Therapeutic evaluation of acupoint stimulation with needle-scapelon on rat model of degenerative cervical intervertebral discs.

Cervical spondylosis (CS), which is resulted from degeneration of cervical intervertebral disc, is a common disease seriously threatening human health and quality of life. However, there is still no effective clinic strategies for the treatment of this disease. The acupoint stimulation with needle-scalpel is a widely used approach to treat orthopedic diseases. In the present study, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of acupoint stimulation around neck with needle-scalpel on delaying the degeneration of cervical intervertebral discs and hopefully provided an approach for the precaution and early intervention of CS. We firstly established a rat model of CS by cervical static-dynamic imbalance to mimics disc degeneration and then stimulated the acupoints around neck with needle-scalpel. The cervical intervertebral disc samples were collected to measure type I and II collagen by quantitative PCR (qPCR), immunohistochemistry, and western blot. The changes in micro-structure and ultra-structure of nucleus pulposus were analyzed under the optical microscope and electron microscope respectively. Acupoint stimulation with needle-scapelon increased type I collagen production and decreased type II collagen production, and improved the micro-structure and ultra-structure of nucleus pulposus. Our results suggest that acupoint stimulation around neck with needle-scapelon could inhibit intervertebral disc degeneration through modulating the extracellular matrix collagen system and improving the changed structure of nucleus pulposus.

[Effect of Acupotomy Lysis at Cervical Acupoints on Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 1 and Changes of Pulpiform Nucleus Ultrastructure in Rats with Degenerated Cervical Intervertebral Discs].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of acupotomy lysis at acupoints around the neck on expression of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1), MMP-2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) genes and ultrastructure of pulpiform nucleus in cervical intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) rats, so as to explore its mechanism underlying easing IVDD. METHODS: SD rats were randomly allocated to control (n = 15), model (n = 14), Jiaji (EX-B 2, n = 13), cervico-acupoint (n = 14) and medication groups (n = 14). The cervical IVDD model was established by using static-dynamic imbalance method. For rats of the Jiaji (EX-B 2) and cervico-acupoint groups, EX-B 2-points of the cervical 2-7 segments, and peri-cervical acupoints: bilateral "Naokong" (GB 19) , "Naohu" (GV 17), "Dazhui" (GV 14), bilateral "Quyuan" (SI 13) and bilateral "Tianzong" (SI 11) were separately punctured with a needle-knife, once every 5 days for 3 times, and for rats of the medication group, Brufen Capsules (15 mg · kg(-1) · d(-1)) and Jingfukang Granule (0.5 mg · kg(-1) · d(-1)) were given by intragastric administration, once daily for 10 days. The expression levels of MMP-1, MMP-3 and TIMP-1 genes in the pulpiform nucleus of cervical intervertebral discs were detected by RT-PCR and changes of the ultrastructure of the pulpiform nucleus observed under transmission electron microscope. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, the expression levels of MMP-1 mRNA and MMP-3 mRNA of the cervical intervertebral disc tissues were significantly up-regulated in the model group (P < 0.05), and that of TIMP-1 mRNA was obviously down-regulated in the model group (P < 0.05). After the treatment, the increased expression of MMP-1 mRNA and MMP-3 mRNA and the decreased expression of TIMP-1 mRNA were reversed by acupotomy lysis and medication (P < 0.05) except TIMP-1 mRNA in the medication group (P > 0.05). No significant differences were found between the Jiaji (EX-B 2) and cervico-acupoint groups in down-regulating MMP-1 mRNA and MMP-3 mRNA expression and up-regulating TIMP-1 mRNA expression (P > 0.05). Results of electron microscope examinations showed that the ultrastructural injury changes of cells of the pulpiform nucleus were relatively milder in the Jiaji (EX-B 2) and cervico-acupoint groups, followed by the medication group in comparison with those of the model group. CONCLUSION: Acupotomy lysis at acupoints around the neck can improve the ultrastructural changes of cells of the pulpiform nucleus of cervical intervertebral discs in IVDD rats, which is possibly by regulating the expression of MMP-1, MMP-3 and TIMP-1 genes.

[Effect of Acupotome Relaxing on Expression of Type I and II Collagens of Degenerative Cervical Inter- vertebral Discs in Rats].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of acupotome relaxing at cervical acupoints on type I and II collagens of degenerated cervical intervertebral discs in rats, so as to explore its potential mechanism underlying anti-degeneration of intervertebral discs. METHODS: Rats were randomly divided into control, model, Jiaji acupoints, cervical acupoints and medication groups (n = 15 in each group). The rat model of cervical intervertebral disc degeneration due to static-dynamic imbalance was made as previously specified. The Jiaji acupoints were those located along the cervical vertebra 2-7. The cervical acupoints included bilateral "Naokong"(GB 19) , "Naohu" (GV 17) , "Dazhui"(GV 14) , bilateral "Quyuan" (SI 13) and bilateral "Tianzong" (SI 11). Acupoints were treated according to the procedures of acupotome for 3 times in ten days with five days' break between every two treatment sessions. Rats of the medication group were intragastrically administered with Jing Fu Kang Granules and ibuprofen daily for ten days. Twenty days after the end of treatment, all rats were sacrificed for further examination of morphological changes of the intervertebral disc tissue. Immunoactivity of protein and mRNA expression levels of collagen type I and II of the intervertebral discs were measured by means of immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR, respectively. RESULTS: In comparison with the control group, the immunoactivity and mRNA expression levels of collagen type I and II of the intervertebral discs were significantly elevated or reduced in rats of the model group, respectively (P < 0.05). After acupotome intervention and medication, the increased and decreased expression levels of type I and II collagen proteins and genes were markedly reversed (P < 0.05). The effects of acupotome relaxing of both cervical and Jiaji acupoints were significantly superior to those of medication in down-regulating expression of type I collagen protein and mRNA, and in up-regulating that of type II collagen protein and mRNA (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found between the cervical acupoints and Jiaji acupoints groups in the above- mentioned outcomes (P > 0.05) . The degree of severity of the degenerated intervertebral discs was the worst in the model group, followed by the medication group, then the Jiaji acupoints group and cervical acupoints group, and the control group the least. CONCLUSION: Acupotome at neck acupoints can regulate the extracellular matrix of the intervertebral disc via inhibiting the transformation between type I and type II collagens, which may contribute to its effect in delaying the degenerative process of the cervical intervertebral discs.

Manipulating light polarizations with a hyperbolic metamaterial waveguide.

In this Letter we demonstrate that a hyperbolic metamaterial (HMM) waveguide array exhibits a giant modal birefringence between the TE and TM modes by utilization of a rectangular waveguide cross section. We further reveal that the designed polarization manipulation device using such a HMM waveguide array with a subwavelength thickness presents the ability to function as a polarizer or quarter- or half-wave plate that enables transmission only for electromagnetic wave (EW) that is polarized at a specific direction, or converting linearly polarized EW to circularly and elliptically polarized EW or rotating linearly polarized EW with 90° at terahertz (THz) frequencies. A giant modal birefringence between the TE and TM modes from 0.8 to 2 between 2 and 4.8 THz is achievable, which is dozens of times higher than conventional quartz birefringent crystals for THz waves. This polarization manipulation device has the performance merits including high transmission efficiency, ultra-compactness, and tunable birefringence, offering a promising approach to manipulating the polarization states of EW.