ABSTRACT
PEO-LiX solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) with the addition of Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZTO) fillers is considered as a promising solid-state electrolyte for solid-state Li-ion batteries. However, the developments of the SPE have caused additional challenges, such as poor contact interface and SPE/Li interface stability during cycling, which always lead to potentially catastrophic battery failure. The main problem is that the real impact of LLZTO fillers on the interfacial properties between SPE and Li metal is still unclear. Herein, we combined the electrochemical measurement and in situ synchrotron-based X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) imaging technology to study the role of LLZTO fillers in directing SPE/Li interface electrochemical performance. In situ XRF-XANES mapping during cycling showed that addition of an appropriate amount of LLZTO fillers (50 wt %) can improve the interfacial contact and stability between SPE and Li metal without reacting with the PEO and Li salts. Additionally, it also demonstrated the beneficial effect of LLZTO particles for suppressing the interface reactions between the Li metal and PEO-LiTFSI SPE and further inhibiting Li-metal dendrite growth. The Li|LiFePO4 batteries deliver long cycling for over 700 cycles with a low-capacity fade rate of 0.08% per cycle at a rate of 0.3C, revealing tremendous potential in promoting the large-scale application of future solid-state Li-ion batteries.
ABSTRACT
Background and purpose: Understanding the temporal trends of stroke burden and its attributable risk factors are essential for targeted prevention strategies. We aimed to describe the temporal trends and attributable risk factors of stroke in China. Methods: Data on the stroke burden [incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)] and the population-attributable fraction for stroke risk factors from 1990 to 2019 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019). We analyzed trends in the burden of stroke and its attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2019, and the characteristics of stroke-attributable risk factors by sex, age group, and stroke subtype. Results: From 1990 to 2019, the age-standardized incidence, mortality, and DALY rates for total stroke decreased by 9.3% (3.3, 15.5), 39.8% (28.6, 50.7), and 41.6% (30.7, 50.9) respectively. The corresponding indicators all decreased for intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage. The age-standardized incidence rate of ischemic stroke increased by 39.5% (33.5 to 46.2) for male patients and by 31.4% (24.7 to 37.7) for female patients, and the age-standardized mortality and DALY rates remained almost unchanged. The three leading stroke risk factors were high systolic blood pressure, ambient particulate matter pollution, and smoking. High systolic blood pressure has remained the leading risk factor since 1990. The attributable risk of ambient particulate matter pollution shows a clear upward trend. Smoking and alcohol consumption were important risk factors for men. Conclusion: This study reinforced the findings of an increased stroke burden in China. Precise stroke prevention strategies are needed to reduce the disease burden of stroke.