A salivary sheath protein essential for the interaction of the brown planthopper with rice plants.

Salivary secretions, including gel saliva and watery saliva, play crucial roles in the interaction between the insect and plant during feeding. In this study, we identified a salivary gland-specific gene encoding a salivary sheath protein (NlShp) in Nilaparvata lugens. NlShp has two alternative splicing variants; both are expressed at high levels during the nymph and adult stages. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the NlShp were synthesized in the principal gland cells of the salivary gland. LC-MS/MS and western blot analysis confirmed that NlShp was one of the components of the salivary sheath. Simultaneously knocking down the two NlShp variants by RNA interference inhibited both salivary flange and salivary sheath formation and resulted in a lethal phenotype within four days for the brown planthopper (BPH) feeding on rice plants, indicating that the salivary sheath and salivary flanges were essential for plant-associated feeding. Despite the salivary sheath deficiency, no obvious phenotype was observed in the NlShp-knockdown BPHs fed on artificial diet. The electrical penetration graph (EPG) results showed that salivary sheath-deficient BPHs exhibited a prolonged nonpenetration period, scarce sap period, and increased stylet movement on rice plants and eventually starved to death. Our results provided evidence that the interaction between the salivary sheath and host plant might be a critical step in successful BPH feeding. According to present research, we propose a salivary sheath required feeding model for piercing-sucking insects and provide a potential target for rice planthopper management.

Transcriptional responses of invasive and indigenous whiteflies to different host plants reveal their disparate capacity of adaptation.

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci contains more than 35 cryptic species. The higher adaptability of Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) cryptic species has been recognized as one important factor for its invasion and displacement of other indigenous species worldwide. Here we compared the performance of the invasive MEAM1 and the indigenous Asia II 3 whitefly species following host plant transfer from a suitable host (cotton) to an unsuitable host (tobacco) and analyzed their transcriptional responses. After transfer to tobacco for 24 h, MEAM1 performed much better than Asia II 3. Transcriptional analysis showed that the patterns of gene regulation were very different with most of the genes up-regulated in MEAM1 but down-regulated in Asia II 3. Whereas carbohydrate and energy metabolisms were repressed in Asia II 3, the gene expression and protein metabolisms were activated in MEAM1. Compared to the constitutive high expression of detoxification genes in MEAM1, most of the detoxification genes were down-regulated in Asia II 3. Enzymatic activities of P450, GST and esterase further verified that the detoxification of MEAM1 was much higher than that of Asia II 3. These results reveal obvious differences in responses of MEAM1 and Asia II 3 to host transfer.