A Transparent, Tough and Self-Healable Biopolymeric Composites Hydrogel for Open Wound Management.

Modern healthcare engineering requires a wound dressing solution supported by materials with outstanding features such as high biological compatibility, strong mechanical strength, and higher transparency with effective antibacterial properties. Here, we present a unique hydrogel technology consisting of two negatively charged biopolymers and a positively charged synthetic polymer. The interaction between charged polymers through hydrogen bonds has been created, which are revealed in the simulation by density functional theory and Fourier transform infrared spectra of individual polymers and the hydrogel film. The transparent hydrogel film dressings showed excellent stretchability, a higher water swelling ratio (60%), and strong mechanical strength (∼100 MPa) with self-healing abilities (85-90%). The fabricated hydrogel film showed stable blood clots (within 119 ± 15 s) with rapid hemostasis (<2%) properties and effective antibacterial studies against E. coli and S. aureus bacterial strains. In addition, the obtained hydrogel film also showed excellent cell viability on mouse fibroblast cells. With their enormous amenability to modification, these hydrogel films may serve as promising biomaterials for wound dressing applications.

Investigation of the efficient adsorption performance and adsorption mechanism of 3D composite structure La nanosphere-coated Mn/Fe layered double hydrotalcite on phosphate.

Severe water eutrophication due to large releases of phosphorus has become a worldwide environmental problem. Adsorption active sites is less of traditional adsorbents in the phosphorus removal process resulting in low removal efficiency, so the new high-efficiency phosphorus removal adsorbents become an effective way to solve the problem. In this work, quercetin modified MnFe layered double hydrotalcite three-dimensional composites structures encapsulated by lanthanum (La(III)) nanoparticles (QLa@MnFe-LDH) were successfully prepared by a classical hydrothermal method. The results of the adsorption experiments show that La(III) nanosphere-encapsulated MnFe-LDH provides a more adequate binding site for phosphate adsorption. The adsorption performance of QLa@MnFe-LDH for phosphate was outstanding, the maximum adsorption capacity was 346.5 mg/g at 298.15 K, which was 300 % higher than that of MnFe-LDH. Moreover, QLa@MnFe-LDH retained its high adsorption capacity (>315.5 mg/g) over a wide range of pH (4.0 âˆ¼ 7.0). The active sites of the reactions were predicted by Multiwfn and Visual Molecular Dynamics (VMD), and novel visualization studies of weak interactions were applied to theoretical studies. The modified MnFe-LDH encapsulated by La nanospheres has a strong adsorption capacity for phosphate adsorption. Therefore, the modified QLa@MnFe-LDH was expected to become an effective adsorption material for phosphorus removal.

In-Depth Study of Heavy Metal Removal by an Etidronic Acid-Functionalized Layered Double Hydroxide.

Sorption methodologies play a pivotal role in heavy metal removal to meet the global requirements for uninterrupted access to drinkable water. Standard sorption technologies lack efficiency due to weak adsorbent-metal interaction. To this end, a layered cationic framework material loaded with phosphonate was first fabricated by a facile intercalation method to capture hazardous metals from an aqueous solution. To inquire the removal mechanisms, batch experiments, detection technologies, and simulation calculations were employed to study the interactions at the interface of clay/water. Specifically, the functionalized layered double hydroxide possessed excellent chelation adsorption properties with Zn2+ (281.36 mg/g) and Fe3+ (206.03 mg/g), in which model fitting results revealed that the adsorption process was chemisorption and monolayer interaction. Further, the interfacial interaction between the phosphonate and clay surface was evaluated by molecular dynamics simulation, and a new concept named the interaction region indicator was used to characterize weak interaction and coordinate bonds. The deep insight into the chelation mechanism was visually presented via the orbital interaction diagram. In addition, the regeneration of the spent adsorbent, adsorption column test, and acute toxicity analysis demonstrated that the synthesized material has immense potential in terms of practical usage for the treatment of toxic pollutants. These results provide a novel path for researchers to properly understand the adsorption behavior.

Three-dimension hierarchical composite via in-situ growth of Zn/Al layered double hydroxide plates onto polyaniline-wrapped carbon sphere for efficient naproxen removal.

In this work, a novel adsorbent, 3D hierarchical CS@PANI@ZnAl-LDH composite, has been successfully fabricated through the hydrothermal synthesis of the carbon sphere, oxidative polymerization of polyaniline, and in-site growth of ZnAl-layered double hydroxides, simultaneously applied for the naproxen removal from aqueous solutions. The dynamics and isotherms fit better with the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir model, demonstrating the chemisorption, monolayer, and endothermic process. In addition, the high uptake capacities of CS@PANI@ZnAl-LDH for naproxen was 545.5 mg/g at 298 K when the pH was 5.0, outperforming most previously reported materials. Moreover, after five adsorption-desorption cycles, the spent CS@PANI@ZnAl-LDH maintains high removal efficiency and structural composition, revealing excellent recyclability and stability. Furthermore, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses indicate electrostatic interactions, π-π interactions, and hydrogen bonding between CS@APNI@ZnAl-LDH and naproxen. Quantitative analyses, Localized orbit locator (LOL)-π isosurface, and Independent Gradient Model further verify the adsorption mechanisms mentioned above, indicating the synergistic effects between PANI and ZnAl-LDH improve the elimination ability for naproxen. Significantly, Hirshfeld surface analyses reveal that naproxen behaves as the H-bond acceptor, and the ZnAl-LDH acts as the H-bond donor. This work provided a feasible way to design purification materials for wastewater treatment.

Facile immobilization of ethylenediamine tetramethylene-phosphonic acid into UiO-66 for toxic divalent heavy metal ions removal: An experimental and theoretical exploration.

By the facile immobilization of ethylenediamine tetramethylene-phosphonic acid (EDTMPA) onto the surface and into the defects of UiO-66, a stable and efficient adsorbent named UiO-66-EDTMPA was obtained for the first time. In terms of removing aqueous heavy metal ions (Pb2+, Cd2+, Cu2+), the maximum adsorption capacities of UiO-66-EDTMPA reached 558.67, 271.34 and 210.89 mg/g, which were 8.77 (Pb2+), 5.63 (Cd2+) and 5.19 (Cu2+) times higher than raw UiO-66 respectively. The adsorption behavior of three heavy metal ions on UiO-66 and UiO-66-EDTMPA were investigated and compared through batch control experiments and theoretical studies. The main factors on adsorption progress (i.e., the dosage of EDTMPA, pH, ionic strength, co-existing ions, initial concentration, contact time, temperature) were explored, and the critical characterization (i.e., SEM, TEM, XRD, FT-IR, TG-DTG, XPS, N2 adsorption-desorption test) were performed. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation (radial distribution functions (RDF) and mean square displacement (MSD)) were also applied to reveal the adsorption behavior. Besides, two new quantum chemical analyses (Hirshfeld surface and independent gradient model (IGM)) were introduced into the interaction analysis between UiO-66 and EDTMPA. The complete results showed that (1) where the hydrogen bond and (vdW) connect EDTMPA to UiO-66. (2) The coordination between O, N atoms of EDTMPA and heavy metal ions (Pb2+, Cd2+, Cu2+) resulted in spontaneous adsorption. (3) The adsorption behavior agreed with Langmuir and pseudo-second-order model, endothermic reaction. In addition, the desorption and reusability study showed promising stable and sustainable performance. This work has some guiding significance for the experimental and theoretical study of removing heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions by MOF or modified MOF materials.

New insights into the capture performance and mechanism of hazardous metals Cr3+ and Cd2+ onto an effective layered double hydroxide based material.

The phosphonate functionalized layered double hydroxide constructed through intercalation reaction, and efficiently applied to capture toxicant metal ions. The characterization results indicated that the functionalized composite with many functional groups has adsorption potential to heavy metals. The strong chelation of the phosphonate groups with heavy metal ions proved it an excellent adsorbent leading to a maximum adsorption capacity of 156.95 mg/g (Cr3+) and 198.34 mg/g (Cd2+) separately. The data of kinetics and isotherm revealed that the chelating adsorption was dominated by chemisorption and monolayer interaction. Notably, the spent adsorbent presented satisfactory reusability after six cycles. Furthermore, the Forcite simulation with the CLAYFF-CVFF force field implied that the critical mechanism for modifiers and the surface sites of the interlayer is electrostatic interaction. Our in-depth exploration in terms of the weak interactions not only demonstrated the strength and nature but also provided a novel way to intuitively capture the type of interactions that occurred around interesting regions. In the end, we made detailed investigations on the chelation mechanism, and the covalent nature played a leading role in the binding interaction. This work provides a valuable strategy for researchers to design novel materials in practice.

Exploration of adsorption mechanism of 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid onto kaolinite and montmorillonite via batch experiment and theoretical studies.

Two clay minerals, kaolinite (Kaol) and montmorillonite (Mt) with different crystal structures were chosen to investigate the comparative adsorption of 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (PBTC) through batch control experiments and theoretical studies. The systematical isotherm and kinetic studies agreed with Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order model, confirming a monolayer and chemisorption interaction process, respectively. The maximum removal capacities of Kaol and Mt for PBTC were 72.297 mg/g and 121.163 mg/g at pH=3.0 and T=298 K, respectively. Furthermore, the adsorption mechanisms were investigated by molecular dynamic (MD) simulations and density functional theory (DFT). The Interface force field (IFF) was firstly introduced into Materials Studio package to explore the microscopic mechanism of clay mineral interface. The dynamics behaviors verified that the oxygen (O) atom of carboxyl group has stronger affinity at the external surface of Mt, which consistent with the experimental data well. For DFT calculations, quantitative analysis around molecular van der Waals (vdW) surface was adopted to predict reactive sites for the electrophilic reaction. Independent Gradient Model (IGM) and Hirshfeld surface analyses in Multiwfn indicated that the high adsorption effect mainly attributes to hydrogen bond action. These findings improve our ability to explore the related properties occurring at the interface of different clay minerals.

Rapid and efficient removal of diclofenac sodium from aqueous solution via ternary core-shell CS@PANI@LDH composite: Experimental and adsorption mechanism study.

The efficient removal of Diclofenac sodium (DCF), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, has attracted more and more attention. In this work, ternary core-shell CS@PANI@LDH composite was synthesized via the in-situ growth of Mg/Al layered double hydroxide plates onto polyaniline-wrapped carbon sphere and applied for DCF removal. Various influence factors like concentration, pH, time, temperature, and background electrolytes were systematically investigated. The maximum adsorption capacity was 618.16 mg/g. Besides, after 5 regeneration cycles, CS@PANI@LDH still retained high adsorption capacity. The adsorption mechanism was investigated by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization analyses. Simultaneously, the Multiwfn program combined the Chimera program was applied to calculate and visualize the localized orbit locator (LOL) of π electrons in DCF- molecule, which explored the π electronic structure and conjugation characteristics of DCF- molecule. Moreover, the Independent Gradient Model (IGM) analysis based on pro-molecular density revealed the interaction sites and interaction strength between DCF and LDH. The adsorption mechanism could be explained through electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding between LDH and DCF, π-π interaction between DCF and PANI. It was the synergistic effects of different interactions that improved the adsorption of DCF by CS@PANI@LDH composite.

Efficient absorption properties of surface grafted HEDP-HAP composites for Pb2+ and Cu2+: Experimental study and visualization study of interaction based on Becke surface analysis and independent gradient model.

A simple hydrothermal method was employed to prepare the surface grafted 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid-hydroxyapatite (HEDP-HAP) composites, which were termed as 0.2HEDP-HAP, 0.5HEDP-HAP and 1HEDP-HAP respectively, according to the HEDP content. Adsorption experiments showed that the maximum adsorption capacity of 0.5HEDP-HAP for Cu2+ reached 168.9 mg/g, which was 4.19 times that of HAP, while the maximum adsorption capacity of 1HEDP-HAP for Pb2+ was as high as 1521 mg/g, which was approximately 10 times that of HAP. For the first time, the interaction mechanism of HEDP with HAP, or HEDP-HAP composite with the two heavy metal ions was illustrated by the combination of quantum chemistry (QC) calculation, quantitative analysis of molecular surface, Becke surface analysis and Independent Gradient Model (IGM) method. The active reaction sites, the types, relative strength and essence of the interactions were revealed based on the visual analysis of interactions. The results demonstrated that the phosphonic acid group (PO3H-) of HEDP2- can form hydrogen bonds with the phosphate group (PO43-) and the hydroxyl group (OH) of HAP. The oxygen atom of PO3H- provided lone pair electrons to form chelate with Ca2+ of HAP, which resulted in the strong affinity of HEDP with HAP. Moreover, the significant improvements of uptake of surface grafted HEDP-HAP for Cu2+ and Pb2+ were due to the formation of the ternary surface complexes.

A new alendronate doped HAP nanomaterial for Pb2+, Cu2+ and Cd2+ effect absorption.

In this paper, a new nanobiomaterial, alendronate hydroxyapatite (AL-HAP), was synthesized by the conventional co-precipitation method with alendronate (AL) as dopant, and applied in the removal of heavy metal contaminants for the first time. The characterization results showed that the crystallinity of the AL-HAP nanocomposite biomaterials after doping has been greatly deteriorated, and the pore volume and pore size increased. When the doping amount of AL was 10 %, the maximum adsorption capacity of AL-HAP for Pb2+, Cd2+ and Cu2+ can reach 1431.8, 469 and 226.6 mg/g, respectively, which was much higher than that reported in other literature. Meanwhile, the adsorption mechanism of AL-HAP for heavy metal ions was discussed from both the views of experimental and Multiwfn program theoretical calculation based on density functional theory (DFT). Quantitative molecular surface analysis was carried out for the first time to study the minimum points and the positions of electrostatic potential (ESP) and average local ionization energy(ALIE), as well as the exact values, giving more accurate and reliable analysis conclusions for the reaction sites and binding mode. In addition, the independent gradient model (IGM) method was also firstly applied to investigate the interactions between AL and HAP or AL-HAP nanocomposite with metal ions. AL-HAP is a potential adsorption material for heavy metal wastewater treatment and soil remediation because of its advantages such as convenient synthesis, excellent adsorption performance and no secondary pollution.

The facile synthesis of zoledronate functionalized hydroxyapatite amorphous hybrid nanobiomaterial and its excellent removal performance on Pb2+ and Cu2.

In this paper, a simple chemical precipitation method was proposed to obtain zoledronate functionalized hydroxyapatite (zole-HAP) hybrid nano- biomaterials (zole-HAP-HNBM) which were firstly applied to adsorption. The characterizations of materials verified that the addition of zoledronate declined the crystallinity and transformed the morphology of HAP from short rod shape to microsphere, changed micro structure of the hybrid nanobiomaterial. Adsorption experiments carried out under different conditions showed that adsorption capacity of the nanobiomaterial, enhanced by the addition of zoledronate in preparation, which is equal to 1460.14 mg/g on Pb2+ and 226.33 mg/g on Cu2+ in optimum qualifications, was elevated more than the reported values in many literatures. At last, the sorption mechanisms of HAP and zole-HAP for Pb2+and Cu2+ were probed by experiments and Multifwn program calculation in details. It suggested that the dominant sorption mechanisms of HAP for Pb2+ were ion exchange and dissolution-precipitation rather than surface complexation, while besides the dissolution-precipitation mechanism, surface complexation may contribute more in the adsorption process of 10zole-HAP for Pb2+. Once considering HAP and 10zole-HAP, removal mechanisms of Cu2+ could involve surface complexation and ion exchange.

Mesoporous CuS nanospheres decorated rGO aerogel for high photocatalytic activity towards Cr(VI) and organic pollutants.

Mesoporous CuS nanospheres (CuS-NS) decorated reduced graphene oxide (rGO) aerogel composite (3D CuS-NS/rGO) was prepared by chemical reduction process and used for the synergistic removal of Cr(VI) and cationic dyes. The porosity of the as prepared samples was determined by Bruner-Emmet-Teller (BET) surface Area. Structural and morphological properties were studied by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscope (TEM). These analysis revealed that the as obtained hybrid CuS-NS/rGO composite with three dimensional (3D) structure was composed of mesoporous CuS nanospheres clearly induced onto the interconnected network of rGO sheets. The photocatalytic performance of 3D CuS-NS/rGO composites was studied against the reduction of Cr(VI) and degradation of cationic dyes (MB and RhB) under visible light spectrum. Excellent photocatalytic performance was observed with 3D CuS/rGO hybrid composites as compared to the as prepared CuS nanospheres. This high photocatalytic activity was attributed to the efficient charge transfer from the mesoporous CuS nanospheres to nanosheets of rGO, which was confirmed by UV-Vis spectrometry (UV-Vis). Electrical conductivity of the prepared samples was also investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Additionally, the as prepared hybrid composites was easy to recycle by using simple tweezers and can be a best candidate for industrial applications.

Molecular dynamics simulations of the binging affinity of 1-hydroxyethane-1, 1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) with nano-hydroxyapatite and the uptake of Cu2+ by HEDP-HAP hybrid systems.

The adsorption capacities of different ratios of 1-hydroxyethylidene-1, 1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) and nano-hydroxyapatite (HAP) hybrid systems on Cu2+ were probed. The FTIR, XRD, SEM and EDS analyses showed that HEDP with Cu2+ adsorbed on the surface of HAP and a new crystal phase appeared. The content of adsorbed Cu2+ were 4.4% and 21.8% on the surface of single HAP and HEDP-HAP-0.5 hybrid system, respectively, and later was 4.94 times that of the former. Conversely, the Ca/P (mol) ratio decreased from 1.40 to 0.61, indicating more Ca2+ were replaced by Cu2+. Meanwhile, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations results showed that HEDP and water molecules both formed ordered adsorption layer with similar concentration profiles, but the former preferred to gather on the HAP surface than the latter. The electrovalence bonds between the phosphonic acid functional groups of HEDP and Ca2＋ of HAP surface played the dominant role in their adsorption. The adsorption results showed that the maximum adsorption capacity of single hydroxyapatite for Cu2+ was 40.32 mg/g, while the maximum adsorption capacities reached 99.11, 171.8 and 147.27 mg/g for HEDP-HAP-0.2, HEDP-HAP-0.5 and HEDP-HAP-1.0 hybrid systems, respectively. The study illustrated that the adsorption process accorded with the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm model.

The synergistic effect and microscopic mechanism of co-adsorption of three emerging contaminants and copper ion on gemini surfactant modified montmorillonite.

Montmorillonite (G-Mt) modified by a gemini quaternary ammonium cationic surfactant (Propyl bis (hexadecyl dimethyl ammonium) chloride, 16-3-16) was used to remove emerging contaminants (ECs) (such as 1H-Benzotriazole (BTA), 5-Methyl-1H-benzotriazole (TTA) and 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT)) and Cu2+ from wastewater. Based on the adsorption of the above three ECs in our previous studies, single adsorption of Cu2+ and the simultaneous adsorption of three ECs with Cu2+ on G-Mt were also investigated. G-Mt showed much lower adsorption amount on Cu2+ comparing with original montmorillonite (Ca-Mt) in single adsorption system due to the difficulty of ion-exchange property of G-Mt. In co-adsorption system, three organic pollutants and Cu2+ played a synergistic effect and the adsorption capacity of G-Mt on them increased, the influence sequence of Cu2+ on the adsorption of three ECs or the effect of ECs on the adsorption of Cu2+ both followed as: TTA > BTA > HOBT. The results of FT-IR, EDS and XPS revealed that the complex of Cu2+ and ECs were adsorbed onto G-Mt via forming complexes and hydrophobic interaction in co-adsorption system. The pH experiment showed that the optimum pH of the co-adsorption of ECs and Cu2+ on G-Mt was 5. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations showed that three ECs or ECs combining with Cu2+ were dominantly adsorbed in the interlayer space of G-Mt, which resulted in the arrangement manner of 16-3-16 between the layer of G-Mt before and after adsorption of three organic pollutants was different. Furthermore, by quantitatively analyzing electrostatic potential (ESP) distribution, average local ionization energy (ALIE) distribution and their minimum points on three ECs molecules surfaces, Multiwfn program has been applied to probe the microscopic mechanism. The synergistic effect of co-adsorption will promote enrichment of copper ions and ECs to remove them more efficiently in polluted waters.

Effective adsorption of heavy metal ions by sodium lignosulfonate reformed montmorillonite.

Sodium lignosulfonate (Na-LS) was used to modified montmorillonite to form lignosulfonate-montmorillonite (LS-MMT). The as-prepared samples were characterized by various equipment to analyze the surface morphology and structure of the pure and reformed samples. The adsorption capability (qe, mg/g) of LS-MMT or Ca/Na-MMT for Pb(II) and Cu(II) at different reaction intervals, the concentration of metal ions, temperature, and pH were studied by batch adsorption experiments. The results revealed that LS-MMT displayed a higher adsorption capacity than Ca/Na-MMT. The pH of solutions had a great influence on the qe of the two adsorbents, and the qe was slightly enhanced with temperature increasing. The isotherm and kinetic experiments studies indicated that the adsorption of heavy metal on LS-MMT or Ca/Na-MMT fit well with the Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The competitive adsorption showed that LS-MMT had a stronger affinity for Pb(II) than Cu(II), which was different from Ca/Na-MMT. Additionally, the desorption experiment showed that LS-MMT had a stronger ability to lock heavy metal ions than Ca/Na-MMT in an acidic environment with pH ranging from 3 to 5.

Facile one-step economical methodology of metal free g-C3N4 synthesis with remarkable photocatalytic performance under visible light to degrade trans-resveratrol.

Nanoropes crafted graphitic carbon nitride (NRCN-2), prepared by a novel, cost effective and easy to scale up method. We used naphthalene to induce nanoropes like structure inside of the graphitic carbon nitride; on industrial scale, it is easy to recycle naphthalene. The Naphthalene decomposition temperature (>700 °C) is much higher than the polymerization temperature ( = 520 °C) of NRCN-2. At higher temperature, naphthalene molecular vapors moved vigorously through graphitic carbon nitride sheets and caused the sheets to adopt nanoropes like morphology. Photocatalyst (NRCN-2) presented extraordinary specific surface area (351.08 m2 g-1), stimulated the parting effectiveness of photo-generated electrons and holes, by extending the visible light harvesting ability to 600 nm. The nanoropes adopted photocatalysts can easily degrade MO in 90 min and trans-resveratrol in 120 min. The buoyant energetic reactive species (h+, OH and O2-), created during photocatalysis caused mineralization of pollutants. The apparent rate constant, half-life time period and regression coefficients for MO and trans-resveratrol calculated with the help of pseudo first order kinetics. For MO the value of Kapp is 2.968 × 10-2 min-1, for trans-resveratrol, Kapp is 2.490 × 10-2 min-1, corresponding half-life values are 23.354 min and 27.837 min respectively.

Adsorption properties, kinetics & thermodynamics of tetracycline on carboxymethyl-chitosan reformed montmorillonite.

This paper describes a modification method of Na-montmorillonite (Na-Mt) with carboxymethyl-chitosan (CMC). The as-prepared samples were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface analyzer and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Two common tetracycline antibiotics, tetracycline (TET) and chlortetracycline (CTC), were selected as the represented pollutants and adsorbed by CMC-Mt under different experimental conditions. The intercalation of CMC obviously amplified the basal spacing of the interlayers confirmed by XRD measurements and improved the adsorption capacities of montmorillonite to some degree. The results showed that the tetracycline antibiotic sorption onto CMC-Mt was mainly dependent on pH and was not affected by temperature. Besides, the removal of TET and CTC rapidly attained an equilibrium within 2 h of contact time. The kinetic data of adsorption was determined by first-order, second-order kinetics and intraparticle diffusion models. The kinetic study indicates that the TET and CTC adsorption processes obeyed the second-order kinetics. The Freundlich isotherm study was in agreement with the practical data, suggesting a heterogeneous sorption process. Furthermore, the thermodynamic studies revealed that the removal process was more spontaneous at a lower temperature, implying it an exothermic reaction. The synthesized adsorbent CMC-Mt can be widely used in the treatment of wastewater.