ABSTRACT
Neuroinflammation has been proven to drive cognitive impairment associated with neurodegenerative diseases. It has been demonstrated that mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with cognitive impairment caused by neuroinflammation. We hypothesized that the transfer of exogenous mitochondria may be beneficial to the therapy of cognitive impairment induced by neuroinflammation. In the study, the effect of exogenous mitochondria on cognitive impairment induced by neuroinflammation was investigated. The results showed that mitochondrial treatment ameliorated the cognitive performance of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice. Additionally, mitochondrial therapy attenuated neuronal injury and down-regulated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and pro- and cleaved IL-1ß, and the expression of Iba-1 and GFAP in the hippocampus and cortex of LPS-treated mice. Additionally, mitochondrial treatment increased mitochondrial ΔΨm, ATP level, and SOD activity and attenuated MDA level and ROS production in the brains of LPS-treated mice. The study reports the beneficial effect of mitochondrial treatment against cognitive impairment of LPS-treated mice, thereby providing a potential strategy for the treatment of cognitive impairment caused by neuroinflammation.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a vital role in the progression of vascular dementia (VaD). We hypothesized that transfer of exogenous mitochondria might be a beneficial strategy for VaD treatment. OBJECTIVE: The study was aimed to investigate the role of mitochondrial therapy in cognitive function of VaD. METHODS: The activity and integrity of isolated mitochondria were detected using MitoTracker and Janus Green B staining assays. After VaD mice were intravenously injected with exogenous mitochondria, Morris water maze and passive avoidance tests were used to detect cognitive function of VaD mice. Haematoxylin and eosin, Nissl, TUNEL, and Golgi staining assays were utilized to measure neuronal and synaptic injury in the hippocampus of VaD mice. Detection kits were performed to detect mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ), SOD activity and the levels of ATP, ROS, and MDA in the brains of VaD mice. RESULTS: The results showed that isolated mitochondria were intact and active. Mitochondrial therapy could ameliorate cognitive performance of VaD mice. Additionally, mitochondrial administration could attenuate hippocampal neuronal and synaptic injury, improve mitochondrial ΔΨ, ATP level and SOD activity, and reduce ROS and MDA levels in the brains of VaD mice. CONCLUSIONS: The study reports profitable effect of mitochondrial therapy against cognitive impairment of VaD, making mitochondrial treatment become a promising therapeutic strategy for VaD.
Subject(s)
Cognitive Dysfunction , Dementia, Vascular , Mice , Animals , Dementia, Vascular/metabolism , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Cognition , Cognitive Dysfunction/metabolism , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism , Mitochondria , Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism , Maze Learning/physiology , Hippocampus/metabolismABSTRACT
Enhancement of oxidative stress and resultant neuronal injury play important roles in initiating cognitive impairment during the aging process. Thus, attenuating oxidative injury is regarded as a profitable therapeutic strategy for age-associated cognitive impairment. Previous studies showed that gliclazide (Gli) had a protective role in neuronal injury from cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, whether Gli has a profitable effect on age-associated cognitive impairment remains largely unclear. The present study showed that Gli held the potential to attenuate neuronal apoptosis in D-gal-induced senescent cells and aging mice. Additionally, Gli could alleviate synaptic injury and cognitive function in D-gal-induced aging mice. Further study showed that Gli could attenuate oxidative stress in D-gal-induced senescent cells and aging mice. The p38 MAPK pathway was predicted as the downstream target of Gli retarding oxidative stress using in silico analysis. Further studies revealed that Gli attenuated D-gal-induced phosphorylation of p38 and facilitated Nrf2 nuclear expression, indicating that the anti-oxidative property of Gli may be associated with the p38 MAPK pathway. The study demonstrates that Gli has a beneficial effect on ameliorating D-gal-induced neuronal injury and cognitive impairment, making this compound a promising agent for the prevention and treatment of age-associated cognitive impairment.
ABSTRACT
Increasing scientific evidence demonstrates that the gut microbiota influences normal physiological homeostasis and contributes to pathogenesis, ranging from obesity to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Gut microbiota can interact with the central nervous system (CNS) through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. The interaction is mediated by microbial secretions, metabolic interventions, and neural stimulation. Here, we review and summarize the regulatory pathways (immune, neural, neuroendocrine, or metabolic systems) in the microbiota-gut-brain axis in AD pathogenesis. Besides, we highlight the significant roles of the intestinal epithelial barrier and blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the microbiota-gut-brain axis. During the progression of AD, there is a gradual shift in the gut microbiota and host co-metabolic relationship, leading to gut dysbiosis, and the imbalance of microbial secretions and metabolites, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These products may affect the CNS metabolic state and immune balance through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Further, we summarize the potential microbiota-gut-brain axis-targeted therapy including carbohydrates, probiotics, dietary measures, and propose new strategies toward the development of anti-AD drugs. Taken together, the data in this review suggest that remodeling the gut microbiota may present a tractable strategy in the management and development of new therapeutics against AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
ABSTRACT
Objective Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. The pathophysiology of the disease mostly remains unearthed, thereby challenging drug development for AD. This study aims to screen high throughput gene expression data using weighted co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to explore the potential therapeutic targets.Methods The dataset of GSE36980 was obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Normalization, quality control, filtration, and soft-threshold calculation were carried out before clustering the co-expressed genes into different modules. Furthermore, the correlation coefficients between the modules and clinical traits were computed to identify the key modules. Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analyses were performed on the key module genes. The STRING database was used to construct the protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, which were further analyzed by Cytoscape app (MCODE). Finally, validation of hub genes was conducted by external GEO datasets of GSE 1297 and GSE 28146.Results Co-expressed genes were clustered into 27 modules, among which 6 modules were identified as the key module relating to AD occurrence. These key modules are primarily involved in chemical synaptic transmission (GO:0007268), the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and respiratory electron transport (R-HSA-1428517). WDR47, OXCT1, C3orf14, ATP6V1A, SLC25A14, NAPB were found as the hub genes and their expression were validated by external datasets.Conclusions Through modules co-expression network analyses and PPI network analyses, we identified the hub genes of AD, including WDR47, OXCT1, C3orf14, ATP6V1A, SLC25A14 and NAPB. Among them, three hub genes (ATP6V1A, SLC25A14, OXCT1) might contribute to AD pathogenesis through pathway of TCA cycle.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy , Alzheimer Disease/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation , Gene Regulatory Networks , Databases, Genetic , Gene Ontology , Humans , Protein Interaction Maps , Quantitative Trait, Heritable , Reproducibility of ResultsABSTRACT
Oxidative stress plays a vital role in the initiation and progression of age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Ameliorating oxidative damage is therefore considered as a beneficial strategy for the treatment of age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Probucol (Prob), a lipid-lowering prototype agent, was reported to treat cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease and diabetes mellitus. However, whether Prob has an effect on age-related neurodegenerative diseases remains unknown. In the study, it was found that Prob ameliorated D-galactose (D-gal) induced cognitive deficits and neuronal loss in the hippocampal CA1 region. Moreover, Prob alleviated ROS and MDA levels by elevating SOD, GSH-PX and HO-1 mRNA and protein expressions, and improving plasmic and cerebral SOD and GSH-PX activities in D-gal treated mice. Furthermore, Prob promoted the dissociation of Keap1/Nrf2 complex leading to the accumulation of Nrf2 in nucleus, implying that the improved anti-oxidant property of Prob is mediated by Keap1/Nrf2 pathway. The study firstly demonstrates the favorable effects of Prob against cognitive impairments in a senescent mouse model, rendering this compound a promising agent for the treatment or prevention of age-related neurodegenerative disease.
Subject(s)
Cognition Disorders , Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1/metabolism , NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism , Probucol/pharmacology , Animals , Anticholesteremic Agents/pharmacology , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Cognition Disorders/drug therapy , Cognition Disorders/metabolism , Cognition Disorders/prevention & control , Disease Models, Animal , Mice , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Oxidative Stress/physiology , Signal Transduction/drug effectsABSTRACT
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play vital roles in AD pathogenesis. Thus, developing therapeutic candidates targeting circRNA may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for AD treatment. Our previous studies showed that Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) could significantly prohibit the pathological progress of AD. However, the mechanisms by which PNS attenuates AD progression is still unclear. The present study shows that PNS may exhibit an ability to modulate the expression of AD-associated circRNAs. Specifically, PNS treatment leads to five circRNAs upregulation and two circRNAs downregulation, indicating that the therapeutic effect of PNS against AD may be associated with its role in the regulation of circRNA expression. Next, mmu_circRNA_013636 and mmu_circRNA_012180 were selected and GO and KEGG analyses were performed to further investigate the biological functions and potential mechanisms of these circRNAs. The results showed that the selected circRNAs were involved in AD-associated biological process and pathways, suggesting that these circRNAs may participate in AD pathogenesis. Collectively, our study indicates that the therapeutic effects of PNS on AD may be through modulating the expression of AD associated circRNAs and suggests that PNS is a potential circRNA-targeted agent against AD, which may provide useful resources for developing potential candidates targeting circRNAs against AD.
ABSTRACT
Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a novel kind of non-coding RNA, have received increasing attention for their involvement in pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, few studies have reported in the characterization and function of AD associated circRNAs. Here the expression profiles of circRNAs in 5- and 10-month-old SAMP8 mice were identified using circRNA microarray and found that 85 dysregulated circRNAs were observed in 10-month-old SAMP8 versus control mice and 231 circRNAs exhibited differential expression in 10-month-old SAMP8 versus 5-month-old SAMP8. One most significantly dysregulated circRNA, mmu_circRNA_017963, was select for Gene Oncology (GO) and pathway analysis. The results showed that mmu_circRNA_017963 was strongly related with autophagosome assembly, exocytosis, apoptotic process, transport and RNA splicing and highly associated with synaptic vesicle cycle, spliceosome, glycosaminoglycan and SNARE interactions in vesicular transport pathways. Collectively, this study was the first to describe circRNAs expression in different ages of SAMP8 and will contribute to the understanding of the regulatory roles of circRNAs in AD pathogenesis and provide a valuable resource for the diagnosis and therapy of AD.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/genetics , MicroRNAs/metabolism , RNA/metabolism , Animals , Disease Models, Animal , Down-Regulation , Gene Expression Profiling , Humans , Mice , RNA, Circular , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Up-RegulationABSTRACT
Chinese medicine has been used for Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment for thousands of years with more effective and fewer side effects. Therefore, developing effective potential candidates from Chinese medicine against AD would be considered as critical and efficient therapy for AD treatment. This study was designed to evaluate the neuronal protective effect of fraction n-butanol (NB) of Radix Notoginseng on Aß25-35-induced PC12 cells, explore the effect of the tested fraction on spatial learning and memory, and characterize the impacts of fraction NB on antioxidant enzymes, Aß production, and APP and BACE1 expressions. The results revealed that fraction NB could promote proliferation of PC12 cells and protect and rescue PC12 cells from Aß25-35-induced cell death. Moreover, fraction NB could improve spatial learning and memory impairments of senescence-accelerated prone8 (SAMP8) mice and attenuate oxidative stress and reduce the production of Aß by inhibiting the expressions of APP and BACE1 in the brains of SAMP8 mice. The result of single dose acute toxicity assay showed that fraction NB had a mild toxicity in vivo. The pronounced actions against AD and in vivo low toxicity of fraction NB suggest that fraction NB may be a useful alternative to the current AD treatment.
ABSTRACT
To establish the integration of Alzheimer's disease(AD) and blood stasis syndrome tree shrew model. Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) was used to intervene the model to testify the stability of the model. The level of blood stasis of each group in the tree shrew model was evaluated by analyzing five traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) characterizations, four blood coagulation indexes, plasma nitric oxide (NO) level, plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD) level in each group. Hematoxylin and eosin(HE) staining was used to observe the morphological changes of brain hippocampal neuron cell of each group. Immunohistochemical staining was used to assay the ChAT and SYP levels in brain hippocampus of each group.The blood stasis characterization of the integration of disease and syndrome group was more obvious than the AD group, and that of the drug administration group was lower than that of the integration of disease and syndrome group. Aß1-42, APP, P-Tau, ChAT and SYP level of AD group were lower than those in the blank group, which were further reduced in the model of integration of disease and syndrome. However, the administration of PNS relieved the reduction, indicating that the AD and blood stasis integration syndrome tree shrew model is stable.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy , Panax notoginseng/chemistry , Saponins/pharmacology , Animals , Disease Models, Animal , Hippocampus/drug effects , Nitric Oxide/blood , Shrews , Superoxide Dismutase/bloodABSTRACT
Most of the existing chemotherapeutic drugs have plenty of side effects. Chinese herbal medicine has been used for pharmaceutical and dietary therapy for thousands of years with more effective and fewer side effects. Cestrum nocturnum (CN) has long been used to treat digestive diseases for centuries in China. Our previous study first proved that the n-butanol part isolated from the flowers of CN produced an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of malignant cells. However, the fractions responsible for the antiproliferation effect of n-butanol part from CN flowers and related mechanisms remain unknown. Thus, in this study, we extracted fractions C4 and C5 from n-butanol part of CN flowers and investigated their immune toxicity and antitumor activities. It was found that fractions C4 and C5 exhibited great cytotoxicity to cancer cell lines but had low immune toxicity towards T and B lymphocytes in vitro. The tested fractions also attenuated proliferation and induced apoptosis at G0/G1 and G2/M phases in Bel-7404 cells through inducing DNA damage and inhibiting topoisomerase II relaxation activity. These results suggest that fractions C4 and C5 may represent important sources of potential antitumor agents due to their pronounced antitumor effects and low immune toxicity.
ABSTRACT
Inhibiting oxidative damage in early stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered as a strategy for AD treatment. Our previous study has shown that Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) have an antiaging action by increasing the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) in the serum of aged rats. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of PNS on antioxidant enzymes and uncoupling proteins (UCPs) involved in oxidative stress in AD mice. The results showed that PNS prevented neuronal loss in hippocampal CA1 region and alleviated pathomorphological change of neurons in CA1 region. Moreover, PNS inhibited the production of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), enhanced the expressions and activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH-PX, and improved the mRNA and protein levels of UCP4 and UCP5 in the brains of SAMP8 mice. Together, our study shows that PNS has the ability to protect neurons in AD brain from oxidative stress damage through attenuating the production of 8-OHdG, enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the expressions levels of UCP4 and UCP5. Accordingly, PNS may be a promising agent for AD treatment.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents of Phyllanthus emblica. METHODS: The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by silica gel, polyamide and Sephadex LH-20 chromatography. Their structures were elucidated by physicochemical proper- ties and spectral analysis. RESULTS: 13 compounds were isolated and identified as Triacontanol (1), Triacontanoic acid (2), ß-Amyrin ke- tone (3), Betulonic acid (4), Daucosterol (5), Lupeol acetate (6), ß-Amyrin-3-palmitate (7), Gallic acid (8), Betulinic acid (9), Ursolic acid (10), Oleanolic acid (11), Quercetin (12) and Rutin (13). CONCLUSION: Compounds 1,2,4,6,7,9,10 and 11 are obtained from Phyllanthus emblica for the first time.
Subject(s)
Phyllanthus emblica/chemistry , Phytochemicals/chemistry , Plants, Medicinal/chemistry , Gallic Acid , Oleanolic Acid/analogs & derivatives , Pentacyclic Triterpenes , Phytochemicals/isolation & purification , Quercetin , Rutin , Triterpenes , Betulinic Acid , Ursolic AcidABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the inhibition effect of serum containing n-butanol fractions from Gynostemma pentaphyllum on NG108-15 cell apoptosis induced by Aß25-35 protein in vitro. METHODS: The apoptosis of NG108-15 cells induced by Aß25-35 protein in vitro was evaluated by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry assay. The cellular Caspase-3 level during the apoptosis was determined by ELISA. RESULTS: The serum containing n-butanol fractions from Gynostemma pentaphyllum significantly inhibited the NG108-15 cells apoptosis induced by Aß25-35 protein in vitro,and decreased the cellular Caspase-3 level. CONCLUSION: The inhibition effect of n-butanol fractions from Gynostemma pentaphyllum on NG108-15 cell apoptosis induced by Aß25.35 protein is likely related to its potency on reducing of cellular Caspase-3 level.
Subject(s)
Amyloid beta-Peptides/pharmacology , Apoptosis/drug effects , Gynostemma/chemistry , Peptide Fragments/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , 1-Butanol/chemistry , Caspase 3 , Cell Line , Humans , SerumABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of extracts from the leaves of Phyllanthus emblica (PLFs) on the immune function of mice. METHODS: 70 Kunming mice were choosed to conduct the acute toxicity test of PLFs. The mice were randomly divided into four groups: PLFs high-dosage group, mid-dosage group, low-dosage group and control group. The high,mid,low-dosage groups were treated with PLFs 1.982, 0.991 and 0.496 g/kg respectively per day. The same volume of double distilled water was given to the control group. All by intragastric administration for 7 d. The animals were killed and indexes of thymus and spleen were calculated. The expurgation index K and phagocyte index a were detected after the mice being injected with a dilute India ink through caudal vein. In addition, prepared spleen cells conventionally,the activity of Natural Killer cells was measured and the proliferation of T and B cells were detected. The effect of the extracts on serum hemolysin was detected after the SRBC was injected into the enterocoelia. RESULTS: The LD50 of PLFs was 9. 911 g/kg. Compared with the control group, the indexes of thymus and spleen in the treatment groups had no markedly difference (P > 0.05). The high- and mid-dosage groups could obviously improve the expurgation index K (P < 0.05), phagocyte index alpha (P < 0.05) and NK cell activity (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The extracts from Phyllanthus emblica leaves can promote nonspecific immunity immune function in mice.
Subject(s)
Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology , Lymphocytes/drug effects , Phyllanthus emblica/chemistry , Spleen/immunology , Administration, Oral , Animals , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Cells, Cultured , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/toxicity , Female , Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects , Killer Cells, Natural/immunology , Lethal Dose 50 , Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects , Lymphocytes/immunology , Male , Mice , Phagocytosis/drug effects , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Spleen/cytology , Spleen/drug effects , Thymus Gland/cytology , Thymus Gland/drug effects , Thymus Gland/immunology , Toxicity Tests, AcuteABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of Panax notoginseng saponin (PNS) on the activity and content of beta-secretase in the brain of senescence accelerated mouse-prone 8 (SAMP8) mice with Alzheimer's disease. METHODS: Totally 32 SAMP8 mice were randomly divided into the normal control group, the high dose PNS group (200 mg/kg), the low dose group (100 mg/kg), and the huperzine A group (0.3 mg/kg), 8 in each group. Equal volume of double distilled water was given to those in the normal control group. All medication was given by gastrogavage, once daily for two successive months. The activity of BACE1 was assayed by direct immunofluorescent method (DIF). The content of BACE1 protein was detected by Western blot. RESULTS: The relative fluorescence units (RFU/microg) was 2.008 +/- 0.031 in the high dose PNS group, 2.221 +/- 0.029 in the low dose PNS group, and 2.267 +/- 0.076 in the huperzine A group, all lower than that in the normal control group (2.403 +/- 0.058; all P < 0.01). The content of BACE1 protein was 0.900 +/- 0.028 in the high dose PNS group, 1.000 +/- 0.032 in the low dose PNS group, and 0.837 +/- 0.080 in the huperzine A group, all lower than that in the normal control group (2.210 +/- 0.074, all P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: PNS higher than 100 mg/kg could decrease the activity of BACE1 and down-regulate the content of BACE1 protein in the brain of SAMP8 mice.
Subject(s)
Aging , Alzheimer Disease/metabolism , Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/metabolism , Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/metabolism , Panax notoginseng , Saponins/pharmacology , Animals , Brain/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Male , Mice , RNA, Messenger/geneticsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of PNS on the content and activity of alpha-secretase in the brains of SAMP8 mice with Alzheimer's disease. METHODS: SAMP8 mice were randomly divided into four groups: PNS high-dosage group, PNS low-dosage group, huperzine A group and control group. The high-dosage group and low-dosage group were treated with 200 and 100 mg/kg PNS respectively per day and the huperzine A group was treated with 0.3 mg/kg huperzine A per day, all by intragastric administration for 8 consecutive weeks. The same volume of double distilled water was given to the control group. The activity of a-secretase was assayed by direct immunofluorescent method(DIF). Western blot was used to detect the content of alpha-secretase including ADAM9, ADAM10 and ADAM17 proteins. RESULTS: The Relative Fluorescence Units (RFU) of PNS high-dosage and low-dosage groups were higher than that of control group (P < 0.01). The results of western blot showed that the level of ADAM9 protein expression in PNS high-dosage, low-dosage and huperzine A groups was significantly higher than that of control group (P < 0.05) while the levels of ADAM10 protein expression in PNS high-dosage, low-dosage and huperzine A groups was significantly lower than that of control group (P < 0.05), while level of ADAM17 of huperzine A group was higher than that of control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: PNS can increase activity of alpha-secretase in the brain of SAMP8 mouse via increasing the level of ADAM9 protein expression.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy , Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/metabolism , Brain/metabolism , Panax notoginseng , Saponins/pharmacology , ADAM Proteins/metabolism , ADAM10 Protein , ADAM17 Protein , Aging/metabolism , Alzheimer Disease/metabolism , Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/metabolism , Animals , Blotting, Western , Brain/drug effects , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects , Membrane Proteins/metabolism , Mice , Random AllocationABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanism of apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells BEL-7404 induced by Galic acid extracted from leaves of Phyllanthus emblica. METHODS: PI/Hoechst33342 double staining method was utilized to observe the influence on cell life cycle. The expressions of Bax and Bcl-2 protein were determined by fluorescence immunostaining and Western blot. RESULTS: The results from PI/Hoechst33342 double staining method indicated that the percentage of cells G2/M phases increased after treated for 72 h, the phenomenon of blockage appeared and cell death was induced. Fluorescence immunostaining showed that the expression of Bax was up-regulated, and the expression of Bcl-2 was down-regulated. Western blot also showed that the the expression of Bax was up-regulated. CONCLUSION: The mechanism of human hepatoma BEL-7404 cells apoptosis induced by Galic acid from leaves of Phyllanthus emblica may be blocking G2/M period in cell life cycle, up-regulating the expression of Bax and down-regulating the expression of Bcl-2, that can decrease membrane potential of mitochondria,and triggered the caspases of activation of cascade and induced cell death.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology , Apoptosis/drug effects , Gallic Acid/pharmacology , Liver Neoplasms/pathology , Phyllanthus emblica/chemistry , Blotting, Western , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology , Cell Cycle/drug effects , Cell Line, Tumor , Flow Cytometry , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Liver Neoplasms/metabolism , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism , bcl-2-Associated X Protein/metabolismABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) on learning and memory ability and APP gene transcription in the brain tissue in senescence accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8). METHODS: SAMP8 were randomly divided into high-does PNS group, low-does PNS group, huperzin A group and model group,the treatment groups were treated with the designed drugs respectively by intragastric administration for 4 consecutive weeks. The same volume of double distilled water was given to model group. After treatment, the abilities of learning and memory of the mice were tested with morris water maze, the mRNA content of APP was assayed by reverse transcription (RT) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS: PNS could improve the abilities of learning and memory, high-does PNS could reduce the mRNA content of APP in the brain tissue of SAMP8. CONCLUSION: PNS can improve the abilities of learning and memory of SAMP8, the mechanism may be relevant to down-regulating the expression of APP gene at transcriptional level.
Subject(s)
Aging/metabolism , Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/biosynthesis , Brain/metabolism , Memory/drug effects , Panax notoginseng/chemistry , Saponins/pharmacology , Administration, Oral , Aging/drug effects , Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/genetics , Animals , Brain/drug effects , Down-Regulation , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Maze Learning/drug effects , Mice , Mice, Inbred Strains , RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis , RNA, Messenger/genetics , Random Allocation , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Saponins/administration & dosageABSTRACT
AIM OF THE STUDY: This study was aimed to investigate the effects of Progallin A isolated from the acetic ether part of the leaves of Phyllanthus emblica L. on apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma BEL-7404 cells and its possible mechanisms, and to measure the immune toxicity of Progallin A in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Progallin A was isolated from the acetic ether part of the leaves of Phyllanthus emblica L. with column chromatography. The proliferation of spleen lymphocytes and the viability of BEL-7404 cells were assessed with MTT assay. Inverted microscope, light microscope and fluorescence microscope were utilized to observe the morphological changes of BEL-7404 cells respectively. AnnexinV/PI double labeling and TUNEL assay were used to detect early apoptosis and DNA fragmentations of BEL-7404 cells respectively. In addition, cell cycle distribution was analyzed by using flow cytometry (FCM). Bax and Bcl-2 protein levels were determined by immunofluorescence staining and western blot respectively. RESULTS: The results showed that Progallin A had low immune toxicity and the proliferation of BEL-7404 cells was strongly inhibited by Progallin A in a time- and dose-dependent manner and that the characteristics of apoptosis of BEL-7404 cells were observed. The results also showed that apoptosis rates and the number of apoptotic cells significantly increased with prolongation of the action time. The results of flow cytometry (FCM) indicated that Progallin A induced significant G1/M and G2/M arrest of BEL-7404 cells. Immunofluorescence staining and western blot showed that the expression of Bax was found to be noticeably up-regulated and the expression of Bcl-2 was down-regulated significantly. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that Progallin A has low immune toxicity in vitro and induces apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma BEL-7404 cells which is related to the G1/M and G2/M arrest, and it exerts its apoptotic effect by up-regulation of Bax expression and down-regulation of Bcl-2 expression.