Comparative characterization of supragingival plaque microbiomes in malocclusion adult female patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with removable aligners or fixed appliances: a descriptive cross-sectional study.

Objectives: This study aimed to explore the effects of removable aligners and fixed appliances on the supragingival bacterial communities in adult female patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Methods: Supragingival plaque samples from 48 female individuals underwent microbiome analysis (16S rRNA gene sequencing) using PacBio Sequel sequencing. The study included 13 adults without orthodontic treatment needs as the control group (Group C), and 35 patients with comparable initial orthodontic conditions who received treatment at a university clinic in Beijing, China. The treatment involved either traditional fixed brackets (Group B, n = 17) or Invisalign® aligners (Group AT, n = 18). Bioinformatics methods were used for data analysis. Results: From the 48 plaque samples, a total of 334,961 valid reads were obtained, averaging 6,978 sequences per sample. The 16S rDNA sequences were classified into 25,727 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs). Significant variances in alpha and beta diversity among the groups were noted. Group B microbiome exhibited an increased presence of Gram-negative bacteria. At the phylum level, Actinobacteriota was significantly more prevalent in Group C samples, while Bacteroidota was enriched in Group B samples. Family-level relative abundance analysis showed a notable increase in Saccharibacteria (formerly TM7) and Prevotellaceae in Group B. Genus-level analysis revealed a significant rise in Lautropia in Group AT. Fixed orthodontic appliances were linked to oral microbiome changes, notably an enhanced relative abundance of anaerobes, including periodontal pathogens. Conclusion: The observation points to the impact of orthodontic appliance on the oral microbial community, highlighting the difference between traditional braces (Group B) and clear aligners (Group AT)in terms of the predominance of anaerobic and gram negative bacteria. This emphasizes the importance of considering the microbiological effects when choosing orthodontic appliance and underscores the need for tailored oral hygiene practices for individuals undergoing these treatments. This research might provide insights that could assist in the development of innovative cleaning techniques and antibacterial materials.

Fine-regulation of gradient gate-opening in nanoporous crystals for sieving separation of ternary C3 hydrocarbons.

The adsorptive separation of ternary propyne (C3H4)/propylene (C3H6)/propane (C3H8) mixtures is of significant importance due to its energy efficiency. However, achieving this process using an adsorbent has not yet been accomplished. To tackle such a challenge, herein, we present a novel approach of fine-regulation of the gradient of gate-opening in soft nanoporous crystals. Through node substitution, an exclusive gate-opening to C3H4 (17.1 kPa) in NTU-65-FeZr has been tailored into a sequential response of C3H4 (1.6 kPa), C3H6 (19.4 kPa), and finally C3H8 (57.2 kPa) in NTU-65-CoTi, of which the gradient framework changes have been validated by in situ powder X-ray diffractions and modeling calculations. Such a significant breakthrough enables NTU-65-CoTi to sieve the ternary mixtures of C3H4/C3H6/C3H8 under ambient conditions, particularly, highly pure C3H8 (99.9%) and C3H6 (99.5%) can be obtained from the vacuum PSA scheme. In addition, the fully reversible structural change ensures no loss in performance during the cycling dynamic separations. Moving forward, regulating gradient gate-opening can be conveniently extended to other families of soft nanoporous crystals, making it a powerful tool to optimize these materials for more complex applications.

Bernard-Soulier syndrome caused by two novel heterozygous GP1BA gene mutations: a case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Bernard-Soulier syndrome (BSS) is a rare inherited macrothrombocytopenia, usually autosomal recessive, which is characterized by prolonged bleeding, thrombocytopenia, and abnormally large platelets. METHODS: For more than 6 years, we misdiagnosed a patient with BSS without an obvious bleeding tendency as having idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP), prior to obtaining a genetic analysis. On admission, routine hematology showed a platelet count of 30 × 109/L and mean platelet volume (MPV) of 14.0 fL. RESULTS: Whole-exome sequencing revealed two likely pathogenic heterozygous mutations (c.95_101del and c.1012del) in GP1BA. Flow cytometry analysis of platelet membrane glycoproteins indicated that the expression of GP1b was 0.28% of the normal level. Platelet aggregation tests indicated that platelet aggregation was inhibited by ristocetin- (1.7%), ADP- (14.5%), and arachidonic acid- (5.6%) induced platelet aggregation. A literature review identified reports on 53 mutations in the GP1BA gene in 253 patients, 29 mutations in the GP1BB gene in 90 patients, and 32 mutations in the GP9 gene in 114 patients. CONCLUSION: This case report describes two novel gene mutation sites that have not been reported previously, enriching understanding of the GP1BA mutation spectrum.

Gut dysbiosis impairs intestinal renewal and lipid absorption in Scarb2 deficiency-associated neurodegeneration.

Scavenger receptor class B, member 2 (SCARB2) is linked to Gaucher disease (GD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Deficiency in the SCARB2 gene causes progressive myoclonus epilepsy (PME), a rare group of inherited neurodegenerative diseases characterized by myoclonus. We found that Scarb2 deficiency in mice leads to age-dependent dietary lipid malabsorption, accompanied with vitamin E deficiency. Our investigation revealed that Scarb2 deficiency is associated with gut dysbiosis and an altered bile acid pool, leading to hyperactivation of FXR in intestine. Hyperactivation of FXR impairs epithelium renewal and lipid absorption. Patients with SCARB2 mutations have a severe reduction in their vitamin E levels and cannot absorb dietary vitamin E. Finally, inhibiting FXR or supplementing vitamin E ameliorates the neuromotor impairment and neuropathy in Scarb2 knockout mice. These data indicate that gastrointestinal dysfunction is associated with SCARB2 deficiency-related neurodegeneration, and SCARB2-associated neurodegeneration can be improved by addressing the nutrition deficits and gastrointestinal issues.

The Renoprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Human Urine-Derived Stem Cells on Acute Kidney Injury Animals.

BACKGROUND: Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is defined as a sudden loss of kidney function, which is often caused by drugs, toxins, and infections. The large spectrum of AKI implies diverse pathophysiological mechanisms. In many cases, AKI can be lethal, and kidney replacement therapy is frequently needed. However, current treatments are not satisfying. Developing novel therapies for AKI is essential. Adult stem cells possess regenerative ability and play an important role in medical research and disease treatment. METHODS: In this study, we isolated and characterized a distinct human urine-derived stem cell, which expressed both proximal tubular cell and mesenchymal stem cell genes as well as certain unique genes. RESULTS: It was found that these cells exhibited robust protective effects on tubular cells and anti- inflammatory effects on macrophages in vitro. In an ischemia-reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury NOD-SCID mouse model, transplantation of USCs significantly protected the kidney morphology and functions in vivo. CONCLUSION: In summary, our results highlighted the effectiveness of USCs in protecting from PTC injury and impeding macrophage polarization, as well as the secretion of pro-inflammatory interleukins, suggesting the potential of USCs as a novel cell therapy in AKI.

Diffusion-rate sieving of propylene and propane mixtures in a cooperatively dynamic porous crystal.

Selective molecular recognition is an important alternative to the energy-intensive industrial separation process. Porous coordination polymers (PCPs) offer designing platforms for gas separation because they possess precise controllability over structures at the molecular level. However, PCPs-based gas separations are dominantly achieved using strong adsorptive sites for thermodynamic recognition or pore-aperture control for size sieving, which suffer from insufficient selectivity or sluggish kinetics. Developing PCPs that work at high temperatures and feature both high uptake capacity and selectivity is urgently required but remains challenging. Herein, we report diffusion-rate sieving of propylene/propane (C3H6/C3H8) at 300 K by constructing a PCP material whose global and local dynamics cooperatively govern the adsorption process via the mechanisms of the gate opening for C3H6 and the diffusion regulation for C3H8, respectively, yielding substantial differences in both uptake capacity and adsorption kinetics. Dynamic separation of an equimolar C3H6/C3H8 mixture reveals outstanding sieving performance with a C3H6 purity of 99.7% and a separation factor of 318.

Modular Design of Highly Stable Semiconducting Porous Coordination Polymer for Efficient Electrosynthesis of Ammonia.

Developing highly stable porous coordination polymers (PCPs) with integrated electrical conductivity is crucial for advancing our understanding of electrocatalytic mechanisms and the structure-activity relationship of electrocatalysts. However, achieving this goal remains a formidable challenge because of the electrochemical instability observed in most PCPs. Herein, we develop a "modular design" strategy to construct electrochemically stable semiconducting PCP, namely, Fe-pyNDI, which incorporates a chain-type Fe-pyrazole metal cluster and π-stacking column with effective synergistic effects. The three-dimensional electron diffraction (3D ED) technique resolves the precise structure. Both theoretical and experimental investigation confirms that the π-stacking column in Fe-pyNDI can provide an efficient electron transport path and enhance the structural stability of the material. As a result, Fe-pyNDI can serve as an efficient model electrocatalyst for nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) to ammonia with a superior ammonia yield of 339.2 µmol h-1 cm-2 (14677 µg h-1 mgcat. -1) and a faradaic efficiency of 87 % at neutral electrolyte, which is comparable to state-of-the-art electrocatalysts. The in-situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) reveals that during the reaction, the structure of Fe-pyNDI can be kept, while part of the Fe3+ in Fe-pyNDI was reduced in situ to Fe2+, which serves as the potential active species for NO3RR.

Experimental Study on the Skyhook Control of a Magnetorheological Torsional Vibration Damper.

This study proposes a dual-coil magnetorheological torsional vibration damper (MRTVD) and verifies the effectiveness of semi-active damping control to suppress the shaft system's torsional vibration via experimental research. Firstly, the mechanical model of the designed MRTVD and its coupling mechanical model with the rotating shaft system are established. Secondly, the torsional response of the shaft system is obtained via resonance experiments, and the influence of the current on the torsional characteristics of the magnetorheological torsional damper is analyzed. Finally, the MRTVD is controlled using the skyhook control approach. The experimental results demonstrate that when the main shaft passes through the critical speed range at various accelerations, the amplitude of the shaft's torsional vibration decreases by more than 15%, and the amplitude of the shaft's torsional angular acceleration decreases by more than 22%. These conclusions validate the inhibitory effect of MRTVD on the main shaft's torsional vibrations under skyhook control.

Nonradical Surface Chemistry Mechanisms for Catalytic Nanoparticles.

All radical-detecting methods using trapping agents, which are originally developed for homogeneous reaction systems, may not be applicable to systems with solid surfaces. This is because false radical signals can be generated in the presence of solid surfaces. An extra selectivity study following the trapping agent experiment may help in distinguishing between the true and false radical signals. Surface chemistry mechanisms are superior to free-radical mechanisms in not only correctly understanding the reaction selectivity previously reported for catalytic nanoparticles but also developing theoretical models for the computational design of solid catalysts in the future.

ST218 Klebsiella pneumoniae became a high-risk clone for multidrug resistance and hypervirulence.

BACKGROUND: The occurrence of multidrug-resistant and hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (MDR-hvKp) worldwide poses a great challenge for public health. Few studies have focused on ST218 MDR-hvKp. METHODS: Retrospective genomic surveillance was conducted at the Peking University Third Hospital from 2017 and clinical information was obtained. To understand genomic and microbiological characteristics, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, plasmid conjugation and stability, biofilm formation, serum killing, growth curves and whole-genome sequencing were performed. We also assessed the clinical and microbiological characteristics of ST218 compared with ST23. RESULTS: A total of eleven ST218 Kp isolates were included. The most common infection type was lower respiratory tract infection (72.7%, 8/11) in our hospital, whereas ST23 hvKp (72.7%, 8/11) was closely associated with bloodstream infection. Notably, nosocomial infections caused by ST218 (54.5%, 6/11) was slightly higher than ST23 (36.4%, 4/11). All of the ST218 and ST23 strains presented with the virulence genes combination of iucA + iroB + peg344 + rmpA + rmpA2. Interestingly, the virulence score of ST218 was lower than ST23, whereas one ST218 strain (pPEKP3107) exhibited resistance to carbapenems, cephalosporins, ß-lactamase/inhibitors and quinolones and harbored an ~ 59-kb IncN type MDR plasmid carrying resistance genes including blaNDM-1, dfrA14 and qnrS1. Importantly, blaNDM-1 and qnrS1 were flanked with IS26 located within the plasmid that could successfully transfer into E. coli J53. Additionally, PEKP2044 harbored an ~ 41-kb resistance plasmid located within tetA indicating resistance to doxycycline. CONCLUSION: The emergence of blaNDM-1 revealed that there is great potential for ST218 Kp to become a high-risk clone for MDR-hvKp, indicating the urgent need for enhanced genomic surveillance.

[Application of bioactive ceramics iRoot BP Plus® in pulpotomy for complicated crown fracture of immature permanent anterior teeth in children].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical and radiographic effectiveness of a calcium silicate-based bioactive ceramic iRoot BP Plus® pulpotomy of immature permanent teeth with complicated crown fracture and to evaluate the factors influencing its long-term success rate. METHODS: The digital medical records of patients under 13 years old who had undergone iRoot BP Plus® pulpotomy in the Department of Oral Emergency or the First Clinical Division, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology from March 2017 to September 2022 due to complicated crown fracture of anterior teeth, and had taken at least one post-operation apical radiograph were reviewed. The clinical and radiographic information at the initial examination and follow-up period were obtained, including crown color, mobility, percussion, cold test (partial pulpotomy teeth), dental restoration, fistula, swelling or inflammation of the gingival tissue, the formation of apical foramen, pathologic radiolucency and calcification of pulp chamber or root canal obliteration. Data were tested by Fisher exact test and a multiple comparison. RESULTS: In the study, 64 patients including 37 males (57.8%) and 27 females (42.2%) with a mean age of 9.1 years : ere finally enrolled. The total number of permanent teeth that received pulpotomy was 75, and the average follow-up time was 19.3 months. The success rate was 93.1% with the time interval between dental injury and treatment in 24 h, while the success rate dropped to 88.2% with the time intervals beyond 24 h. The time intervals did not significantly affect the pulp survival rate (P=0.61) after pulpotomy (partial or coronal). The success rate 6 months after pulpotomy was 96. 0%, and one-year success rate was 94. 7%. A total of 23 cases were reviewed for more than 2 years after pulpotomy, and 6 cases failed. The mobility had no significant effect on the success rate (P=0.28). Pulp chamber calcification and pulp canal obli-teration were not observed in all the post-operative radiographs. CONCLUSION: The one year clinical and radiographic success rates obtained in this study indicate that iRoot BP Plus® is an appropriate pulp capping material option for pulpotomy treatment of complicated crown fracture in immature permanent teeth without displacement injuries. This technique has broad promotional value.

Deep proteomic analysis of obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome by DIA-MS of extracellular vesicle enriched fractions.

Proteins in the plasma/serum mirror an individual's physiology. Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) proteins constitute a large portion of the plasma/serum proteome. Thus, deep and unbiased proteomic analysis of circulating plasma/serum extracellular vesicles holds promise for discovering disease biomarkers as well as revealing disease mechanisms. We established a workflow for simple, deep, and reproducible proteome analysis of both serum large and small EVs enriched fractions by ultracentrifugation plus 4D-data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry (4D-DIA-MS). In our cohort study of obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome (OAPS), 4270 and 3328 proteins were identified from large and small EVs enriched fractions respectively. Both of them revealed known or new pathways related to OAPS. Increased levels of von Willebrand factor (VWF) and insulin receptor (INSR) were identified as candidate biomarkers, which shed light on hypercoagulability and abnormal insulin signaling in disease progression. Our workflow will significantly promote our understanding of plasma/serum-based disease mechanisms and generate new biomarkers.

Constructing gradient reflection and scattering porous framework in composite aerogels for enhanced microwave absorption.

Developing high-performance microwave absorption (MA) materials becomes an urgent concern in the field of electromagnetic protection. Constructing porous framework is an efficient approach to MA owing to the abilities of adjusting impedance matching and providing more reflection and scattering paths for electromagnetic waves. Herein, a cellulose nanofibril (CNF)/honeycomb-like carbon-shell encapsulated FeCoNi@C/carbon nanotube (CNT) composite aerogel was fabricated via a facile freeze-drying method. The super-lightweight composites showed a distinctive gradient structure for reflection and scattering inside aerogel pores, micrometer small pores, and nano-fillers on the pore walls. The composite aerogel showed an ideal minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of -43.6 dB and remarkable adjustable effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 12.18 GHz due to good impedance matching, unique gradient porous structure, and synergies of multiple loss mechanisms. Therefore, this work will provide a viable strategy to improve the MA capability of absorbers by taking full advantage of constructing gradient reflection and scattering porous structure.

Switching molecular recognition selectivities by temperature in a diffusion-regulatory porous material.

Over the long history of evolution, nature has developed a variety of biological systems with switchable recognition functions, such as the ion transmissibility of biological membranes, which can switch their ion selectivities in response to diverse stimuli. However, developing a method in an artificial host-guest system for switchable recognition of specific guests upon the change of external stimuli is a fundamental challenge in chemistry because the order in the host-guest affinity of a given system hardly varies along with environmental conditions. Herein, we report temperature-responsive recognition of two similar gaseous guests, CO2 and C2H2, with selectivities switched by temperature change by a diffusion-regulatory mechanism, which is realized by a dynamic porous crystal featuring ultrasmall pore apertures with flip-flop locally-motive organic moiety. The dynamic local motion regulates the diffusion process of CO2 and C2H2 and amplifies their rate differences, allowing the crystal to selectively adsorb CO2 at low temperatures and C2H2 at high temperatures with separation factors of 498 (CO2/C2H2) and 181 (C2H2/CO2), respectively.

A natural biogenic nanozyme for scavenging superoxide radicals.

Biominerals, the inorganic minerals of organisms, are known mainly for their physical property-related functions in modern living organisms. Our recent discovery of the enzyme-like activities of nanomaterials, coined as nanozyme, inspires the hypothesis that nano-biominerals might function as enzyme-like catalyzers in cells. Here we report that the iron cores of biogenic ferritins act as natural nanozymes to scavenge superoxide radicals. Through analyzing eighteen representative ferritins from three living kingdoms, we find that the iron core of prokaryote ferritin possesses higher superoxide-diminishing activity than that of eukaryotes. Further investigation reveals that the differences in catalytic capability result from the iron/phosphate ratio changes in the iron core, which is mainly determined by the structures of ferritins. The phosphate in the iron core switches the iron core from single crystalline to amorphous iron phosphate-like structure, resulting in decreased affinity to the hydrogen proton of the ferrihydrite-like core that facilitates its reaction with superoxide in a manner different from that of ferric ions. Furthermore, overexpression of ferritins with high superoxide-diminishing activities in E. coli increases the resistance to superoxide, whereas bacterioferritin knockout or human ferritin knock-in diminishes free radical tolerance, highlighting the physiological antioxidant role of this type of nanozymes.

Integrated Computational and Experimental Framework for Inverse Screening of Candidate Antibacterial Nanomedicine.

Nanomedicine is promising for disease prevention and treatment, but there are still many challenges that hinder its rapid development. A major challenge is to efficiently seek candidates with the desired therapeutic functions from tremendously available materials. Here, we report an integrated computational and experimental framework to seek alloy nanoparticles from the Materials Project library for antibacterial applications, aiming to learn the inverse screening concept from traditional medicine for nanomedicine. Because strong peroxidase-like catalytic activity and weak toxicity to normal cells are the desired material properties for antibacterial usage, computational screening implementing theoretical prediction models of catalytic activity and cytotoxicity is first conducted to select the candidates. Then, experimental screening based on scanning probe block copolymer lithography is used to verify and refine the computational screening results. Finally, the best candidate AuCu3 is synthesized in solution and its antibacterial performance over other nanoparticles against S. aureus and E. coli. is experimentally confirmed. The results show the power of inverse screening in accelerating the research and development of antibacterial nanomedicine, which may inspire similar strategies for other nanomedicines in the future.

Digital workflow for proximal adjustment of teeth adjacent to implant-supported fixed restorations using a predesigned computer-aided grinding guide.

Clinically, the proximal surfaces of teeth adjacent to an implant restoration usually need to be adjusted to build a preferable adjacency relationship. However, it is difficult for freehand preparation to get a favorable proximal contour in some cases. In the workflow presented here, virtual grinding can be made to adjacent teeth, under the consideration of functional reconstruction and biological requirements, and then the grinding can be implemented using digital templates and a specialized bur. This allows for more precise and accurate adjustments to be made during the clinical procedure, reducing the risk of over- or under-preparation of the proximal surfaces. In addition, the use of specialized diamond burs and grinding guides can make the procedure more efficient and streamlined, reducing the time required for proximal adjustment and minimizing patient discomfort. The resulting implant-supported prosthesis is more likely to function properly and last longer, as the precise proximal contacts can help distribute occlusal forces more evenly across the dentition. Overall, the use of digital technology for precise adjustment of proximal contacts during implant restorations represents an important advancement in modern dentistry, enabling dentists to provide their patients with more accurate, efficient, and effective dental care.

Surface Ligand Engineering Ruthenium Nanozyme Superior to Horseradish Peroxidase for Enhanced Immunoassay.

Nanozymes have great potential to be used as an alternative to natural enzymes in a variety of fields. However, low catalytic activity compared with natural enzymes limits their practical use. It is still challenging to design nanozymes comparable to their natural counterparts in terms of the specific activity. In this study, a surface engineering strategy is employed to improve the specific activity of Ru nanozymes using charge-transferrable ligands such as polystyrene sulfonate (PSS). PSS-modified Ru nanozyme exhibits a peroxidase-like specific activity of up to 2820 U mg-1 , which is twice that of horseradish peroxidase (1305 U mg-1 ). Mechanism studies suggest that PSS readily accepts negative charge from Ru, thus reducing the affinity between Ru and ·OH. Importantly, the modified Ru-peroxidase nanozyme is successfully used to develop an immunoassay for human alpha-fetoprotein and achieves a 140-fold increase in detection sensitivity compared with traditional horseradish-peroxidase-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Therefore, this work provides a feasible route to design nanozymes with high specific activity that meets the practical use as an alternative to natural enzymes.

Proteomics of Serum Samples for the Exploration of the Pathological Mechanism of Obstetric Antiphospholipid Syndrome.

Obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome (OAPS) is a multisystem disorder characterized by thrombosis or recurrent fetal loss. In this study, we aim to explore the pathological mechanism of OAPS. Herein, we carried out data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry quantitative proteomic analysis of serum samples from OAPS patients and healthy controls. A set of 93 differentially expressed proteins was identified, including 75 upregulated and 18 downregulated proteins compared with the levels in controls. Those proteins are enriched in KEGG pathways related to autoimmune diseases, allergic diseases, and pathogen infection. Interestingly, metabolic pathways such as fatty acid degradation and type I diabetes were enriched, indicating that OAPS is metabolic disease related. The significantly increased triglyceride also supported this idea. The differentially expressed proteins insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), C-reactive protein (CRP), and ferritin light chain (FTL) were validated by ELISA. Our study presented a deep serum proteomics of OAPS and advanced our understanding of OAPS pathogenesis.

Highly stretchable polyvinyl alcohol composite conductive hydrogel sensors reinforced by cellulose nanofibrils and liquid metal for information transmission.

Conductive hydrogels have received widespread attention in the field of flexible sensors. However, a single network structure inside the hydrogel sensor usually makes it difficult to bear larger mechanical loadings, greatly limiting practical applications. Developing a recoverable conductive hydrogel sensor with high toughness and adaptability is still challenging. Herein, a high-performance polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based conductive composite hydrogel was constructed, assisted by green cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), ethylene glycol (EG), and liquid metal (LM). The synergistic effects between CNFs and LM enhanced the network structure inside the recoverable hydrogel. This resulted in an excellent tensile strength of 3.86 MPa with an elongation at break of as high as 918.4 % and compressive strength of 4.04 MPa at 80 % strain. In addition, the conductive network composed of MgCl2 and LM endowed the hydrogel good electrical conductivity. Moreover, it could be used as a flexible strain sensor for various application scenarios, e.g., micro-stress monitoring (water droplet falling) and information encryption transmission of Morse code. Such uniqueness will provide a design strategy for developing a new generation of hydrogel sensors.