Urban and agricultural land use led to niche differentiation of AOA, AOB and comammox along the Beiyun River continuum.

River ecological health has been severely threatened by anthropogenic land-use pressures. Here, by combining remote sensing and molecular biology methods, we evaluated the impact of land-use activities on nitrification, a fundamental ecological process in rivers, which is conducted by ammonia-oxidising archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidising bacteria (AOB), or the newly discovered complete ammonia oxidisers (comammox). We explored the relationships of the abundance, activity, and diversity of AOA, AOB, and comammox in river sediments with land-use pressure by proposing a quantitative land use pattern index (LPI) over a 184 km continuum along the Beiyun River in North China. We found that comammox dominated nitrification in the forestry upstream (67.07 % in summer, 56.40 % in winter), while AOB became the major player in the urban middle (56.51 % in summer, 53.08 % in winter) and agricultural downstream reaches (62.98 % in summer, 50.74 % in winter). In addition, urban and agricultural land use lowered the α diversity of AOA and comammox, as well as simplified their co-occurrence networks, but promoted AOB diversity and complicated their networks. The structural equation model illustrated that the key drivers affecting the key taxa and activities were ammonia, and C/N for AOB, and total organic matter, and pH for comammox. We thus conclude that watershed urban and agricultural land use drive the niche differentiation of AOA, AOB, and comammox, specifically leading to a robust AOB community but weakened AOA and comammox communities. Our study connects the macro and micro worlds and provides a new paradigm for studying the variation in microbial communities as well as the potential ecological consequences under the increased anthropogenic land-use pressures in the Anthropocene.

Dynamics of extrachromosomal circular DNA in rice.

The genome's dynamic nature, exemplified by elements like extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA), is crucial for biodiversity and adaptation. Yet, the role of eccDNA in plants, particularly rice, remains underexplored. Here, we identify 25,598 eccDNAs, unveiling the widespread presence of eccDNA across six rice tissues and revealing its formation as a universal and random process. Interestingly, we discover that direct repeats play a pivotal role in eccDNA formation, pointing to a unique origin mechanism. Despite eccDNA's prevalence in coding sequences, its impact on gene expression is minimal, implying its roles beyond gene regulation. We also observe the association between eccDNA's formation and minor chromosomal deletions, providing insights of its possible function in regulating genome stability. Further, we discover eccDNA specifically accumulated in rice leaves, which may be associated with DNA damage caused by environmental stressors like intense light. In summary, our research advances understanding of eccDNA's role in the genomic architecture and offers valuable insights for rice cultivation and breeding.

Optimization of operating parameters and microbiological mechanism of a low C/N wastewater treatment system dominated by iron-dependent autotrophic denitrification.

Ferrous iron (Fe2+) reduces the amount of external carbon source used for the denitrification of low-C/N wastewater. The effects of key operating parameters on the efficiency of ferrous-dependent autotrophic denitrification (FDAD) and the functioning mechanism of the microbiome can provide a regulatory strategy for improving the denitrification efficiency of low C/N wastewater. In this study, the response surface method (RSM) was used to explore the influence of four important parameters-the molar ratio of Fe2+ to NO3--N (Fe/N), total organic carbon (TOC), the molar ratio of inorganic carbon to NO3--N (IC/N) and sludge volume (SV, %)-on the FDAD efficiency. Functional prediction and molecular ecological networks based on high-throughputs sequencing techniques were used to explore changes in the structure, function, and biomarkers of the sludge microbial community. The results showed that Fe/N and TOC were the main parameters affecting FDAD efficiency. Higher concentrations of TOC and high Fe/N ratios provided more electron donors and improved denitrification efficiency, but weakened the importance of biomarkers (Rhodanobacter, Thermomonas, Comamonas, Thauera, Geothrix and unclassified genus of family Gallionellaceae) in the sludge ecological network. When Fe/N > 4, the denitrification efficiency fluctuated significantly. Functional prediction results indicated that genes that dominated N2O and NO reduction and the genes that dominated Fe2+ transport showed a slight decrease in abundance at high Fe/N levels. In light of these findings, we recommend the following optimization ranges of parameters: Fe/N (3.5-4); TOC/N (0.36-0.42); IC/N (3.5-4); and SV (approximately 35%).

Multifunctional Sandwich-Structured Super-Hygroscopic Zinc-Based MOF-Overlayed Cooling Wearables for Special Personal Thermal Management.

Personal protective equipment pays attention exclusively to external safety protection and ignores the internal thermoregulation of physiological state in association with sweating. Herein, a super-hygroscopic calcium-doped poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) and superhydrophobic metal-organic-framework-overlayed wearables (Ca-PSS/MOF) integrated cooling wearable is proposed for special personal thermal management (PTM). Compared to the pristine fabric, the superhydrophobic MOF wearables exhibit anti-fouling and antibacterial capabilities, and the antibacterial efficiency is up to 99.99% and 98.99% against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. More importantly, Ca-PSS/MOF demonstrate significant heat index changes up to 25.5 °C by reducing relative humidity dramatically from 91.0% to 60.0% and temperature from 36.5 to 31.6 °C during the running test. The practical feasibility of the Ca-PSS/MOF cooling wearables is well proved with the protective suit of the fireman. Owing to these multifunctional merits, the sandwich-structured cooling Ca-PSS/MOF are expected to provide new insights for designing the next-generation multifunctional apparel for PTM.

Gibberellins involved in fruit ripening and softening by mediating multiple hormonal signals in tomato.

The phytohormone ethylene is well known for its important role in the ripening of climacteric fruit, such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). However, the role and mode of action of other plant hormones in climacteric fruit ripening regulation are not fully understood. Here, we showed that exogenous GA treatment or increasing endogenous gibberellin content by overexpressing the gibberellin synthesis gene SlGA3ox2 specifically in fruit tissues delayed tomato fruit ripening, whereas treatment with the GA biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PAC) accelerated fruit ripening. Moreover, exogenous ethylene treatment cannot completely reverse the delayed fruit ripening phenotype. Furthermore, exogenous GA treatment of ethylene signalling mutant Never ripe (Nr) or SlEBF3-overexpressing lines still delayed fruit ripening, suggesting that GA involved in fruit ripening partially depends on ethylene. Transcriptome profiling showed that gibberellin affect the ripening of fruits by modulating the metabolism and signal transduction of multiple plant hormones, such as auxin and abscisic acid, in addition to ethylene. Overall, the results of this study provide new insight into the regulation of gibberellin in fruit ripening through mediating multiple hormone signals.

Autonomous Atmospheric Water Harvesting over a Wide RH Range Enabled by Super Hygroscopic Composite Aerogels.

Sorption-based atmospheric water harvesting (SAWH) offers a sustainable strategy to address the global freshwater shortage. However, obtaining sorbents with excellent performance over a wide relative humidity (RH) range and devices with fully autonomous water production remains challenging. Herein, magnesium chloride (MgCl2) is innovatively converted into super hygroscopic magnesium complexes(MC), which can effectively solve the problems of salt deliquescence and agglomeration. The MC are then integrated with photothermal aerogels composed of sodium alginate and carbon nanotubes (SA/CNTs) to form composite aerogels, which showed high water uptake over a wide RH range, reaching 5.43 and 0.27 kg kg-1 at 95% and 20% RH, respectively. The hierarchical porous structure enables the as-prepared SA/CNTs/MC to exhibit rapid absorption/desorption kinetics with 12 cycles per day at 70% RH, equivalent to a water yield of 10.0 L kg-1 day-1. To further realize continuous and practical freshwater production, a fully solar-driven autonomous atmospheric water generator is designed and constructed with two SA/CNTs/MC-based absorption layers, which can alternately conduct the water absorption/desorption process without any other energy consumption. The design provides a promising approach to achieving autonomous, high-performance, and scalable SAWH.

Copper(II)-infused porphyrin MOF: maximum scavenging GSH for enhanced photodynamic disruption of bacterial biofilm.

Bacterial biofilm infection is a serious obstacle to clinical therapeutics. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) plays a dynamic role in combating biofilm infection by utilizing reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced bacterial oxidation injury, showing advantages of mild side effects, spatiotemporal controllability and little drug resistance. However, superfluous glutathione (GSH) present in biofilm and bacteria corporately reduces ROS levels and seriously affects PDT efficiency. Herein, we have constructed a Cu2+-infused porphyrin metal-organic framework (MOF@Cu2+) for the enhanced photodynamic combating of biofilm infection by the maximum depletion of GSH. Our results show that the released Cu2+ from porphyrin MOF@Cu2+ could not only oxidize GSH in biofilm but also consume GSH leaked from ROS-destroyed bacteria, thus greatly weakening the antioxidant system in biofilm and bacteria and dramatically improving the ROS levels. As expected, our dual-enhanced PDT nanoplatform exhibits a strong biofilm eradication ability both in vitro and in an in vivo biofilm-infected mouse model. In addition, Cu2+ can promote biofilm-infected wound closing by provoking cell immigration, collagen sediment and angiogenesis. Besides, no apparent toxicity was detected after treatment with MOF@Cu2+. Overall, our design offers a new paradigm for photodynamic combating biofilm infection.

Biopolymers for Hygroscopic Material Development.

The effective management of atmospheric water will create huge value for mankind. Diversified and sustainable biopolymers that are derived from organisms provide rich building blocks for various hygroscopic materials. Here, a comprehensive review of recent advances in developing biopolymers for hygroscopic materials is provided. It is begun with a brief introduction of species diversity and the processes of obtaining various biopolymer materials from organisms. The fabrication of hygroscopic materials is then illustrated, with a specific focus on the use of biopolymer-derived materials as substrates to produce composites and the use of biopolymers as building blocks to fabricate composite gels. Next, the representative applications of biopolymer-derived hygroscopic materials for dehumidification, atmospheric water harvesting, and power generation are systematically presented. An outlook on future challenges and key issues worthy of attention are finally provided.

Distinctive species interaction patterns under high nitrite stress shape inefficient denitrifying phosphorus removal performance.

Denitrifying phosphorus removal using nitrite as an electron acceptor is an innovative, resource-efficient approach for nitrogen and phosphorus removal. However, the inhibitory effects of nitrite on anoxic phosphorus uptake and process stability are unclear. This study investigated the total phosphorus removal performance under nitrite stress and analyzed microbiome responses in 186 sludge samples. The results indicated that the total phosphorus removal rates and dominant taxon abundance were highly similar under nitrite stress. High nitrite stress induced a community-state shift, leading to unstable dynamics and decreased total phosphorus removal. This shift resulted from increased species cooperation. Notably, the shared genera OLB8 and Zoogloea under non-inhibitory nitrite stress, suggesting their vital roles in mitigating nitrite stress by enhancing carbon and energy metabolism. The response patterns of these bacterial communities to high nitrite stress can guide the design and optimization of high-nitrogen wastewater reactors.

CD39 identifies a specific CD8 + T cell population in lung adenocarcinoma-related metastatic pleural effusion.

Malignant pleural effusion (MPE), which is a complex microenvironment that contains numerous immune and tumour signals, is common in lung cancer. Gene alterations, such as driver gene mutations, are believed to affect the components of tumour immunity in the microenvironment (TIME) of non-small-cell lung cancer. In this study, we have shown that pleural CD39 + CD8 + T cells are selectively elevated in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) with wild-type epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRwt) compared to those with newly diagnosed mutant EGFR (EGFRmu). Furthermore, these CD39 + CD8 + T cells are more prevalent in MPE with acquired resistance to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (AR-EGFR-TKIs). Our analysis reveals that pleural CD39 + CD8 + T cells exhibit an exhausted phenotype while still retaining cytolytic function. Additionally, they have a higher T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire clonality compared to CD39-CD8 + T cells, which is a unique characteristic of LUAD-related MPE. Further investigation has shown that TCR-Vß clonality tends to be more enhanced in pleural CD39 + CD8 + T cells from MPE with AR-EGFR-TKIs. In summary, we have identified a subset of CD8 + T cells expressing CD39 in MPE, which may potentially be tumour-reactive CD8 + T cells. This study provides new insights into the dynamic immune composition of the EGFRmu tumour microenvironment.

Walnut-Derived Peptide Improves Cognitive Impairment in Colitis Mice Induced by Dextran Sodium Sulfate via the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (MGBA).

In this study, we investigated the protective mechanism of walnut-derived peptide LPLLR (LP-5) against cognitive impairment induced in a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model, with emphasis on the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA). The results revealed that LP-5 could improve the learning ability and memory of mice with cognitive impairment and mitigate colitis symptoms, including weight loss, bloody stools, colon shortening, and histopathological changes. Additionally, LP-5 protected the integrity of the intestinal barrier by promoting the expression of tight junction proteins (TJs) while attenuating colonic inflammation by suppressing proinflammatory cytokine and epithelial cell apoptosis. Western blotting indicated that LP-5 treatment suppressed the inflammatory NF-κB/MLCK/MLC signaling pathway activity. Furthermore, LP-5 ameliorated hippocampal neuron damage and protected blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity by downregulating microglia marker protein Iba-1, increasing TJ protein expression, and restoring the deterioration of synaptic proteins. Importantly, 16S rRNA sequencing results indicated that LP-5 reshaped the abundance of a wide range of gut microbiota at the phylum and genus levels, with increased Prevotella and Akkermansia associated with tryptophan (TRP), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). These findings suggest that LP-5 could maintain intestinal barrier and BBB integrity, reverse gut dysbiosis, and improve learning and memory ability in colitis mice, providing novel insights into alterations of gut microbes in colitis and a potential new mechanism by which it causes cognitive impairment.

Combining local cryoablation with PD-L1 blockade synergistically eradicates established murine lung cancer by modulating mitochondrial in PD-1+CD8+ T cell.

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has shown improvement in overall survival for lung cancer in clinical trials. However, monotherapies have limited efficacy in improving outcomes and benefit only a subset of patients. Combination therapies targeting multiple pathways can augment an immune response to improve survival further. Here, we demonstrate that combinatorial anti-PD-L1/cryoablation therapy generated a synergistic antitumor activity in the established lung cancer model. Importantly, it was observed that this favorable antitumor immune response comes predominantly from the PD-1+CD8+ T cells generated after the combination therapy, referred as improvement of IFN-γ production and mitochondrial metabolism, which resembled highly functional effectors CD8+ T cells. Notably, the cellular levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen and mitochondria mass excessively coincided with alteration of IFN-γ secretion in PD-1+CD8+T cell subset. So far, anti-PD-L1/cryoablation therapy selectively derived the improvement of depolarized mitochondria in PD-1+CD8+T cell subset, subsequently rebuild the anti-tumor function of the exhausted CD8+ T cells. Collectively, there is considerable interest in anti-PD-L1 plus cryoablation combination therapy for patients with lung cancer, and defining the underlying mechanisms of the observed synergy.

A nanozyme-reinforced injectable photodynamic hydrogel for combating biofilm infection.

Bacterial biofilm-associated infectious diseases remain serious menaces to human health. Recently, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has become a prospective strategy for combating biofilm infection. However, anaerobic conditions in a biofilm greatly inhibit its therapeutic efficacy. Here, a nanozyme-reinforced injectable hydrogel is prepared using Ca2+-crosslinked sodium alginate incorporated with photosensitizer-loaded MnO2 nanosheets and CaO2 nanoparticles for O2 self-sufficient PDT to eradicate biofilm infection. In our design, CaO2 reacts with water to produce locally concentrated H2O2, which could be catalyzed by MnO2 nanosheets (catalase-mimic nanozymes) to generate O2 and greatly relieve the hypoxic conditions in the biofilm, thus significantly strengthening PDT efficacy. In vitro assays confirmed that the hybrid hydrogel not only exhibits high-performance bactericidal activity in combating both Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli but also shows great efficacy in eliminating biofilm infection. Moreover, benefiting from its good syringeability, the hybrid hydrogel is prone to fit irregular wounds and exhibits high efficiency in promoting wound healing in a biofilm-infected mice model. Besides, no obvious toxicity is detected in the hybrid hydrogel. Overall, we envision that our designed hydrogel could provide a prospective solution for combating biofilm-associated infections.

Purification, Identification, Chelation Mechanism, and Calcium Absorption Activity of a Novel Calcium-Binding Peptide from Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Protein Hydrolysate.

A novel calcium-binding peptide was purified from peanut protein hydrolysate using gel filtration chromatography and identified using HPLC-MS/MS. Its amino acid sequence was determined as Phe-Pro-Pro-Asp-Val-Ala (FPPDVA, named as FA6) with the calcium-binding capacity of 15.67 ± 0.39 mg/g. Then, the calcium chelating characteristics of FPPDVA were investigated using ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, particle size, and zeta potential. The results showed that FPPDVA interacted with calcium ions, the chelation of calcium ions induced FPPDVA to fold and form a denser structure, the calcium-binding sites may mainly involve oxygen atoms from the carboxyl residues of Asp and Ala, and Phe possessed contact energy and carbonyl residues of Val. Microstructure analysis showed that FPPDVA-calcium chelate exhibited a regularly ordered and tightly aggregated sheets or block structures. Additionally, FPPDVA-calcium chelate had good gastrointestinal digestive stability and thermal stability. The results of everted rat intestinal sac and Caco-2 cell monolayer experiments showed that FPPDVA-calcium chelate could promote calcium absorption and transport through the Cav1.3 and TRPV6 calcium channels. These data suggest that FPPDVA-calcium chelate possesses the potential to be developed and applied as calcium supplement.

Wood Lamella-Inspired Photothermal Stearic Acid-Eutectic Gallium-Indium-Based Phase Change Aerogel for Thermal Management and Infrared Stealth.

Eutectic Gallium-Indium (EGaIn) liquid metal is an emerging phase change metal material, but its low phase transition enthalpy and low light absorption limit its application in photothermal phase change energy storage materials (PCMs) field. Here, based on the dipole layer mechanism, stearic acid (STA)-EGaIn-based PCMs which exhibit extraordinary solar-thermal performance and phase change enthalpy are fabricated by ball milling method. The wood lamella-inspired cellulose-derived aerogel and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2 ) are used to support the PCMs by the capillary force and decrease the interfacial thermal resistance. The resulted PCMs achieved excellent photothermal conversion performance and leakage proof. They  have excellent thermal conductivity of 0.31 W m-1 K-1 (this is increased by 138% as compared with pure STA), and high phase change enthalpy of187.50 J g-1 , which is higher than the most of the reported PCMs. Additionally, the thermal management system and infrared stealth materials based on the PCMs are developed. This work provides a new way to fabricate smart EGaIn-based PCMs for energy storage device thermal management and infrared stealth.

All-Day Multicyclic Atmospheric Water Harvesting Enabled by Polyelectrolyte Hydrogel with Hybrid Desorption Mode.

Sorption-based atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) is a promising approach for mitigating worldwide water scarcity. However, reliable water supply driven by sustainable energy regardless of diurnal variation and weather remains a long-standing challenge. To address this issue, a polyelectrolyte hydrogel sorbent with an optimal hybrid-desorption multicyclic-operation strategy is proposed, achieving all-day AWH and a significant increase in daily water production. The polyelectrolyte hydrogel possesses a large interior osmotic pressure of 659 atm, which refreshes sorption sites by continuously migrating the sorbed water within its interior, and thus enhancing sorption kinetics. The charged polymeric chains coordinate with hygroscopic salt ions, anchoring the salts and preventing agglomeration and leakage, thereby enhancing cyclic stability. The hybrid desorption mode, which couples solar energy and simulated waste heat, introduces a uniform and adjustable sorbent temperature for achieving all-day ultrafast water release. With rapid sorption-desorption kinetics, an optimization model suggests that eight moisture capture-release cycles are capable of achieving high water yield of 2410 mLwater kgsorbent -1 day-1 , up to 3.5 times that of single-cyclic non-hybrid modes. The polyelectrolyte hydrogel sorbent and the coupling with sustainable energy driven desorption mode pave the way for the next-generation AWH systems, significantly bringing freshwater on a multi-kilogram scale closer.

Hygrothermic Wood Actuated Robotic Hand.

Stimulus-responsive actuators play a vital role in the new generation of intelligent systems. However, poor mechanical performance, complicated fabrication processes, and the inability to complex deformation limit their practical applications. Herein, these challenges are overcome via designing a strong hygrothermic wood actuator with asymmetric water affinity. The actuator is readily constructed by sandwiching polypyrrole-coated wood with a Ni complex hygroscopic gel top layer for moisture absorption and a polyimide bottom layer as the water barrier. The resulting hygrothermic wood spontaneously stretches and bends itself in response to moisture and thermal/light stimulation. A robotic hand and a series of grippers made of hygrothermic wood demonstrate dexterous object-hand interactions during grasping and holding, while the reversible hygrothermic property allows the actuator to be potentially applied in fire rescue scenarios to rescue trapped objects. A combination of good mechanical properties, multi-stimulus-response, complex deformation, wide working temperature range, low manufacturing cost, and biocompatibility are simultaneously realized by one device. It is thus believed that such a strong wood actuator will open up a new avenue for building intelligent robotic hand systems.

Genome-wide characterization of the tomato GASA family identifies SlGASA1 as a repressor of fruit ripening.

Gibberellins (GAs) play crucial roles in a wide range of developmental processes and stress responses in plants. However, the roles of GA-responsive genes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit development remain largely unknown. Here, we identify 17 GASA (Gibberellic Acid-Stimulated Arabidopsis) family genes in tomato. These genes encode proteins with a cleavable signal peptide at their N terminus and a conserved GASA domain at their C terminus. The expression levels of all tomato GASA family genes were responsive to exogenous GA treatment, but adding ethylene eliminated this effect. Comprehensive expression profiling of SlGASA family genes showed that SlGASA1 follows a ripening-associated expression pattern, with low expression levels during fruit ripening, suggesting it plays a negative role in regulating ripening. Overexpressing SlGASA1 using a ripening-specific promoter delayed the onset of fruit ripening, whereas SlGASA1-knockdown fruits displayed accelerated ripening. Consistent with their delayed ripening, SlGASA1-overexpressing fruits showed significantly reduced ethylene production and carotenoid contents compared to the wild type. Moreover, ripening-related genes were downregulated in SlGASA1-overexpressing fruits but upregulated in SlGASA1-knockdown fruits compared to the wild type. Yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, transactivation, and DNA pull-down assays indicated that SlGASA1 interacts with the key ripening regulator FRUITFULL1 and represses its activation of the ethylene biosynthesis genes ACS2 and ACO1. Our findings shed new light on the role and mode of action of a GA-responsive gene in tomato fruit ripening.

Imbalance of Circulating Monocyte Subsets in Subjects with Newly Emerged and Recurrent Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia.

OBJECTIVE: Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is one of the most common diseases in the intensive care unit, where the development of disease is closely related with the host immune response. Monocytes play an important role in both innate and adaptive immune system. We aimed to investigate the changes of circulating monocyte subsets in subjects with HAP to explore its value in monitoring HAP. METHODS: In total, 60 HAP patients and 18 healthy individuals were enrolled in this study. Human monocyte subsets are classified into 3 groups: nonclassical (NC), intermediate (ITM), and classical (CL). Also, programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression on circulating monocyte subsets was measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Data showed that the ratio of NC, ITM, and CL among monocytes was comparable between HAP patients and healthy controls (P > .05). There was a remarkable imbalance of NC and CL in newly emerged HAP compared to healthy controls (P < .05), subsequently reaching normalization in recurrent HAP (P > .05). Furthermore, although PD-L1 was seemly constitutively expressed by NC, ITM, and CL groups regardless of disease status, it was noted that PD-L1 was dominantly expressed in the CL group (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Given distinct PD-L1 expression, a shift of CL/NC in newly emerged HAP would constitute an inhibitory anti-pathogen immune response. Normalization of circulating monocyte subsets on recurrence of HAP might be the consequence of immune memory of bacterial infection.

Self-Sustained Programmable Hygroelectronic Interfaces for Humidity-Regulated Hierarchical Information Encryption and Display.

The emerging moisture-driven energy generation (MEG) technology opens up new possibilities for humidity-responsive materials, devices, and interdisciplinary opportunities in fields like information security. However, such potential remains untapped. Here, an original MEG structure with a hygroionic energy-conversion route by selective coating of ionic hygroscopic hydrogels on a carbon black surface is reported. The hygroionic route features a process in which the scavenged energy is stored in the electrical double layers formed at the interfaces between the ionic hydrogel and the carbon nanoparticles. The resultant electrical field developed across the hydrogel-coated wet carbon and the rest of the dry carbon area is thus durably lasted. Based on this unique structure, hygroelectronic information interfaces (HEII) for humidity-regulated information encryption and display are put forward by devising hydrogel patterns on a carbon platform. Further by tuning the hygroscopicity of the ionic hydrogels and incorporating encoding methods (e.g., Morse code), it is demonstrated that the HEII platform is programmable to carry different information in certain humidity ranges. Unlike those conventional anti-counterfeiting methods that optically reveal the hidden information once the required stimulus is provided, the new HEII serves as a hierarchical solution for high-security encryption and display.