Palladium-Catalyzed Hiyama-Type Coupling of Thianthrenium and Phenoxathiinium Salts.

Here, we demonstrate palladium-catalyzed Hiyama-type cross-coupling reactions of aryl thianthrenium or phenoxathiinium salts. By employing stable and inexpensive organosilanes, the arylation, alkenylation, and alkynylation were realized in high efficiency using commercially available Pd(tBu3P)2 as the catalyst, thus providing a reliable method for preparation of biaryls, styrenes, and aryl acetylenes with a broad functional group tolerance under mild conditions. Given the accessibility of aryl thianthrenium or phenoxathiinium salts from simple arenes in a remarkable regioselective fashion, this protocol also provides an attractive approach for the late-stage modification of complex bioactive scaffolds.

Public Discourse, User Reactions, and Conspiracy Theories on the X Platform About HIV Vaccines: Data Mining and Content Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The initiation of clinical trials for messenger RNA (mRNA) HIV vaccines in early 2022 revived public discussion on HIV vaccines after 3 decades of unsuccessful research. These trials followed the success of mRNA technology in COVID-19 vaccines but unfolded amid intense vaccine debates during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is crucial to gain insights into public discourse and reactions about potential new vaccines, and social media platforms such as X (formerly known as Twitter) provide important channels. OBJECTIVE: Drawing from infodemiology and infoveillance research, this study investigated the patterns of public discourse and message-level drivers of user reactions on X regarding HIV vaccines by analyzing posts using machine learning algorithms. We examined how users used different post types to contribute to topics and valence and how these topics and valence influenced like and repost counts. In addition, the study identified salient aspects of HIV vaccines related to COVID-19 and prominent anti-HIV vaccine conspiracy theories through manual coding. METHODS: We collected 36,424 English-language original posts about HIV vaccines on the X platform from January 1, 2022, to December 31, 2022. We used topic modeling and sentiment analysis to uncover latent topics and valence, which were subsequently analyzed across post types in cross-tabulation analyses and integrated into linear regression models to predict user reactions, specifically likes and reposts. Furthermore, we manually coded the 1000 most engaged posts about HIV and COVID-19 to uncover salient aspects of HIV vaccines related to COVID-19 and the 1000 most engaged negative posts to identify prominent anti-HIV vaccine conspiracy theories. RESULTS: Topic modeling revealed 3 topics: HIV and COVID-19, mRNA HIV vaccine trials, and HIV vaccine and immunity. HIV and COVID-19 underscored the connections between HIV vaccines and COVID-19 vaccines, as evidenced by subtopics about their reciprocal impact on development and various comparisons. The overall valence of the posts was marginally positive. Compared to self-composed posts initiating new conversations, there was a higher proportion of HIV and COVID-19-related and negative posts among quote posts and replies, which contribute to existing conversations. The topic of mRNA HIV vaccine trials, most evident in self-composed posts, increased repost counts. Positive valence increased like and repost counts. Prominent anti-HIV vaccine conspiracy theories often falsely linked HIV vaccines to concurrent COVID-19 and other HIV-related events. CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight COVID-19 as a significant context for public discourse and reactions regarding HIV vaccines from both positive and negative perspectives. The success of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines shed a positive light on HIV vaccines. However, COVID-19 also situated HIV vaccines in a negative context, as observed in some anti-HIV vaccine conspiracy theories misleadingly connecting HIV vaccines with COVID-19. These findings have implications for public health communication strategies concerning HIV vaccines.

Highly sensitive and specific graphene oxide-based FRET aptasensor for quantitative detection of human soluble growth stimulating gene protein 2.

Soluble growth stimulation expressed gene 2 (sST2) is a new generation biomarker in the diagnosis and prognosis of heart failure (HF). Here, the sST2-specific aptamers were selected from a random ssDNA library with the full length of 88 nucleotides (nt) via target-immobilized magnetic beads (MB)-based systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) technology. After eight rounds of selection, six aptamers with the most enrichment were selected. Among, the aptamer L1 showed the high-affinity binding to sST2 with the lowest Kd value (77.3 ± 0.05 nM), which was chosen as the optimal aptamer for further molecular docking. Then, the aptamer L1 was used to construct a graphene oxide (GO) - based fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensor for sST2, which exhibits a linear detection range of 0.1-100 µg/ml and a detection limit of 3.7 ng/ml. The aptasensor was applied to detect sST2 in real samples, with a good correlation and agreement with the traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) when quantitative analyzing the sST2 concentration in serum samples from HF patients. The results show that not only an efficient strategy for screening the practicable aptamer, but also a rapid and sensitive detection platform for sST2 were established.

Exosome-derived circTFDP2 promotes prostate cancer progression by preventing PARP1 from caspase-3-dependent cleavage.

BACKGROUND: Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been reported to play a significant role in tumorigenesis. However, the detailed function of circRNA in prostate cancer (PCa) is still largely unknown. METHODS: We quantified circTFDP2 expression in PCa tissues and adjacent normal tissues using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Colony formation, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), flow cytometry, transwell, and in vivo progression and metastasis assays were applied to reveal the proliferation and metastatic abilities of circTFDP2 in PCa cells. Mass spectrometry, RNA pulldown, RNA-immunoprecipitation (RIP), western blotting and immunofluorescence were used for the mechanistic studies. qRT-PCR and RIP assays were used to explore the regulatory role of eIF4A3 in the biogenesis of circTFDP2. Finally, functional assays showed the effect of circTFDP2-containing exosomes on PCa cell progression. RESULTS: circTFDP2 was upregulated in PCa tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. Furthermore, high circTFDP2 expression was positively correlated with the Gleason score. Functionally, circTFDP2 promoted PCa cell proliferation and metastasis both in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, circTFDP2 interacted with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) protein in its DNA-binding domain to prevent it from active caspase-3-dependent cleavage, and finally relieved PCa cells from DNA damage. In addition, RNA-binding protein eIF4A3 can interact with the flanking region of circTFDP2 and promote the biogenesis of circTFDP2. Moreover, exosome-derived circTFDP2 promoted PCa cell progression. CONCLUSIONS: In general, our study demonstrated that circTFDP2 promoted PCa cell progression through the PARP1/DNA damage axis, which may be a promising therapeutic target for PCa.

How Warmth Appeal Affects Persuasion: The Moderating Role of Brand Concepts.

In practice, more and more companies are using warmth appeals in their advertisements, but not all warmth appeals can bring the expected results. Grounded in social perception, we propose that consumers' inferences and behavioral intentions stemming from warmth appeals in advertising are moderated by brand concepts. Specifically, warmth appeal decreases competence inferences and, in turn, behavioral intentions toward the self-enhancement brands. However, it increases warmth inferences and, in turn, behavioral intentions toward self-transcendence brands. We tested our hypotheses through two experimental studies. Experiment 1 demonstrated that for self-enhancement brands, warmth appeals in advertisements decreased brand attitudes and purchase intentions; for self-transcendence brands, warmth appeals in advertisements increased brand attitudes and purchase intentions. Experiment 2 showed further evidence to the proposed effect and tested the mediating effects of warmth perception and competence perception. This research provides significant implications for advertising strategies.

Back on the scene: Advances and challenges in CD3-related drugs in tumor therapy.

CD3 molecules are mainly distributed on the membrane of mature T cells. They are involved in T cell antigen recognition, signal transduction, and regulation of T cell development. CD3-related monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are mainly used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Nearly half of all bispecific antibodies developed are used in tumor therapy, one of which is CD3 antigen. In this review, we discuss the importance of biological function and the crucial role of CD3 in tumor therapy. We highlight the research status of antibodies and small molecules targeting CD3 to provide guidance for future drug research.

The Interaction of Facial Expression and Donor-Recipient Eye Contact in Donation Intentions: Based on the Intensity of Emotion.

Both happy and sad facial expressions of recipients are frequently used in charity advertisements. However, the relative effectiveness of these two types of facial expressions has been found paradoxical in the past. In this study, we examine when happy facial expression can more effectively increase donation intentions of consumers and when vice versa. Specially, we propose that eye contact between a donor and a potential recipient may moderate the relative effectiveness of happy and sad facial expressions, and further explain the interaction effect from the perspective of emotional intensity. Results from two experiments suggest that, when donor-recipient eye contact is present, consumers tend to have stronger emotional intensity, and, in turn, show higher donation intentions when the recipient is with a happy rather than sad facial expression. In contrast, when the eye contact is absent, consumers may show stronger emotional intensity and donation intentions toward the charity advertisement with a recipient showing sad rather than happy expression.

Sewage sludge pyrolysis coupled with self-supplied steam reforming for high quality syngas production and the influence of initial moisture content.

A technology of sewage sludge (SS) pyrolysis coupled with self-supplied steam reforming of the volatile is developed to utilize the latent heat of the steam vapor released in the SS drying & pyrolysis process. An integrated reactor consisting of a vertical free-falling pyrolysis section and a horizontal screw-moved reforming section is designed for this purpose. The performance of the reactor shows that by changing the moving speed of the char in the reforming section, high quality syngas with an H2/CO ratio of 4.37 and a percentage of H2 + CO up to 66.58 vol% can be obtained at approximately 570-600 °C for the dry SS. There is an optimum moving speed of the screw for producing the highest volume of the syngas. A higher moving speed of the screw also results in a higher concentration of the aromatic compounds in the final pyrolysis oil. When the initial moisture content of SS increases from 0 to 65.50%, the H2/CO ratio and H2/CO2 ratio in the syngas increase from 4.37 to 30.87 and from 2.1 to 2.6 correspondingly, and the final oil yield decreases from 24.03 wt% to 14.16 wt%. Moreover, the total energy recovery efficiency decreases from 88.85% to 61.92%, while the energy portion of syngas shows a peak of 44.18% of the total energy input when the initial moisture content is 41.26%. The integrated reactor also provides a good opportunity for adding a catalyst such as dolomite to make the process more effective. The technology developed in this paper provides an approach to deal with SS with a relatively high moisture content.

Localized suppression of longitudinal-optical-phonon-exciton coupling in bent ZnO nanowires.

Using confocal micro-Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy, we studied bending effects on optical properties of individual ZnO nanowires. Raman spectroscopy shows that local tensile strain can be introduced by bending the nanowire. The strain is expected to reduce the band gap on the bent part and modify the local phonon-exciton interaction. The corresponding micro-photoluminescence spectra indicate local suppression of the longitudinal-optical (LO) phonon-exciton interaction, which is determined by the intensity ratio of the second-order LO-phonon replica of the free exciton (FX-2LO) to the first-order process (FX-1LO). Our results may provide insight into the modulation of local electrical and optical properties by deforming the nanostructures.

Hierarchical assembly of ZnO nanostructures on SnO(2) backbone nanowires: low-temperature hydrothermal preparation and optical properties.

Hierarchical nanostructures with SnO(2) backbones and ZnO branches are successfully prepared in a large scale by combining the vapor transport and deposition process (for SnO(2) nanowires) and a hydrothermal growth (for ZnO). The ZnO nanorods grow epitaxially on the SnO(2) nanowire side faces mainly with a four-fold symmetry. The number density and morphology of the secondary ZnO can be tailored by changing the precursor concentration, reaction time, and by adding surfactants. Photoluminescence (PL) properties are studied as a function of temperature and pumping power. Such hybrid SnO(2)-ZnO nanostructures show an enhanced near-band gap emission compared with the primary SnO(2) nanowires. Under the optical excitation, a UV random lasing is observed which originates from the hierarchically assembled ZnO branches. These three-dimensional nanostructures may have application potentials as chemical sensors, battery electrodes, and optoelectronic devices.

First-step nucleation growth dependence of InAs/InGaAs/InP quantum dot formation in two-step growth.

First-step nucleation growth has an important impact on the two-step growth of high-quality mid-infrared emissive InAs/InGaAs/InP quantum dots (QDs). It has been found that an optimized growth rate for first-step nucleation is critical for forming QDs with narrow size distribution, high dot density and high crystal quality. High growth temperature has an advantage in removing defects in the QDs formed, but the dot density will be reduced. Contrasting behavior in forming InAs QDs using metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) by varying the input flux ratio of group-V versus group-III source (V/III ratio) in the first-step nucleation growth has been observed and investigated. High-density, 2.5 × 10(10) cm(-2), InAs QDs emitting at>2.15 µm have been formed with narrow size distribution, ∼1 nm standard deviation, by reducing the V/III ratio to zero in first-step nucleation growth.

Effect of ion bombardment on the synthesis of vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition.

The synthesis of vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes (VA-SWNTs) by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) was achieved at 500-600 °C, using ethylene as the carbon source and 1 nm Fe film as the catalyst. For growth of high-quality VA-SWNTs in a plasma sheath, it is crucial to alleviate the undesirable ion bombardment etching effects by the optimization of plasma input power and gas pressure. The resistibility of synthesized VA-SWNTs against ion bombardment etching was found to be closely related to the growth temperature. At relatively low temperature (500 °C), the VA-SWNTs were very susceptible to ion bombardments, which could induce structural defects, and even resulted in a structural transition to few-walled nanotubes. For capacitively coupled radio frequency (rf) PECVD operating at moderate gas pressure (0.3-10 Torr), the ion bombardment etching effect is mainly dependent on the ion flux, which is related to the plasma input power and gas pressure.