Oral Troxerutin Alleviates Depression Symptoms in Mice by Modulating Gut Microbiota and Microbial Metabolism.

SCOPE: A growing body of evidence suggests that the harmful gut microbiota in depression patients can play a role in the progression of depression. There is limited research on troxerutin's impact on the central nervous system (CNS), especially in depression. The study finds that troxerutin effectively alleviates depression and anxiety-like behavior in mice by increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria like Lactobacillus and Firmicutes while decreasing the abundance of harmful bacteria like Proteobacteria, Bacteroides, and Actinobacteria in the gut. Furthermore, the research reveals that troxerutin regulates various metabolic pathways in mice, including nucleotide metabolism, caffeine metabolism, purine metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, histidine metabolism, 2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism, biosynthesis of amino acids, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, and Arginine and proline metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the study provides compelling evidence for the antidepressant efficacy of troxerutin. Through the investigation of the role of intestinal microorganisms and metabolites, the study identifies these factors as key players in troxerutin's ability to prevent depression. Troxerutin achieves its neuroprotective effects and effectively prevents depression and anxiety by modulating the abundance of gut microbiota, including Proteobacteria, Bacteroides, and Actinobacteria, as well as regulating metabolites such as creatine.

First principles investigation on Na-ion storage in two-dimensional boron-rich B2N, B3N, and B5N.

Na-ion batteries (SIBs) are emerging as a promising alternative to Li-ion batteries for large-scale energy storage in light of abundant Na resources and their low cost. Development of appropriate electrode materials that can conquer some critical issues such as low theoretical storage capacity and sluggish redox kinetics resulting from the larger radius of Na is urgently needed for their practical applications. In this work, boron-rich 2D BxN (x = 2, 3, and 5) has been explored as promising anode materials for high-performance SIBs based on density functional theory calculations. BxN electrodes exhibit moderate affinity toward Na-ions with adsorption energies of -0.41 to -1.21 eV, which allows stable Na-ion intercalation without the formation of metal dendrites. Moreover, both B3N and B5N deliver low diffusion barriers (0.28 and 0.08 eV) for Na-ion migration, guaranteeing a high charging/discharging rate. More importantly, these BxN anodes exhibit not only a remarkably high theoretical capacity of 1129-1313 mA h g-1 but also a low open-circuit voltage (0.45-0.87 V), which is important to achieve high energy density. AIMD simulations have confirmed the excellent cyclability of BxN electrodes during reversible lithiation/delithiation. These results suggested that the BxN electrode could be used as a new lightweight SIB anode with high capacity, cyclability, and desired rate performance.

Ferulic acid and feruloylated oligosaccharides alleviate anxiety and depression symptom via regulating gut microbiome and microbial metabolism.

Incidence of anxiety and depression has been surging in recent years, causing unignorable mental health crisis across the globe. Mounting studies demonstrated that overgrowth of detrimental gut microbes is driving the development of anxiety and depression. Our previous studies suggested that ferulic acid (FA) and feruloylated oligosaccharides (FOs) were potent in regulating gut microbiome and microbial metabolism in a variety of disease settings, including neuroinflammation. Given the increasing evidence solidifying the role of gut-brain axis in neurological disorders, we here investigated the therapeutic potential of FA and FOs in anxiety and depression. In present study we found that FA and FOs effectively alleviated anxiety and depression-like behavior in mice, while increasing the abundance of Firmicutes, Solibacillus, Acinetobacter and Arthrobacter, and decreasing the abundance of Parabacteroides, Oscollospira and Rummeliibacillus. In addition, FA and FOs were efficacious in enhancing phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, phenylalanine and caffeine metabolism in mice having depression. Our results validated FA and FOs as effective nutrition to prevent anxiety and depression, as well as provided mechanistic insight into their anti-anxiety and anti-depression function. We suggested that FOs mitigated the symptom of depression in mice potentially via changing gut microbiome structure and microbial metabolism.

Intrinsically Self-Healable and Wearable All-Organic Thermoelectric Composite with High Electrical Conductivity for Heat Harvesting.

The development of wearable electronics has led to the growing demand for the self-powered and maintenance-free power sources. Under these circumstances, thermoelectric generators are considered promising candidates, which can directly convert body heat into electricity to power wearable electronics. However, most of the thermoelectric materials are either brittle or unrecoverable under external physical damage. It is urgent to develop thermoelectric materials that possess both stretchability and intrinsic self-healing property, and the remaining challenge is to combine the high mechanical robustness and excellent electrical conductivity. Herein, a self-healing and wearable all-organic thermoelectric composite is reported. The composite film exhibits high electrical conductivity of 238 S cm-1, high flexibility of up to 119% strain, and a maximum tensile strength of 23 MPa. When the composite film is subjected to external physical damage, most functionalities can be maintained after self-healing, 78% recovery in electrical conductivity, and 80% recovery in tensile strength. Using the self-healing composite, we fabricated a thermoelectric generator with a power output of 85.5 nW at a temperature difference of 48 K, which is a significant advance over the recently reported thermoelectric generators based on intrinsic self-healing thermoelectric materials. This work represents a crucial step toward achieving intrinsic self-healing all-organic thermoelectric materials with high electrical conductivity.

Xiaoyao San, a Chinese herbal formula, ameliorates depression-like behavior in mice through the AdipoR1/AMPK/ACC pathway in hypothalamus.

OBJECTIVE: Depression and metabolic disorders have overlapping psychosocial and pathophysiological causes. Current research is focused on the possible role of adiponectin in regulating common biological mechanisms. Xiaoyao San (XYS), a classic Chinese medicine compound, has been widely used in the treatment of depression and can alleviate metabolic disorders such as lipid or glucose metabolism disorders. However, the ability of XYS to ameliorate depression-like behavior as well as metabolic dysfunction in mice and the underlying mechanisms are unclear. METHODS: An in vivo animal model of depression was established by chronic social defeat stress (CSDS). XYS and fluoxetine were administered by gavage to the drug intervention group. Depression-like behaviors were analyzed by the social interaction test, open field test, forced swim test, and elevated plus maze test. Glucose levels were measured using the oral glucose tolerance test. The involvement of certain molecules was validated by immunofluorescence, histopathology, and Western blotting. In vitro, hypothalamic primary neurons were exposed to high glucose to induce neuronal damage, and the neuroprotective effect of XYS was evaluated by cell counting kit-8 assay. Immunofluorescence and Western blotting were used to evaluate the influences of XYS on adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1), adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) and other related proteins. RESULTS: XYS ameliorated CSDS-induced depression-like behaviors and glucose tolerance impairment in mice and increased the level of serum adiponectin. XYS also restored Nissl bodies in hypothalamic neurons in mice that exhibited depression-like behaviors and decreased the degree of neuronal morphological damage. In vivo and in vitro studies indicated that XYS increased the expression of AdipoR1 in hypothalamic neurons. CONCLUSION: Adiponectin may be a key regulator linking depression and metabolic disorders; regulation of the hypothalamic AdipoR1/AMPK/ACC pathway plays an important role in treatment of depression by XYS.

Prevention of ulcerative colitis by Huangqin decoction: reducing the intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis rate through the IFN-γ/JAK/ETS signalling pathway.

CONTEXT: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease that is closely related to inflammation and apoptosis. The traditional Chinese medicine compound preparation Huangqin decoction (HQD) has been widely used in the clinical treatment of UC, but the specific mechanism of its function is still inconclusive. OBJECTIVE: To explore the pathogenesis of UC based on the IFN-γ/JAK/ETS signalling pathway, and to clarify the biological mechanism of HQD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty 8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups: normal control, model, model + salazosulfapyridine group (500 mg/kg, p.o., pd) and model + HQD (9.1 g/kg, p.o., pd). Using Dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) salt (2.5%, p.o.)+high-fat diet + hot and humid environment to build a mouse model of UC. One month later, the changes of colon morphology, serum inflammatory factors, intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis and IFN-γ/JAK/ETS signalling pathway related protein changes in mice were observed. RESULTS: Compared with the model group, HQD significantly reduced the pathological score of the model mice's colon (2.60 ± 0.25 vs. 4.80 ± 0.37), and reduced the serum IFN-γ (200.30 ± 8.45 vs. 413.80 ± 6.97) and other inflammatory factors, and reduced intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis (24.85 ± 4.87 vs. 214.90 ± 39.21). In terms of mechanism, HQD down-regulated IFN-γ/JAK/ETS signalling pathway related proteins in colon tissue of UC model mice. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that HQD can improve UC by reducing intestinal inflammation and apoptosis, providing experimental evidence for the wide application of HQD in clinical practice of UC.

Simotang Alleviates the Gastrointestinal Side Effects of Chemotherapy by Altering Gut Microbiota.

Simotang oral liquid (SMT) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) consisting of four natural plants and is used to alleviate gastrointestinal side effects after chemotherapy and functional dyspepsia (FD). However, the mechanism by which SMT helps cure these gastrointestinal diseases is still unknown. Here, we discovered that SMT could alleviate gastrointestinal side effects after chemotherapy by altering gut microbiota. C57BL/6J mice were treated with cisplatin (DDP) and SMT, and biological samples were collected. Pathological changes in the small intestine were observed, and the intestinal injury score was assessed. The expression levels of the inflammatory factors IL-1ß and IL-6 and the adhesive factors Occludin and ZO-1 in mouse blood or small intestine tissue were also detected. Moreover, the gut microbiota was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA amplicons. SMT was found to effectively reduce gastrointestinal mucositis after DDP injection, which lowered inflammation and tightened the intestinal epithelial cells. Gut microbiota analysis showed that the abundance of the anti-inflammatory microbiota was downregulated and that the inflammatory microbiota was upregulated in DDP-treated mice. SMT upregulated anti-inflammatory and anticancer microbiota abundance, while the inflammatory microbiota was downregulated. An antibiotic cocktail (ABX) was also used to delete mice gut microbiota to test the importance of gut microbiota, and we found that SMT could not alleviate gastrointestinal mucositis after DDP injection, showing that gut microbiota might be an important mediator of SMT treatment. Our study provides evidence that SMT might moderate gastrointestinal mucositis after chemotherapy by altering gut microbiota.

Super Water-Extracting Gels for Solar-Powered Volatile Organic Compounds Management in the Hydrological Cycle.

Water-soluble volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are widely spread in the natural hydrological cycle, contaminating potential water sources, and leading to unexpected ecological hazards. However, water-purification technologies toward VOCs are energy-intensive and present unsatisfactory purity of the obtained water. The fundamental challenge is to differentiate the motion of water and VOC molecules by separators. Here, the concept of a super water-extracting gel (SWEG) for VOC-management and water purification via direct solar distillation is proposed. The strong hydrogen bonding effect in the hypercrosslinked hydrophilic polymeric networks enables the SWEG to extract water from VOC-containing water, which rejects the VOC solutes while allowing water through for interfacial evaporation. The obtained SWEG achieves a VOCs removal ratio up to 99.99% by solar distillation under 1 sun. A solar water-purification system is also demonstrated to produce clean water, which surpasses other competitive technologies based on electricity.

Two-Dimensional Boron-Rich Monolayer BxN as High Capacity for Lithium-Ion Batteries: A First-Principles Study.

Owing to lightweight, abundant reserves, low cost, and nontoxicity, B-based two-dimensional (2D) materials, e.g., borophene, exhibit great potential as new anode materials with higher energy density for Li-ion batteries (LIBs). However, exfoliation of borophene from the Ag substrate remains the most daunting challenge due to their strong interfacial interactions, significantly restricting its practical applications. In this study, through first-principles swarm-intelligence structure calculations, we have found several Boron-rich boron nitride BxN materials (x = 2, 3, 4, and 5) with increased stability and weakened interactions with the Ag(111) substrate compared with δ6-borophene. A high cohesive energy and superior dynamical, thermodynamic, and mechanical stability provide strong feasibility for their experimental synthesis. The obtained BxN materials exhibit a high mechanical strength (94-226 N/m) and low interfacial bonding with the Ag substrate, from -0.043 to -0.054 eV Å-2, significantly smaller than that of δ6-borophene. Among them, B3N and B5N exhibit not only a remarkably high storage capacity of 1805-3153 mAh/g but also a low barrier energy and open-circuit voltage. Moreover, B2N showed a cross-sheet motion with a low barrier of 0.24 eV, which is unique compared with the in-plane diffusion in most other 2D electrode materials restricted by their quasi-flat geometry. BxN also exhibits excellent cyclability with improved metallic conductivity upon Li-ion intercalation, showing great potential in LIB applications. This study opens up a new avenue to explore B-rich 2D electrode materials in energy applications and provide instructive insights into borophene functionalization and exfoliation.

Molecular Engineering of Hydrogels for Rapid Water Disinfection and Sustainable Solar Vapor Generation.

Consumption of unsafe water is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing regions. Pasteurizing or boiling water to remove pathogens is energy-intensive and often impractical to off-grid communities. Therefore, low capital cost, rapid and energy-efficient water disinfection methods are urgently required to address global challenges of safe water access. Here, anti-bacterial hydrogels (ABHs) with catechol-enabled molecular-level hydrogen peroxide generators and quinone-anchored activated carbon particles are designed for effective water treatment. The bactericidal effect is attributed to the synergy of hydrogen peroxide and quinone groups to attack essential cell components and disturb bacterial metabolism. ABHs can be directly used as tablets to achieve >99.999% water disinfection efficiency within 60 min without energy input. No harmful byproducts are formed during the treatment process, after which the ABH tablets can be easily removed without residues. Taking advantage of their excellent photothermal and biofouling-resistant properties, ABHs can also be applied as solar evaporators to achieve stable water purification under sunlight (≤1 kW m-2 ) after months of storage and operation in bacteria-containing river water. The ABH platform offers reduced energy and chemical demands for point-of-use water treatment technologies in remote areas and emergency rescue applications.

Superhydrophobic and Self-Healing Mg-Al Layered Double Hydroxide/Silane Composite Coatings on the Mg Alloy Surface with a Long-Term Anti-corrosion Lifetime.

Both a superhydrophobic structure and layered double hydroxide (LDH) coating were effective to improve the corrosion resistance of alloys. In this study, a superhydrophobic composite coating based on LDHs was constructed on Mg alloy by laser treatment, in situ growth of Mg-Al LDHs, and modification with octadecyl-trimethoxy-silane (OTS). The so-obtained composite coating was coded as L-LDHs-OTS, where L stands for laser treatment. Results showed that the L-LDHs-OTS composite coating presented the best anti-corrosion performance and the corrosion current density was reduced by about 5 orders of magnitude compared with that of the Mg alloy substrate. The excellent corrosion resistance was related to the superhydrophobicity of the composite coating, the compactness and ion-exchange capacity of the LDH layer, and the dense Si-O-Si network within the OTS layer. Moreover, the L-LDHs-OTS composite coating was still effective after 20 days of immersion tests, showing good long-term corrosion resistance due to the existence of hydrophobicity of the composite coating and the self-healing ability of LDHs.

Topology-Controlled Hydration of Polymer Network in Hydrogels for Solar-Driven Wastewater Treatment.

Solar-driven interfacial evaporation provides a promising method for sustainable freshwater production. However, high energy consumption of vapor generation fundamentally restricts practicality of solar-driven wastewater treatment. Here a facile strategy is reported to control the hydration of polymer network in hydrogels, where densely cross-linked polymers serving as a framework are functionalized by a highly hydratable polymeric network. The hydration of polymer chains generates a large amount of weakly bounded water molecules, facilitating the water evaporation. As a result, the hydrogel-based solar evaporator can extract water from a variety of contaminants such as salts, detergents, and heavy metal components using solar energy with long-term durability and stability. This work demonstrates an effective way to tune the interaction between water and materials at a molecular level, as well as an energy-efficient water treatment technology toward wastewater containing complex contaminants.

Biomass-Derived Hybrid Hydrogel Evaporators for Cost-Effective Solar Water Purification.

Solar vapor generation has presented great potential for wastewater treatment and seawater desalination with high energy conversion and utilization efficiency. However, technology gaps still exist for achieving a fast evaporation rate and high quality of water combined with low-cost deployment to provide a sustainable solar-driven water purification system. In this study, a naturally abundant biomass, konjac glucomannan, together with simple-to-fabricate iron-based metal-organic framework-derived photothermal nanoparticles is introduced into the polyvinyl alcohol networks, building hybrid hydrogel evaporators in a cost-effective fashion ($14.9 m-2 of total materials cost). With advantageous features of adequate water transport, effective water activation, and anti-salt-fouling function, the hybrid hydrogel evaporators achieve a high evaporation rate under one sun (1 kW m-2 ) at 3.2 kg m-2 h-1 out of wastewater with wide degrees of acidity and alkalinity (pH 2-14) and high-salinity seawater (up to 330 g kg-1 ). More notably, heavy metal ions are removed effectively by forming hydrogen and chelating bonds with excess hydroxyl groups in the hydrogel. It is anticipated that this study offers new possibilities for a deployable, cost-effective solar water purification system with assured water quality, especially for economically stressed communities.

Hydrogels as an Emerging Material Platform for Solar Water Purification.

Growing concern over water scarcity leads to increased research interest in advanced water purification technologies. Solar water purification, which uses solar energy to separate water and impurities through vaporization, enables the utilization of sustainable energy and potential freshwater resources to alleviate water scarcity. However, the essential process of solar water evaporation to remove impurities is energy intensive. Insufficient solar absorption and thermal loss limited the vapor generation rate and, thus, lowered the purified water yield. Diffuse natural sunlight cannot satisfy the intrinsic energy demand for rapid water vaporization. Therefore, developing new material platforms that can simultaneously provide high solar absorption, effective energy utilization, and low energy demand for water vaporization to achieve highly efficient solar water purification under natural sunlight is anticipated. In this Account, we review our recent progress on hydrogel-based evaporators for solar water purification in terms of material selection, molecular engineering, and structural design. First, we introduce the unique water state in hydrogels consisting of free, intermediate, and bound water, of which intermediate water has a reduced energy demand for water evaporation. Then, we describe the design principles of hydrogel-based solar evaporators, where the polymeric networks are tailored to regulate the water state. The water state in hydrogels defines the vaporization behavior of water. Thus, the polymer networks of hydrogels can be architected to tune the water state and, hence, to further reduce the evaporation enthalpy of water. Armed with fundamental gelation chemistry, we discuss synthetic strategies of hydrogels for efficient vapor generation. By incorporating solar absorbers with hydrophilic polymer networks, solar energy is harvested and converted to heat energy, which can be in situ utilized to power the vaporization of contained water in the molecular meshes, and the solar absorbers having strong interaction with hydrogels guide the formation of microstructure to reduce the energy loss and ensure adequate water transport of evaporative water. Regulating the vaporizing fronts, engineering the surface of hydrogels has been focused to favor the evaporationof water to further enhance the solar-to-vapor efficiency. By using hydrophilic polymers as building blocks, the hydrogel-based solar evaporators have also been endowed with multiple functionalities, such as antifouling, permselectivity, and thermal responsiveness, to improve water collection and purification abilities. Taking advantages of these merits, hydrogels have emerged as a promising materials platform to enable efficient solar water purification under natural sunlight. This Account serves to promote future efforts toward practical purification systems using hydrogel-based solar evaporators to mitigate water scarcity by improving their performance, scalability, stability, and sustainability.

Architecting highly hydratable polymer networks to tune the water state for solar water purification.

Water purification by solar distillation is a promising technology to produce fresh water. However, solar vapor generation, is energy intensive, leading to a low water yield under natural sunlight. Therefore, developing new materials that can reduce the energy requirement of water vaporization and speed up solar water purification is highly desirable. Here, we introduce a highly hydratable light-absorbing hydrogel (h-LAH) consisting of polyvinyl alcohol and chitosan as the hydratable skeleton and polypyrrole as the light absorber, which can use less energy (<50% of bulk water) for water evaporation. We demonstrate that enhancing the hydrability of the h-LAH could change the water state and partially activate the water, hence facilitating water evaporation. The h-LAH raises the solar vapor generation to a record rate of ~3.6 kg m-2 hour-1 under 1 sun. The h-LAH-based solar still also exhibits long-term durability and antifouling functionality toward complex ionic contaminants.

Synergistic Energy Nanoconfinement and Water Activation in Hydrogels for Efficient Solar Water Desalination.

Precisely controlled distribution of energy in solar-to-thermal energy conversion systems could allow for enhanced energy utilization. Light-absorbing hydrogels provide a means for evaporating water by using solar energy, yet targeted delivery of solar thermal energy to power the water evaporation process remains challenging. Here, we report a light-absorbing sponge-like hydrogel (LASH) that is created by in situ gelation of a light-absorbing nanoparticle-modified polymer, leading to synergistic energy nanoconfinement and water activation. By experimental demonstration and theoretical simulation, the LASH presents record high vapor generation rates up to ∼3.6 kg m-2 h-1 and stable long-term performance under 1 sun (1 kW m-2) irradiation. We investigate the energy confinement at the polymer-nanoparticle interphases and the water activation enabled by polymer-water interaction to reveal the significance of such effects for high-rate solar vapor generation. The water vaporization enabled by LASHs can remove over 99.9% of salt ions in seawater through solar water desalination. The fundamental design principle, scalable fabrication route, and superior performance offer possibilities for portable solar water purification, industrial solar-powered water treatment, and other advanced solar thermal applications.

Tailoring Nanoscale Surface Topography of Hydrogel for Efficient Solar Vapor Generation.

Solar vapor generation, which can separate the soluble or dispersing contaminants from water, is particularly desirable owing to its green energy utilization for water purification technology. Here, we present a concept of enhancing solar vapor generation by tailoring surface topography of the hydrogel-based solar evaporator. Via nanotexture-enhanced heat flux at the evaporation front, the obtained solar evaporator achieves a water evaporation rate of ∼2.6 kg m-2 h-1 at ∼91% energy efficiency under one sun (1 kW m-2). An easy-to-install solar still based on this solar evaporator consisting of cost-effective poly(vinyl alcohol) and activated carbon is deployed to demonstrate the potential for domestic or urgent water purification purposes. Such new design principles of hydrogel-based solar evaporators provides a useful means for surface-enhanced water evaporation to inspire scalable and processable solar evaporators from accessible raw materials.

Super Moisture-Absorbent Gels for All-Weather Atmospheric Water Harvesting.

Atmospheric water harvesting (AWH)-producing fresh water via collecting moisture from air-enables sustainable water delivery without geographical and hydrologic limitations. However, the fundamental design principle to prepare materials that can convert the water vapor in the air to collectible liquid water is still mostly unknown. Here, a super moisture-absorbent gel, which is composed of hygroscopic polypyrrole chloride penetrating in hydrophilicity-switchable polymeric network of poly N-isopropylacrylamide, is shown. Based on such design, a high-efficiency water production by AWH has been achieved in a broad range of relative humidity. The synergistic effect enabled by the molecular level integration of hygroscopic and hydrophilicity-switchable polymers in a network architecture presents controllable interaction between the gel and water molecules, simultaneously realizing efficient vapor capturing, in situ water liquefaction, high-density water storage and fast water releasing under different weather conditions. Being an effective method to regulate migration of water molecules, such design represents a novel strategy to improve the AWH, and it is also fundamental to other water management systems for environmental cooling, surficial moisturizing and beyond.

Nanostructured Functional Hydrogels as an Emerging Platform for Advanced Energy Technologies.

Nanostructured materials are critically important in many areas of technology because of their unusual physical/chemical properties due to confined dimensions. Owing to their intrinsic hierarchical micro-/nanostructures, unique chemical/physical properties, and tailorable functionalities, hydrogels and their derivatives have emerged as an important class of functional materials and receive increasing interest from the scientific community. Bottom-up synthetic strategies to rationally design and modify their molecular architectures enable nanostructured functional hydrogels to address several critical challenges in advanced energy technologies. Integrating the intrinsic or extrinsic properties of various functional materials, nanostructured functional hydrogels hold the promise to break the limitations of current materials, improving the device performance of energy storage and conversion. Here, the focus is on the fundamentals and applications of nanostructured functional hydrogels in energy conversion and storage. Specifically, the recent advances in rational synthesis and modification of various hydrogel-derived functional nanomaterials as core components in batteries, supercapacitors, and catalysts are summarized, and the perspective directions of this emerging class of materials are also discussed.

Highly efficient solar vapour generation via hierarchically nanostructured gels.

Solar vapour generation is an efficient way of harvesting solar energy for the purification of polluted or saline water. However, water evaporation suffers from either inefficient utilization of solar energy or relies on complex and expensive light-concentration accessories. Here, we demonstrate a hierarchically nanostructured gel (HNG) based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polypyrrole (PPy) that serves as an independent solar vapour generator. The converted energy can be utilized in situ to power the vaporization of water contained in the molecular meshes of the PVA network, where water evaporation is facilitated by the skeleton of the hydrogel. A floating HNG sample evaporated water with a record high rate of 3.2 kg m-2 h-1 via 94% solar energy from 1 sun irradiation, and 18-23 litres of water per square metre of HNG was delivered daily when purifying brine water. These values were achievable due to the reduced latent heat of water evaporation in the molecular mesh under natural sunlight.