ABSTRACT
AIM: To evaluate the effects of virtual reality (VR) training on different parameters of vision. METHODS: Sixty individuals ranged 18-60 years old with asthenopia were randomly divided into short-term (n=40) and long-term (n=20) treatment groups. They were given a specially designed VR training device only once for 15min or 3-4 times a day for 15min each time for 1mo. The visual acuity, spherical equivalent, accommodative range, accommodative facility, pupil size, and visual fatigue were evaluated before (control) and after VR training. RESULTS: The visual acuity, accommodative range, and accommodative facility increased in subjects of the short-term treatment group, whereas their pupil size contracted significantly. No significant changes in spherical equivalent and visual fatigue were observed. The changes in distant vision and corrected visual acuity were positively correlated with those in pupil size, but not with spherical equivalent. The accommodative range and accommodative facility improved significantly in subjects of the long-term treatment group. No significant changes in visual acuity, spherical equivalent, pupil size, and visual fatigue were noted. CONCLUSION: VR training can improve the accommodative range and accommodative facility of human eyes. Although short-term VR training can transiently improve vision, which probably due to bright light adaptation, there is no evidence that it can improve myopia.
ABSTRACT
AIMS: Atrial fibroblasts and macrophages have long been thought to participate in atrial fibrillation (AF). However, which specific mediator may regulate the interaction between them remains unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS: We provided the evidence for the involvement of Toll/IL-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-ß (TRIF), an important inflammation-related molecule, in the pathophysiology of AF. Patients with AF showed higher levels of angiotensin II (AngII) and TRIF expression and larger number of macrophages infiltration in left atria appendage than individuals with sinus rhythm (SR). In the cell study, AngII induced chemokines expressions in mouse atrial fibroblasts and AngII-stimulated atrial fibroblasts induced the chemotaxis of macrophages, which were reduced by losartan and TRIF siRNA. Meanwhile, AngII-stimulated atrial fibroblasts proliferation was enhanced by macrophages. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrated that TRIF may be a crucial factor promoting the interaction between atrial fibroblasts and macrophages, leading to atrial fibrosis.
