ABSTRACT
Knowledge of the host immune response after natural SARS-CoV-2 infection is essential for informing directions of vaccination and epidemiological control strategies against COVID-19. In this study, thirty-four COVID-19 patients were enrolled with 244 serial blood specimens (38.1% after hospital discharge) collected to explore the chronological evolution of neutralizing (NAb), total (TAb), IgM, IgG and IgA antibody in parallel. IgG titers reached a peak later (approximately 35 days postonset) than those of Nab, Ab, IgM and IgA (20[~]25 days postonset). After peaking, IgM levels declined with an estimated average half-life of 10.36 days, which was more rapid than those of IgA (51.25 days) and IgG (177.39 days). Based on these half-life data, we estimate that the median times for IgM, IgA and IgG to become seronegative are 4.59 (IQR 4.12-5.03), 7.78 (IQR 6.71-9.16) and 42.72 (IQR 33.75-47.96) months post disease onset. The relative contribution of IgM to NAb was higher than that of IgG (standardized {beta} regression coefficient: 0.53 vs 0.48), so the rapid decline in NAb may be attributed to the rapid decay of IgM in acute phase. However, the relative contribution of IgG to NAb increased and that of IgM further decreased after 6 weeks postonset. Its assumed that the decline rate of NAb might slow down to the same level as that of IgG over time. This study suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces robust neutralizing and binding antibody responses in patients and that humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 acquired by infection may persist for a relatively long time.
ABSTRACT
Chinese medicine (CM) basic theory differs substantially from modern medicine in methodology. CM views the healthy human body as an entity in yinyang equilibrium. CM practitioners typically diagnose patients with "Zheng (CM syndrome)"-yin-yang status of specific organs, and the ultimate goal of treatment in CM is to restore the yin-yang balance. This concept might seem strange to Western perceptions; however, CM philosophy and methodology have been gradually accepted and used in the West. There is growing evidence from prestigious worldwide journals like Nature, Science and Cell indicating that CM theory is becoming an important component in dealing with health issues in the West.
Subject(s)
Humans , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Models, Theoretical , Yin-YangABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the differences of proteasome subunit beta type-4 (PSMB4) expression between normal cerebral tissues and glioma tissues,and the relevance between its expression and glioma malignancy degree.Methods Seventy-five human glioma liquid nitrogen frozen specimens,collected and confirmed by pathology in our hospital from January 2008 to February 2012,including 21 with grade Ⅰ astrocytoma,21 with grade Ⅱ astrocytoma,27 with grade Ⅲ astrocytoma and 6 with grade Ⅳ glioblastoma,were chosen in our study; another 5 normal cerebral tissues from cerebral trauma patients performed decompression were chosen as controls.Immunohistochemistry wax employed to detect the PSMB4 expressions in both normal cerebral tissues and glioma tissues.Results PSMB4 protein expression was negative in the controls,while positive/strong positive in the gliomas.Statistical analysis showed that the PSMB4 protein expression level in the gliomas was significantly higher than that in the controls (P＜0.05).PSMB4 protein expression in gliomas of different degrees showed no statistically significant differences (P＞0.05).Conclusion PSMB4 protein expression in the glioma tissues is higher than that in the normal cerebral tissues,however,no relevance between PSMB4 expression and glioma malignancy grade is noted.
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Objective To observe the influence of silencing hypoxia-inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α)gene on the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of glioblastoma U87 cells. Methods The samples were divided into 3 groups: blank group: samples without giving any treatments, control group: cells with empty shRNA vector, and experimental group: cells with HIF-1α-shRNA transfection complex. HIF-1α gene was silenced by shRNA constructed in early time; and HIF-1α-shRNA lentivirus vector was constructed in the experimental group, and then transfected into glioblastoma U87 cells with the mediation of liposome. The interference efficiency was detected by using RT-PCR and Western blotting, and cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay; cell migration in vitro was observed by migration test, and invasion and metastasis abilities were detected by Transwell booth model. Results As compared with those in cells of the control and blank groups, the mRNA and protein expressions of HIF-1α in cells of the experimental group were significantly decreased; MTT assay showed that the cell proliferation in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the other 2 groups (P<0.05). The number of penetrating cells of the blank group, control group and experimental group in Transwell chamber invasion assay were (125.2±10.8), (118.3±8.3), (60.9±5.4), respectively, and significant differences were noted between each 2 groups (P<0.05). Conclusion The mRNA and protein levels of HIF-1α in U87 cells are efficiently depressed by HIF-1α-shRNA, and so are the proliferation, invasion and metastasis abilities of U87 cells.
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Objective To explore the surgical skills and efficacy of microsurgical excision of large acoustic neurinoma via the suboccipital retrosigmoid keyhole approach. Methods Fifty-nine patients with large acoustic neurinoma (≥3 cm) underwent microsurgical resection via suboccipital retrosigrmoid keyhole approach. The intraoperative position of the operative bed and angle of the microscope were adjusted to expose the tumors sufficiently. The duramater was sutured tightly and the bone flap was replaced and fixed. Results Of the 59 patients, 53 (89.8%) received a total resection of the tumors, and 6 (10.2%) subtotal resection. No patient died. The facial nerve was anatomically preserved in all the patients. Forty-five patients (76.3%) suffered from mild or moderate facial palsy after the surgery, and the symptoms were improved significantly after expectant treatment. Fifteen patients preserved partial hearing. No subcutaneous water accumulation or cerebrospinal fluid leakage occurred.Conclusion Microsurgery via suboccipital retrosigmoid keyhole approach is a favorable treatment for large acoustic neurinomas with low morbidity and mortality,which can effectively protect the function of the acoustic and facial nerves.
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Objective To probe the feasibility of the aneurysm embolization with fibrin glue-fibroblast compound by carotid artery angiography and pathological examination in New Zealand rabbit model. Methods The primarily cultured fibroblast cells were obtained by tissue engineering technique in vitro, and the fibroblast bank was established. Then fibroblast cells were cultured in human fibrin glue. Aneurysms of 12 rabbits were embolized directly by fibrin glue-fibroblast compound in 6 cases or fibrin glue in the other 6 cases. DSA angiography was performed 2 and 4 weeks after embolization, and pathological examination was conducted 4 weeks after embolization. Results Fibroblasts grew in fibrin glue in vitro. Embolization efficacy of fibrin glue-fibroblast compound was obviously superior to that of fibrin glue only. Conclusions Fibrin glue-fibroblast compound can be considered as candidate material for aneurysm embolization.