), questionnaire into Brazilian Portuguese. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The 10-item Dysfunctional Voiding Symptom Score (DVSS) was translated into Brazilian Portuguese according to a standard methodology: translation, synthesis, back-translation, Expert Committee, and pre-testing. After the translation process the final version was pre-tested and patient responses were analyzed to identify necessary modifications. Reliability was evaluated using the test-retest method, and internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. RESULTS: The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was calculated in the test and retest phases. Internal consistency was found to be satisfactory, as confirmed by a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.76 for the test and 0.77 for the retest. A high degree of stability was found in the test/retest, with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.960 (p < 0.001; 95 percent CI: 0.943-0.972). CONCLUSION: The cross-cultural adaptation process of the Dysfunctional Voiding Symptom Score questionnaire to be used on Brazilian children was successfully completed following internationally accepted methodologies.

Predictive factors for contralateral reflux in patients with conservatively treated unilateral vesicoureteral reflux.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the rate of new contralateral reflux in children with conservatively treated vesicoureteral reflux, and identified predictive factors that could influence the appearance of contralateral reflux after a diagnosis of unilateral reflux on the first voiding cystourethrogram. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 167 children who had been diagnosed with unilateral vesicoureteral reflux on the first voiding cystourethrogram. Patients with bilateral or secondary vesicoureteral reflux and those who had undergone only 1 voiding cystourethrography were excluded from the study. A total of 134 girls and 33 boys were analyzed. Average patient age was 55 months (range 2 to 169). All children had undergone at least 2 voiding cystourethrograms. A total of 84 patients underwent 3 voiding cystourethrograms, 35 underwent 4, 18 underwent 5, 9 underwent 6 and 3 underwent 7. RESULTS: New contralateral reflux was evident on subsequent voiding cystourethrography in 35 patients (21%). Analysis of the presence of new contralateral reflux according to gender, reflux grade, age, side of reflux and bladder function (with or without lower urinary tract dysfunction) revealed that only medium or high grade reflux was a risk factor for new contralateral reflux. In 98 children (59%) vesicoureteral reflux resolved spontaneously. Of these patients 13 had new contralateral reflux and 85 did not (p = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS: We identified a 21% incidence of new contralateral reflux in patients with unilateral reflux after the first voiding cystourethrography who were treated conservatively. The main risk factor for contralateral reflux was the presence of medium or high grade reflux. Patients with new contralateral reflux had a lower rate of cure than those without development of contralateral reflux.

Spontaneous resolution rates of vesicoureteral reflux in Brazilian children: a 30-year experience.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated clinical characteristics of primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in infants in a 30-year period in Brazil with special reference to the relation of renal parenchymal damage to urinary tract infection and gender. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1975 through 2005, 417 girls (81.6%) and 94 boys (18.4%) with all grades of reflux were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were categorized by the worst grade of reflux, maintained on antibiotic prophylaxis and underwent yearly voiding cystourethrography until the reflux was resolved. VUR was considered resolved when a follow-up cystogram demonstrated no reflux. Surgical correction was recommended for those who fail medical therapy, severe renal scarring or persistent VUR. RESULTS: Grades I to V VUR resolved in 87.5%, 77.6%, 52.8%, 12.2% and 4.3%, respectively. Renal scars were present at presentation in 98 patients (19.2%). Neither gender nor bilaterality versus unilaterality was a helpful predictor of resolution. The significant difference was found among the curves using the log rank (p<0.001) or Wilcoxon (p<0.001) test. CONCLUSION: Despite the current use of screening prenatal ultrasound, many infants are still diagnosed as having vesicoureteral reflux only after the occurrence of urinary tract infection in our country. Scarring may be associated to any reflux grade and it may be initially diagnosed at any age but half of the scars are noted with higher grades of reflux (IV and V). The incidence of reflux related morbidity in children has significantly diminished over the last three decades.

Spontaneous resolution rates of vesicoureteral reflux in Brazilian children: a 30-year experience

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated clinical characteristics of primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in infants in a 30-year period in Brazil with special reference to the relation of renal parenchymal damage to urinary tract infection and gender. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1975 through 2005, 417 girls (81.6 percent) and 94 boys (18.4 percent) with all grades of reflux were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were categorized by the worst grade of reflux, maintained on antibiotic prophylaxis and underwent yearly voiding cystourethrography until the reflux was resolved. VUR was considered resolved when a follow-up cystogram demonstrated no reflux. Surgical correction was recommended for those who fail medical therapy, severe renal scarring or persistent VUR. RESULTS: Grades I to V VUR resolved in 87.5 percent, 77.6 percent, 52.8 percent, 12.2 percent and 4.3 percent, respectively. Renal scars were present at presentation in 98 patients (19.2 percent). Neither gender nor bilaterality versus unilaterality was a helpful predictor of resolution. The significant difference was found among the curves using the log rank (p < 0.001) or Wilcoxon (p < 0.001) test. CONCLUSION: Despite the current use of screening prenatal ultrasound, many infants are still diagnosed as having vesicoureteral reflux only after the occurrence of urinary tract infection in our country. Scarring may be associated to any reflux grade and it may be initially diagnosed at any age but half of the scars are noted with higher grades of reflux (IV and V). The incidence of reflux related morbidity in children has significantly diminished over the last three decades.

Kidney transplantation in children: a 50-case experience

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this article was to report our experience with kidney transplantation in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From June 1980 to December 2003, 690 kidney transplants were performed in our institution, among which 50 were in patients with less than 18 years old. Technical aspects as well as clinical and surgical evolution were reviewed in this study. RESULTS: Patient's mean age was 12 years (2-17 years). Twenty-nine patients were male and 21 female. Live related donors were responsible for 75 percent of the cases (38 patients) and 25 percent (12 patients) came from cadaver donors. The main complications were ureteral fistula in 6 patients (12 percent), arterial stenosis in 2 (4 percent), wall infection and dehiscence in 1 case (2 percent). The overall rate of surgical complication was 20 percent. No case of hyperacute rejection was reported. During the follow-up 20 grafts were lost due to chronic rejection and 2 patients died. No loss of graft due to surgical complications was reported. The graft survival rate was 71 percent in 1 year, 64 percent in 3 years and 57 percent in 5-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Kidney transplantation in children is a viable treatment option for terminal kidney disease presenting success and surgical complication rate similar to kidney transplantation in adults.

Kidney transplantation in children: a 50-case experience.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this article was to report our experience with kidney transplantation in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From June 1980 to December 2003, 690 kidney transplants were performed in our institution, among which 50 were in patients with less than 18 years old. Technical aspects as well as clinical and surgical evolution were reviewed in this study. RESULTS: Patient's mean age was 12 years (2-17 years). Twenty-nine patients were male and 21 female. Live related donors were responsible for 75% of the cases (38 patients) and 25% (12 patients) came from cadaver donors. The main complications were ureteral fistula in 6 patients (12%), arterial stenosis in 2 (4%), wall infection and dehiscence in 1 case (2%). The overall rate of surgical complication was 20%. No case of hyperacute rejection was reported. During the follow-up 20 grafts were lost due to chronic rejection and 2 patients died. No loss of graft due to surgical complications was reported. The graft survival rate was 71% in 1 year, 64% in 3 years and 57% in 5-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Kidney transplantation in children is a viable treatment option for terminal kidney disease presenting success and surgical complication rate similar to kidney transplantation in adults.

Findings in cystourethrography that suggest lower urinary tract dysfunction in children with vesicoureteral reflux

PURPOSE: Children with lower urinary tract dysfunction and vesicoureteral reflux, at cystography assessment, frequently present alterations in the lower urinary tract anatomy such as dilated posterior urethra, irregularity of the bladder wall and diverticula. However, the significance of these findings is unknown. The objective of this study is to evaluate the incidence of these findings, their time of disappearance and their correlation with the severity of the reflux. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 193 children with vesicoureteral reflux, considered simple, in the age group above 5 years at the moment of diagnosis, were analyzed. The recommendation for follow-up of these patients was one voiding cystoureterography (VCUG) each year. Only patients with a minimum of 2 VCUGs performed in a period of at least 6 months were considered. The VCUGs were classified as positive and negative in relation to findings that were characteristic of lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD). RESULTS: From the 193 children analyzed, 50 (26 percent) presented positive VCUG and 143 negative VCUG. From the patients without symptoms of lower urinary tract dysfunction (n = 135), 12 (9 percent) presented positive VCUG and 123 (91 percent) a negative VCUG. From the patients with negative VCUG, 68 (48 percent) presented unilateral reflux and 75 (52 percent) presented bilateral reflux. From those with positive VCUG, 26 (52 percent) had unilateral reflux and 24 bilateral reflux (48 percent). This difference was not statistically significant. A higher incidence of grade II reflux was more evident in patients with negative VCUG and degree III in patients with positive VCUG (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that 64 percent of the patients with LUTD and reflux presented findings in the VCUG that suggest dysfunction.

Findings in cystourethrography that suggest lower urinary tract dysfunction in children with vesicoureteral reflux.

PURPOSE: Children with lower urinary tract dysfunction and vesicoureteral reflux, at cystography assessment, frequently present alterations in the lower urinary tract anatomy such as dilated posterior urethra, irregularity of the bladder wall and diverticula. However, the significance of these findings is unknown. The objective of this study is to evaluate the incidence of these findings, their time of disappearance and their correlation with the severity of the reflux. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 193 children with vesicoureteral reflux, considered simple, in the age group above 5 years at the moment of diagnosis, were analyzed. The recommendation for follow-up of these patients was one voiding cystoureterography (VCUG) each year. Only patients with a minimum of 2 VCUGs performed in a period of at least 6 months were considered. The VCUGs were classified as positive and negative in relation to findings that were characteristic of lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD). RESULTS: From the 193 children analyzed, 50 (26%) presented positive VCUG and 143 negative VCUG. From the patients without symptoms of lower urinary tract dysfunction (n = 135), 12 (9%) presented positive VCUG and 123 (91%) a negative VCUG. From the patients with negative VCUG, 68 (48%) presented unilateral reflux and 75 (52%) presented bilateral reflux. From those with positive VCUG, 26 (52%) had unilateral reflux and 24 bilateral reflux (48%). This difference was not statistically significant. A higher incidence of grade II reflux was more evident in patients with negative VCUG and degree III in patients with positive VCUG (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that 64% of the patients with LUTD and reflux presented findings in the VCUG that suggest dysfunction.

Ultrasound evaluation of renal scarring in children with vesicouretral reflux / Avaliação ultra-sonográfica das cicatrizes renais em crianças com refluxo vesico-ureteral

Introdução: Um dos objetivos do tratamento do refluxo vesicoureteral (RVU) é evitar o aparecimento de cicatrizes renais. O exame de escolha para avaliação do parênquima renal é a cintilografia com DMSA (99mTc ácido dimercaptossuccínico). Por outro lado, a ultra-sonografia, devido a sua praticidade, ausência de morbidade e baixo custo, tem-se tornado um exame rotineiro no acompanhamento dos pacientes portadores de patologias urológicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a acurácia da ultra-sonografia na detecção de cicatrizes renais nos pacientes portadores de RVU. Material e métodos: Foram avaliados retrospectivamente 88 pacientes tratados em nossa instituição que realizaram ultra-som e DMSA durante a avaliação urológica. Todos os exames ultra-sonográficos foram revisados por um único radiologista com experiência em patologias renais. As cicatrizes renais foram classificadas como focais ou generalizadas. Os achados ao ultra-som foram comparados à cintilografia, e foram determinados os seguintes parâmetros: valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo, sensibilidade e especificidade do método. Resultados: Dos 41 pacientes que apresentavam sinais sugestivos de cicatriz renal ao ultra-som, houve confirmação deste achado em 36. Por outro lado, dentre os 47 pacientes que apresentavam ultra-som normal, houve o achado de 14 cicatrizes renais. O valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo, sensibilidade e especificidade da ultra-sonografia foram de 87,5 porcento, 61 porcento, 66 porcento e 84 porcento, respectivamente. A estratificação dos pacientes demonstrou que quando as cicatrizes são focais a correlação é de apenas 32 porcento, enquanto que é de 96,5 porcento, quando a lesão é generalizada. Conclusão: O exame ultra-sonográfico renal, quando realizado por operador experiente e em equipamento de alta resolução, apresenta boa acurácia, na detecção de cicatrizes generalizadas do rim, no entanto tem um papel limitado na detecção de cicatrizes focais.

Textiloma nine years after nephrectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Foreign bodies after surgical procedures are not very reported in the literature. It is estimated to have 1 case for 1,300 operations, although in practice the frequency might probably be higher. CASE REPORT: A woman, 38 years, submitted to left nephroureterectomy for renal transplantation in 1993. During 9 years, she was asymptomatic, and then she presented intermittent left flank pain. Radiographic workup demonstrated a textiloma. DISCUSSION: In a review of the literature since 1950, solely 8 cases of textiloma in renal surgeries were reported, probably due to legal implications.

Evolução do refluxo vesicoureteral no primeiro ano de vida / Vesicoureteral reflux under the first year of life

O refluxo vesicoureteral (RVU) é uma das patologias mais comuns da urologia pediátrica, apresentando alta incidência em crianças portadoras de infecção urinária. Vários estudos têm demonstrado o alto índice de resolução espontânea do RVU, sendo o grau inicial e a idade do paciente os dois principais fatores envolvidos na resolução espontânea. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a incidência, o diagnóstico, a evolução e o tratamento do RVU diagnosticado durante o primeiro ano de vida. Foram avaliados, retrospectivamente, os prontuários de 814 pacientes portadores de RVU, dos quais 363 apresentavam idade menor que 12 meses no momento do diagnóstico. Desses, 269 (74,1 por cento) eram meninas e 94 (25,9 por cento) meninos. O quadro clínico mais freqüente foi a infecção urinária (71,3 por cento), seguida em menor freqüência por baixo ganho de peso (13,4 por cento), febre inexplicável (9 por cento), diagnóstico antenatal (3,8 por cento) e outros. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à uretrocistografia miccional e foi graduado o RVU. Os parênquimas renais foram avaliados por cintilografia (DMSA) ou urografia excretora. O RVU foi de grau I em 26 pacientes, grau II em 134, grau III em 117, grau IV em 42 e grau V em 21. Todos os pacientes foram inicialmente mantidos em tratamento clínico. Durante o seguimento, 67 pacientes (18,4 por cento) necessitaram de cirurgia. Dos 274 pacientes mantidos em tratamento clínico, 255 apresentavam seguimento mínimo de 1 ano. A taxa de resolução espontânea nesse grupo foi de 85 por cento, sendo de 100 por cento no grau I, 86 por cento no grau II, 81 por cento no grau III, 41 por cento no grau IV e 0 por cento no grau V. O RVU diagnosticado durante o primeiro ano de vida apresenta peculiaridades quanto ao diagnóstico e evolução. A taxa de resolução espontânea do RVU é alta, justificando o tratamento clínico como conduta inicial desse grupo. As indicações de cirurgia devem ser individualizadas.

Fístula Arteriovenosa pós-biópsia renal tratada por embolizaçäo seletiva / Post renal biopsy arterivenous fistula treated with selectiva embolization

Fístulas arteriovenosas pós-biópsia renal ocorrem em até 15 por cento dos casos. No entanto, a grande maioria é assintomática. Naqueles casos em que há sintomatologia, a maior parte tem resulução espontânea, necessitando apenas tratamento de suporte. Nos raros casos em que a fístula não se fecha espontaneamente ou provoca sintomatologia importante, a arteriografia percutânea com embolização seletiva constitui-se no tratamento de escolha. Os autores descrevem um caso de fístula arteriovenosa pós-biópsia renal que evolui com hamatúria maciça e foi tratado com embolização seletiva via femoral percutânea com cianoacrilato e fazem uma revisão da literatura

Complicaçöes cirúrgicas pós-transplantes renais: análise de 356 casos / Surgical complications of renal post-transplantations: analysis of the 356 cases

No período de dezembro de 1977 a setembro de 1995 foram realizados 400 transplantes renais (Tx-r), dos quais 356 foram analisados retrospectivamente, com a finalidade de avaliar a incidência de complicaçöes cirúrgicas, classificadas em urológicas, vascularese e gerais (hematomas, abscessos perienxerto, ferida operatória). Para verificar possíveis modificaçöes no perfil de incidência dessas complicaçöes no decorrer do programa de Tx-r, dois grupos de pacientes foram analisados e comparados: G1 (os primeiros 200 Tx-r) G2 (de 201 a 400 Tx-r). Na análise global, observou-se que a complicaçäo mais frequente foi a urológica (10,7 por cento), seguida de hematoma ou abscesso perienxerto (5 por cento), complicaçöes de ferida operatória (5 por cento) e vasculares (4,5 por cento). As complicaçöes urológicas e vasculares mais incidentes foram: fístula ureteral (8,1 por cento) e estenose arterial (1,7 por cento). Analisando-se separadamente os grupos, foi encontrada reduçäo estatisticamente significativa do índice de fístula urinária e estenose arterial (G1 = 11,7 por cento, G2 = 4,5 por cento - p = 0,012, G1 = 2,8 por cento, G2 = 0,6 por cento - p < 0,001, respectivamente). Nossos dados demonstram a importância da utilizaçäo de esteróides em baixas dosagens no protocolo de imunossupressäo e o aprimoramento da técnica operatória como redutores do índice de complicaçöes cirúrgicas dos Tx-r

Feocromocitoma: relato de caso e analise clinico-cirurgica / Pheochromocytoma: case report and clinical-surgical analysis

Os autores descrevem um caso de feocromocitoma diagnosticado ha um ano em uma paciente jovem que evoluiu com quadro clinico de hipertensao,taquicardia,sudorese,palidez e exames laboratoriais sugestivos de feocromocitoma.O tratamento foi exerese da massa tumoral com preservacao do rim.A evolucao transcorreu sem intercorrencia,estando a paciente em bom estado e sem uso de medicacao anti-hipertensiva

Tomografia computadorizada do rim unipapilar: relato de caso / Computed tomography of unipapillary kidney: case report

Os autores descrevem um caso de rim unipapilar, avaliado pela tomografia computadorizada. A regvisäo da literatura mostra 14 casos relatados, em nenhum dos quais foi feita a tomografia computadorizada. Além do aspecto peculiar da lesäo, é ressaltada a importância do reconhecimento de outras lesöes que costumam acompanhar o rim unipapilar

Cisto peripiélico / Peripelvic cyst

Säo descritos dois casos de cistos peripiélicos e discutidas as implicaçöes clínicas e terapêuticas dos mesmos

Rutura renal espontânea com hematoma retroperitoneal / Spontaneous rupture of the kidney with retroperitoneal hematoma

A rutura renal espontânea é rara. Os autores descrevem três casos, sendo que em dois a manifestaçäo foi hematoma subcapsular e no terceiro, um hematoma gigante retroperitoneal. O diagnóstico etiológico pré-operatório pode ser difícil e a conduta deve ser sempre interveniente, dada a grande associaçäo rutura renal espontânea - tumor renal

Fístula arteriovenosa para hemodiálise: transposiçäo da veia basílica / Arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis: transposition of the basilic vein

Sete pacientes mantidos em tratamento dialítico crônico foram operados utilizando-se técnica cirúrgica modificada pela transposiçäo de veia basílica para construçäo de fístula arteriovenosa no antebraço. Esta técnica é simples e é recomendada, como procedimento primário, quando a veia cefálica näo é viável, e, como secundária, após falência de fístula radial cefálica no mesmo membro