[Comprehensive Classification Method of Urban Water by Remote Sensing Based on High-Resolution Images].

Urban water is a significant part of the urban ecosystem. Therefore, a comprehensive evaluation method of the water environment was proposed based on domestic high-resolution images. The relationships between the spectral characteristics and water quality parameters of urban water were analyzed based on sampling in Nanjing, Wuxi, Changzhou, and Yangzhou from 2017 to 2019. An index named the U-FUI (urban Forel-Ule index) suitable for urban water based on GF-2 images was proposed to achieve the classification of urban water on the basis of the international standard chroma conversion model and the Forel-Ule index. Independent verification data showed that the recognition accuracy of the classification model could reach 72%. The results indicated that urban water can be classified into six classes from Ⅰ to Ⅵ, which represent water colors of blue, light green, dark green, yellow, yellowish brown, and dark grey, respectively, according to the U-FUI. Among them, the water quality of U-FUI Ⅰ water is good, but is rarely distributed in urban water. The concentrations of chlorophyll-a in U-FUI Ⅱ-Ⅲ water are higher than those of the other classes; the concentrations of total suspended solids, particularly inorganic suspended solids, of U-FUI Ⅳ-Ⅴ water are higher than those of the other classes; and the water quality of U-FUI Ⅵ water is poor and the water quality parameters are different from those of the other classes. Meanwhile, the method was successfully applied to the GF-2 image of Nanjing on April 9, 2018. The results showed that the urban water in Nanjing is mainly composed of U-FUI Ⅱ-Ⅳ water, whereas the distribution of U-FUI Ⅰ, Ⅴ, and Ⅵ water is lower in the city. The spatial distribution characteristics were consistent with the results of in-situ sampling in the same period.

Facile synthesis of upconversion nanoparticles with high purity using lanthanide oleate compounds.

A novel strategy for preparing highly pure NaYF4-based upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) was developed using lanthanide oleate compounds [Ln(OA)3] as the precursor, denoted as the Ln-OA preparation method. Compared to the conventional solvothermal method for synthesizing UCNPs using lanthanide chloride compounds (LnCl3) as the precursor (denoted as the Ln-Cl method), the Ln-OA strategy exhibited the merits of high purity, reduced purification process and a uniform size in preparing core and core-shell UCNPs excited by a 980 or 808 nm near infrared (NIR) laser. This work sheds new insight on the preparation of UCNPs and promotes their application in biomedical fields.

[Retrieving Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter in Guanting Reservoir Based on in-situ Measured Reflectance Data].

In the present paper, Guanting Reservoir located in Zhangjiakou City, Hebei province and Yanqing District, Beijing, was selected as the study area, and Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) content (represented by the CDOM absorption coefficient at 440 nm, aCDOM (440)) was inverted through semi-analytical method and empirical method. The data used in this paper include the spectral data (R (λ)) collected on October 26, 2013 over Guanting Reservoir and aCDOM (λ) measured in the laboratory. A semi-analytical method (QAA-CDOM) was validated and improved accordingly. The inversion result accuracy of QAA-CDOM was not bad, the root-mean-square error (RMSE) was 0.10 and the mean relative error (σ) was 10.8%. The QAA-CDOM method was improved by recalculating the value of Q (the ratio of upwelling irradiance to upwelling radiance just below the water surface) by the field spectral data to replace the fixed value. After this improvement, the inversion accuracy was slightly improved, with RMSE of 0.09 and σ of 10.2%. After that, four band ratios were used in linear regression with aCDOM (440) to build empirical inversion models. The results showed that the performance of the model based on Rrs (531)/Rrs (551) was the best, with R2 of 0.63. The RMSE and σ of the aCDOM(440) result inverted by the empirical method were 0.08 and 8.8% respectively. The empirical method was of higher precision than that of the semi-analytical method, but the bands and coeffi- cients used in the empirical method need to be calibrated by concurrently measured data in each study area. On the contrary, semi-analytical method does not need calibration, and is easier to be applied.

Kirenol production in hairy root culture of Siegesbeckea orientalis and its antimicrobial activity.

BACKGROUND: Despite the excellent anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic efficacy associated with kirenol generation, the content of kirenol in Siegesbeckea orientalis is quite low. OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to establish a reliable kirenol production protocol by transformed root cultures of S. orientalis and to investigate the antimicrobial activities of kirenol, hairy root, and S. orientalis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Transformed root cultures of S. orientalis were established by the transformation of Agrobacterium rhizogenes A4. Transgenic status of the roots was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using rolB specific primers. The biomass and kirenol accumulation of hairy root clones were assessed using four different culture media: MS, MS/2, B5, and white. The antimicrobial activities of kirenol, hairy root, and S. orientalis were evaluated by the disc diffusion method. RESULTS: The optimum media for kirenol synthesis was MS. The content of kirenol in transformed hairy roots made up about 80% of that observed in natural leaves of S. orientalis (1.6 mg/g dry weight). All tested samples displayed antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive pathogens including Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Acinetobacter baumannii, with MIC ranging from 78 to 625 µg/mL. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The high level of kirenol contents was obtained from hairy roots of S. orientalis. Kirenol was effective against gram-positive bacteria. Interestingly, the extract from hairy roots showed a diverse antimicrobial effect from that of kirenol and S. orientalis.

Topical anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of kirenol isolated from Siegesbeckia orientalis.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Siegesbeckia orientalis has been traditionally used as a topical anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent. AIMS OF THE STUDY: Current study was designed to explore the topical anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of a constituent isolated from Siegesbeckia orientalis (Compositae), in order to validate its folk use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Kirenol was isolated from ethanolic extract of Siegesbeckia orientalis. Several topical formulations containing kirenol were investigated for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in rat. The effects were studied using carrageenan-induced rat acute inflammation model, complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced chronic inflammation and formalin test in rats. Piroxicam gel and methyl salicylate ointment were studied as positive control for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity, respectively. RESULTS: The anti-inflammatory effect of kirenol 0.4-0.5% (w/w) was similar to the effect of piroxicam gel 4h after carrageenan injection. The analgesic activity of topical preparation with more than 0.4% (w/w) was observed in the late phase. These effects may be due, at least in part, to the pro-inflammatory cytokine production of IL-1ß and TNF-α. The administration of kirenol cream at the dose of 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5% (w/w) significantly inhibited the development of joint swelling induced by CFA, which was auxiliary supported by histopathological studies. CONCLUSION: Kirenol has demonstrated its significant potential to be further investigated for its discovery as a new lead compound for management of topical pain and inflammation, although further pharmacological research is necessary to fully understand its mechanism of action. It also supports the potential beneficial effect of topically administered Siegesbeckia orientalis in inflammatory diseases.

A zinc(II) metal-organic framework based on triazole and dicarboxylate ligands for selective adsorption of hexane isomers.

A three-dimensional (3D) metal-organic framework {[Zn(2)(HBDC)(2)(dmtrz)(2)]·guest}(n) with pcu net has been solvothermally synthesized, which shows selective adsorption of linear and monobranched hexane isomers over a dibranched one.

Systematic exploration of a rutile-type zinc(II)-phosphonocarboxylate open framework: the factors that influence the structure.

To systematically explore the assembly mechanism of a rutile-type open framework of {[Zn(3)(pbdc)(2)]·2H(3)O}(n) (3) (H(4)pbdc = 5-phosphonobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid) constructed by 3-connected pbdc ligands and 6-connected Zn(3)(CO(2))(4)(PO(3))(2) secondary building units (Zn(3)-SBUs), three major factors including solvothermal procedures, types of solvents and amines, are taken into consideration. Seven novel structures, namely {[Zn(5)(pbdc)(2)(OH)(2)(H(2)O)(4)]·4H(2)O}(n) (1), {[Zn(3)(pbdc)(2)·H(2)O]·(Htea)·H(3)O·2-5(H(2)O)}(n) (2), {[Zn(3)(pbdc)(2)](H(3)O)(2)(dma)}(n) (4), {[Zn(2)(pbdc)(taea)]·3H(2)O}(n) (5), {[Zn(3)(pbdc)(2)(Hpda)(2)]·2H(2)O}(n) (6), {[Zn(5)(pbdc)(2)(Hpbdc)(2)]·2H(2)pz·9H(2)O}(n) (7), {[Zn(3)(pbdc)(2)]·Hpd·H(3)O·4H(2)O}(n) (8) are obtained. The results indicate that the layered-solvothermal method and the isopropanol solvent play crucial roles in the construction of the special anionic open framework of [Zn(3)(pbdc)(2)](2-). Changing these two factors led molecular assembly away from the rutile-type open framework. However, amines play a variable role in the framework, which means that by using appropriate amines, molecular assembly could generate the open framework of [Zn(3)(pbdc)(2)](2-) with pores decorated by amines. These results suggest a different approach towards decorating pores in anionic frameworks with precise structural information.

A rutile-type porous zinc(II)-phosphonocarboxylate framework: local proton transfer and size-selected catalysis.

The layered-solvothermal synthesis of zinc acetate dihydrate with 5-phosphonobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid yields a three-dimensional rutile-type porous metal-organic framework, which is an anionic open-framework containing local proton transfer with hydrated protons and showing excellent size-selective properties.