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Objective:To explore the clinical characteristics, drug resistance and the serotype distribution of the isolates from peadiatric patients with pneumococcal meningitis (PM).Methods:Clinical data, follow-up outcomes, drug susceptibility of isolated strains and serotyping results of 72 children diagnosed as PM and hospitalized in Beijing Children′s Hospital, Capital Medical University, from January 2012 to December 2017 were retrospectively analyzed, and the independent risk factors of mortality in the PM patients were analyzed.Results:There were 46 males and 26 females.In 72 PM cases, with the age ranging from 1 month to 9 years, and hospital stay from 1 to 363 days(median, 22.0 d). A total of 71 cases (98.6%) had community-acquired infections.There were 28 cases (38.9%) with definite underlying diseases, the top 3 of which were cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea(6 cases), head trauma (4 cases)and immunodeficiency diseases (4 cases). Fever (72 cases, 100.0%) was the most common clinical symptom, followed by depression of spirit, change of consciousness (46 cases, 63.9%), vomitting (45 cases, 62.5%), convulsion (42 cases, 58.3%), increased tension of anterior fontanelle (27 cases, 37.5%) and headache (17 cases, 23.6%) .There were 44 cases (61.1%) of neurological complications, including 29 cases (40.3%) of subdural effusion.Bacterial meningitis recurred in 2 cases, both of which were recurrent Streptococcus pneumoniae infection.The intracranial infections were divided into meningitis (43.1%, 31/72 cases) and meningoencephalitis (56.9%, 41/72 cases) .The penicillin nonsensitive rate of meningitis isolates was 74.3%, and their resistance rate to Erythromycin, Clindamycin and Tetracycline were 95.7%, 95.7% and 89.1%, respectively.All meningitis isolates were susceptible to Levofloxacin, Vancomycin and Linezolid.The serotypes of 24 cases (33.3%) were identified, among which 8 strains were type 19F (33.4%), 5 strains were type 14, 4 strains were type 23F, 3 strains were type 6A, 2 strains were type 19A, 1 strain was type 1 and 1 strain was type 15B, with a 13-valent protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine (PCV13) coverage rate of 95.8%(23/24 strains). Among all children that were followed up, 51 cases got better, 21 cases (case fatality rate was 29.2%) were confirmed dead, and 21 children (29.2%) had sequelae.The multiva-riate Logistic regression analysis suggested that respiratory failure and peripheral blood white blood cell count <4×10 9/L were independent risk factors for death of children with PM(all P<0.05). Conclusions:Most PM cases in this center are children under 5 years old.Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea, head trauma and immunodeficiency diseases are common underlying diseases in children with PM.Respiratory failure or peripheral blood leukopenia during the course of the disease may indicate a poor prognosis.
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Objective To evaluate the application of partial cpsA-cpsB serotype prediction system as a serotyping method for streptococcus pneumonia.Methods Ninety-four isolates in this study were provided by Microorganism Research Room of Beijing Pediatric Research Institution,Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University.The quelling test was applied to determine gold standard of serotypes of isolates.Polymerase chain reaction (PCR),sequencing,sequence data management and alignment were implemented previously.Results Eighty-three out of all 94 isolates were serotyped by quelling reaction,and 11 isolates were non-serotype isolates.Among the 83 isolates,67 (80.72％) isolates got positive PCR results and 60 (89.55％)isolates got results consistent with gold standard or containing gold standard.Among 12 isolates belonging to 19F,10 isolates were correctly predicted,and 2 isolates were predicted to be 6A,23F/10A.Among 19 isolates belonging to serotype 19A,1 isolate was predicted to be 35 F/47F,and the other 18 isolates were correctly predicted.Among 10 isolates belonging to serotype 14,9 isolates got results consistent with gold standard,and 1 isolate was predicted to be 19A.All 7 isolates belonging to serotype 6B were predicted to be 6A/6B and 4 isolates belonging to 23F were predicted to be 23F/10A.3 of 11 (27.27％) non-serotype isolates got positive PCR results and were predicted to be 6A/6C,6A/6B,19A.Conclusions Partial cpsA-cpsB sequencing system is a useful method for detecting streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes.
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Objective To evaluate the post-puncture complications in children,and to evaluate the difference in the occurrence rate of headache and backache between patients who had 1 hour of supine recumbency and those who had 4 hours of supine recumbency,to provide evidence for the standardized lumbar puncture (LP) procedure of children.Methods Inpatients who were older than 3 and had diagnostic LP in the course of their treatment between Nov.2012 and Apr.2013 were enrolled.The LP was performed by the same investigator under the standardized institutional guideline for LP and the information of number of LP attempts,duration of LP and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage volume were recorded.After the procedure,all the children were randomly assigned into 2 groups:the test group had supine recumbency for 1 hour after LP,and the control group had it for 4 hours.For the first 5 days following LP,reports of headache and backache were recorded by another physician who didn't participate in this study.The difference in the occurrence rate of headache and backache between test group and control group was assessed by the chi-square test or Fisher's probabilities in 2 × 2 table.And a Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the risk factors for the occurrence of the headache and backache.Results The overall frequency of headache was 4.6％ (4/87 cases).The frequency of headache was not significantly different between the test group (2.4％) and control group (6.7％) (P =0.617).And the overall frequency of backache was 19.5 ％ (17/87 cases),and it was not significantly different between the 2 groups (test group:21.4％,control group:17.8 ％,P =0.668).In a Logistic regression analysis,age (P =0.011,OR:6.884,95％ CI:1.398-33.906) and the previous history of lumbar puncture (P =0.018,0R:0.126,95 ％ CI:0.026-0.618) were significant risk factors for the occurrence of backache.The risk of backache in children with more than 2 times of LP was decreased.And the risk was higher in the children older than 6 years than those younger than 6 years.Conclusions Headache and backache were the most frequent post-puncture complications in children.There was no difference between short duration (1 hour) of supine recumbency and long duration (4 hours) in preventing the occurrence of headache and backache after LP.
