Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors as adjuvant treatment for patients with resected non-small cell lung cancer harboring EGFR mutation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is still under investigation as adjuvant treatment for early-stage disease. Here, we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of adjuvant EGFR-TKI versus non-EGFR-TKI treatment in patients with completely resected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring EGFR mutation. METHODS: Two investigators independently extracted data from databases. A meta-analysis was performed following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (ID: CRD42022316481). The primary outcome was disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with EGFR mutation, measured as the hazard ratio (HR). Other outcomes (of subgroup analyses) included overall survival (OS) and DFS. RESULTS: After the systematic screening, eight studies with a total of 3098 patients with stage IB-IIIA NSCLC were included. The results show that in patients with EGFR mutation, the DFS in the adjuvant EGFR-TKI group was significantly superior to that in the control group, with a HR of 0.47 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.30-0.74; P = 0.001). In subgroup analyses of DFS, the benefit was observed in the EGFR-TKI group versus the chemotherapy group (HR 0.50, 95% CI 0.30-0.84; P = 0.009), the EGFR-TKI combined with chemotherapy group versus the chemotherapy group (HR 0.37, 95% CI 0.16-0.85; P = 0.02), and in stage IIA-IIIA NSCLC (HR 0.45, 95% CI 0.27-0.74; P = 0.002). However, the benefit of DFS did not translate into improved OS in the whole population (HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.54-1.14; P = 0.20). CONCLUSION: EGFR-TKIs prolonged DFS but not OS in patients with completely resected stage II-IIIA NSCLC harboring EGFR mutation. Longer follow-ups and new clinical trials that can result in changes in clinical practice are needed.

Sideband cooling of a trapped ion in strong sideband coupling regime.

Conventional theoretical studies on the ground-state laser cooling of a trapped ion have mostly focused on the weak sideband coupling (WSC) regime, where the cooling rate is inverse proportional to the linewidth of the excited state. In a recent work [New J. Phys.23, 023018 (2021)10.1088/1367-2630/abe273], we proposed a theoretical framework to study the ground state cooling of a trapped ion in the strong sideband coupling (SSC) regime, under the assumption of a vanishing carrier transition. Here we extend this analysis to more general situations with nonvanishing carrier transitions, where we show that by properly tuning the coupling lasers a cooling rate proportional to the linewidth can be achieved. Our theoretical predictions closely agree with the corresponding exact solutions in the SSC regime, which provide an important theoretical guidance for sideband cooling experiments.

Prognostic value of serum pentraxin 3 for intracerebral hemorrhage mortality.

Pentraxin 3 is considered an important inflammatory marker is known to increase in patients with ischemic stroke, but the relationship between pentraxin 3 and intracerebral hemorrhage mortality is unclear. The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of pentraxin 3 in serum and its impact on prognosis in 307 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. During the 5-year follow-up, the mortality rate of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage was 22.5%. The serum pentraxin 3 level of the brain-dead patients was higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis indicated a high correlation between the pentraxin 3 level and the mortality rate 95% (hazard ratio: 3.671; confidence interval: 1.558-4.297). The receiver operating characteristic curve showed that pentraxin 3 (Area Under Curve = 0.801) had a higher diagnostic value than C-reactive protein (Area Under Curve = 0.701). The pentraxin 3 level increased significantly after intracerebral hemorrhage and has an important predictive value for a prognosis for intracerebral hemorrhage mortality.

Identification of eight pathogenic microorganisms by single concentration-dependent multicolor carbon dots.

The identification of pathogenic microorganisms is crucial to human health and industrial development, however, traditional culture-based methods are laborious and time consuming. We developed a novel method for the identification of pathogenic microorganisms based on single concentration-dependent carbon dots (CDs). The CDs were synthesized using a microwave heating approach without any complicated purification processes and the PL emission wavelength of the CDs could be tuned only by changing the concentration of the solution. The concentration-dependent CDs were applied for multicolor bioimaging and identification of eight kinds of microorganisms within minutes using different fluorescence spectra. This work provides a new approach for the detection of multiplex targets in real samples and lays a foundation for food safety monitoring.

Carbon Dots Exhibiting Concentration-Dependent Full-Visible-Spectrum Emission for Light-Emitting Diode Applications.

Carbon dots (CDs) that exhibit emission over the whole visible spectrum are desired for use in light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Here, CDs displaying tunable fluorescence over the whole visible region are synthesized. Different concentrations of CDs are uniformly dispersed in epoxy resin and coated on 405 nm LED chips to obtain monochrome blue, cyan, green, yellow, red, and deep red LEDs that yield a color gamut covering 99.4% of the National Television Standards Committee (NTSC) standard. These monochrome LEDs display similar high stability. Furthermore, warm and neutral white LEDs are produced by coating cyan- and red-emitting CD layers on 405 nm LED chips, achieving color-rendering indexes (CRIs) of 96.4 and 96.6, respectively. Two fluorescent conversion layers derived from one material at different concentrations simplify the preparation of high-CRI white LEDs. The uniform weak changes of the cyan and red photoluminescence peaks during operation ensure the high stability of these CD-based white LEDs. This research provides a new avenue to develop low-cost, easy-to-prepare CDs with tunable emission colors as alternative phosphors for LED-based high-performance displays and lighting.

Genetic Algorithm-Based Sensor Allocation With Nonlinear Centralized Fusion Observable Degree.

As the main performance self-evaluation index of the Kalman filter, the estimation error covariance (EEC) has been used to design the allocation cost function of task and resources for sensor tracking networks. For nonlinear systems, the sensor allocation method based on the EEC needs to adjust the allocation plans after obtaining the filtering results. Meanwhile, recent investigations have indicated that the self-evaluation function EEC of the Kalman filtering is universally inapplicable in practical applications, for which the estimation models are generally mismatched due to difficulty in accurately training parameters and approximation of nonlinear systems. Thereby, the sensors cannot be properly allocated by using the EEC as a preliminary criterion. Alternatively, observable degree (OD) is a naturally quantitative measure on observability and can be utilized to effectively measure the estimation performance. In this paper, the OD analysis with scale transform invariance for nonlinear systems is studied by using the unscented Kalman filter, the pseudostate transition matrix, and the pseudo observation matrix on the basis of the results of linear systems. Afterward, the OD of nonlinear fusion systems, the sensor utilization efficiency, the priority of tasks, and the sensor performance and sensitivity are jointly considered to formulate the optimization problem for sensor allocation. The genetic algorithm with intelligent learning function is employed to solve the optimization problem. Moreover, extensive simulation demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed approach.

Solid-State Fluorescent Carbon Dots with Aggregation-Induced Yellow Emission for White Light-Emitting Diodes with High Luminous Efficiencies.

For practical applications of carbon dots (CDs), a major challenge is to prevent the notorious aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect. Herein, a new type of CDs (CD1) has been developed that can transform from ACQ to an enhancement of fluorescence by aggregation-induced emission (AIE). The blue fluorescence of the CDs is suppressed by ACQ. However, this is accompanied by the phenomenon of AIE at a longer wavelength, resulting in the emergence and gradual enhancement of yellow fluorescence. The obtained CD1 solid powder shows a bright yellow emission with a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 65%. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra, absorption spectra, and time-resolved PL decay curves indicate that Förster resonant energy transfer from dispersed CD1 particles to large CD1 agglomerations leads to the enhancement of yellow fluorescence. To exploit its high PLQY and strong AIE, CD1 is applied as a color-converting layer on blue light-emitting diode (LED) chips to fabricate white LEDs (WLEDs). The obtained devices show white light coordinates of (0.29, 0.38) and (0.32, 0.42), which are close to pure white light (0.33, 0.33), and luminous efficiencies of 97.8 and 93.9 lm·W-1 and show good stability. The low cost, easy fabrication, controllability, and favorable fluorescence properties signify that CD1 of AIE will have superior performance in a variety of applications.

Study of active ingredients of Chinese medicine interfering with molecular signaling pathway of liver fibrosis / 中国药理学通报

The occurrence and progression of hepatic fibrosis are regulated by multicytokines and multiple molecular signal trans-duction pathways in cells. Currently,the molecular signaling pathway is the target for drugs to treat diseases. The study of the active ingredients of Chinese medicine to interfere with the sig-naling pathways of liver fibrosis is a hot topic. In the past ten years,it has been reported that hydroxysafflor yellow A,total flavonoids from litchi seed,ursolic acid,curcumin can interfere the signaling pathway of p38MAPK,TGF-β/ Smad,Wnt,Ras/ERK and Hedgehog liver fibrosis. The research on the active in-gredients of Chinese traditional medicine,which is targeted at signaling pathways,is expected to open new areas for Chinese and western medicine in the treatment of liver fibrosis.

Analysis of The Efficacy of Continuous Blood Purfication in the Treatment of Severe Acute Pancreatitis / 现代生物医学进展

Objective:To investigate the efficacy and safety of continuous blood purification in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis.Methods:60 cases of severe acute pancreatitis were selected and divided into two groups.The control group (29 cases) was given routine treatment and the observation group (31 cases) was given continuous blood purification.The efficacy of continuous blood purification in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis was evaluated by CRP,ALT,PaO2/FiO2,HCO3-,Scr,APACHE Ⅱ and MODS scores before and after treatment,complications and survival situation during treatment.Results:Before treatment,there was no statistical significance in the CRP,ALT,PaO2/FiO2,HCO3-,Scr levels between two groups (P＞0.05).After treatment,the CRP,ALT,HCO3-,Scr levels of two groups were decreased.These indexes of observation group were lower than those of the control group (P＜0.05).The PaO2/FiO2 of both groups were increased.The PaO2/FiO2 of observation group was high than that of the control group (P＜0.05).Before treatment,there was no statistical significance in the APACHE Ⅱ and MODS scores between two groups (P＞0.05).After treatment,the APACHE Ⅱ and MODS scores were lower than those before treatment.The APACHE Ⅱ and MODS scores in the observation group were lower than those of the control group (P＜0.05).During treatment,there was no statistical significance in the complications and survival rate between two groups (P＞0.05).Conclusion:Continuous blood purification had a good therapeutic effect on the severe acute pancreatitis.It could improve the organ function,reduce inflammation and regulate the balance of water and electrolyte with high safety.

Phenotypic analysis of common cancer stem cell markers and cell sorting in lung cancer cell line A549 / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: It has been widely reported that the most types of cancer are probably originated from cancer stem cells (CSCs) which are subpopulations of tumor cells. Recent studies also suggested that lung cancer could arise from CSCs. However, the phenotypic characteristics of CSCs in lung cancer have not been precisely described.OBJECTIVE: To systematically analyze the expression of the most common CSC markers in cell line A549.METHODS: A549 cells were cultured for 1 week under the condition of conventional high glucose. After that, flow cytometry was used to assess the expression of putative stem cell markers, including CD133, CD24, CD44 and ABCG2.Cells were then sorted according to the expression of CD44 and CD24 markers by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and characterized using their sphere-forming capacity in serum free medium supplemented with several growth factors.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A549 cells expressed the CSC markers CD44 and CD24 at 64.23％ and 58.62％,whereas the expression of both ABCG2 and CD133 was around 0.9％. Double-positive CD44/133 populations were rare.CD44+/CD24+ and CD44+/CD24- subpopulations respectively exhibited 54.64％ and 23.38％ expression. CD44+/CD24+ and CD44+/CD24- subsets were sorted by FACS. Both isolated subpopulations formed spheres in the serum free medium supplemented with basic fibroblast growth factor and epidermal growth factor. However, there was no significant difference in the sphere formation efficiency among CD44+/CD24+ and CD44+/CD24- subsets as well as A549 cells. Our findings suggest that CD44 and CD24 cannot be considered as potential markers for isolating lung CSCs in cell line A549, and further investigation using in vivo assays is required.

Phenotypic characterization of PMA-induced THP-1 macrophages analyzed by flow cytometry / 中国比较医学杂志

Objective To identify the characteristics of the subtype of PMA-induced THP-1 macrophages by flow cytometry analysis. Methods THP-1 monocytic cells differentiate into macrophages promoted by PMA, then induced into M1 and M2 by adding different cytokines, such as LPS,IL-6 and IFN-γ for THP-1-M1, IL-4,IL-13 and IL-6 for THP-1-M2. Morphology of cells were observed under a microscope and the expression of CD14, CD68, CD16, CD80, CD86, CD163, CD206, CD209, CD83, CD1a, CD11c, HLA-DR were detected by flow cytometry. Results The macrophages stimulated by PMA became adherent;THP-1-M1 and THP-1-M2 lost their spherical morphology, appeared more irregular with many obvious projections. The expression of CD83, CD1a, CD11c, HLA-DR which had the function of antigen presenting on the surface of THP-1-Mφwere very low, and most of them were negative, but those of THP-1-M1 and THP-1-M2 were very high. Conclusions The macrophages differentiated from THP-1 stimulated by PMA are weak in antigen presenting function.

Phenotypic characterization of PMA-induced THP-1 macrophages analyzed by flow cytometry / 中国比较医学杂志

Objective To identify the characteristics of the subtype of PMA-induced THP-1 macrophages by flow cytometry analysis. Methods THP-1 monocytic cells differentiate into macrophages promoted by PMA, then induced into M1 and M2 by adding different cytokines, such as LPS,IL-6 and IFN-γ for THP-1-M1, IL-4,IL-13 and IL-6 for THP-1-M2. Morphology of cells were observed under a microscope and the expression of CD14, CD68, CD16, CD80, CD86, CD163, CD206, CD209, CD83, CD1a, CD11c, HLA-DR were detected by flow cytometry. Results The macrophages stimulated by PMA became adherent;THP-1-M1 and THP-1-M2 lost their spherical morphology, appeared more irregular with many obvious projections. The expression of CD83, CD1a, CD11c, HLA-DR which had the function of antigen presenting on the surface of THP-1-Mφwere very low, and most of them were negative, but those of THP-1-M1 and THP-1-M2 were very high. Conclusions The macrophages differentiated from THP-1 stimulated by PMA are weak in antigen presenting function.

Microsurgical Resection of Cervical Spinal Cord Arteriovenous Malformations: Report of 6 Cases.

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the experience in microsurgical resection of cervical spinal cord arteriovenous malformation (AVM). METHODS: Six patients undergoing microsurgical resection of cervical intramedullary AVM in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, China, between March 2005 and March 2015 were reviewed retrospectively, and their clinical manifestations, imaging data, surgical treatment, and results of long-term follow-up were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 6 patients who underwent AVM resection, 2 had compact AVMs and 4 had diffuse AVMs. All 6 patients were reexamined with spinal magnetic resonance imaging within 48 hours after surgery, and 1 patient was examined with digital subtraction angiography. The average patient age was 40.7 ± 10.4 years (range, 29-60 years). Three patients had chronic onset, of whom 2 developed sensory disturbances and 1 had muscle weakness. The other 3 patients had acute onset, including 1 with sudden quadriplegia, 1 with idiopathic severe headache and altered consciousness, and 1 with idiopathic neck pain. The average duration of follow-up was 48.5 ± 38.9 months (range, 15-119 months). One patient experienced complete recovery, and the other 5 patients showed improvement. No patient exhibited deterioration. CONCLUSION: Microsurgical resection of cervical intramedullary AVMs has obtained satisfactory clinical results. Preoperative magnetic resonance angiography, computed tomography angiography, and digital subtraction angiography are useful for evaluating the angioarchitecture, which is key to the success of surgery. Intraoperative indocyanine green fluorescence angiography is an important aid in the surgical treatment of spinal AVMs.

NF-κB induces miR-148a to sustain TGF-ß/Smad signaling activation in glioblastoma.

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory cytokines and transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) are mutually inhibitory. However, hyperactivation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and TGF-ß signaling both emerge in glioblastoma. Here, we report microRNA-148a (miR-148a) overexpression in glioblastoma and that miR-148a directly suppressed Quaking (QKI), a negative regulator of TGF-ß signaling. METHODS: We determined NF-κB and TGF-ß/Smad signaling activity using pNF-κB-luc, pSMAD-luc, and control plasmids. The association between an RNA-induced silencing complex and QKI, mitogen-inducible gene 6 (MIG6), S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 (SKP1), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA was tested with microribonucleoprotein immunoprecipitation and real-time PCR. Xenograft tumors were established in the brains of nude mice. RESULTS: QKI suppression induced an aggressive phenotype of glioblastoma cells both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, we found that NF-κB induced miR-148a expression, leading to enhanced-strength and prolonged-duration TGF-ß/Smad signaling. Notably, these findings were consistent with the significant correlation between miR-148a levels with NF-κB hyperactivation and activated TGF-ß/Smad signaling in a cohort of human glioblastoma specimens. CONCLUSIONS: These findings uncover a plausible mechanism for NF-κB-sustained TGF-ß/Smad activation via miR-148a in glioblastoma, and may suggest a new target for clinical intervention in human cancer.

CT Characterization of Duodenal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors.

OBJECTIVE: Diagnosis and staging of duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) by noninvasive imaging is critical for effective treatment, but the imaging features of duodenal GISTs remain largely undefined because of their rarity. The purpose of this article was to characterize duodenal GISTs using CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-four patients with duodenal GISTs were analyzed by clinical symptom evaluation, pathologic examination, and CT in this retrospective study. Unenhanced and contrast-enhanced examinations were performed in all patients. Imaging characteristics, including the lesion location, size, growth pattern, ulceration, internal components, arterial blood supply, intratumoral arterioportal shunting, intratumoral vessels, rim enhancement, and enhancement patterns were reviewed. RESULTS: The duodenal GISTs were solitary masses with well-defined margins. The average diameter was 7.1 cm. The second portion was the most common site (20/34). Ulceration was a common feature (15/34). Calcification was uncommon (3/34), and mixed growth pattern was more common (26/34). Rim enhancement (24/34) and mixed enhancement pattern (15/34) were common. Arterial blood supply, intratumoral vasculature, and draining veins were all detected and were obvious on the arterial phase. The portal venous trunk and superior mesenteric vein were the main veins into which early arterioportal shunting drained. CONCLUSION: Primary duodenal GISTs are generally large, well-defined, heterogeneously enhancing, and hypervascular masses with a prominent mixed growth pattern on CT images. Our findings suggest that CT can help depict the origin of the tumoral arteries and draining veins on the arterial phase and may be a key defining diagnostic feature for duodenal GISTs.

Intraoperative Ultrasonography Combined with Indocyanine Green Video-Angiography in Patients with Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: During the operation, accurately identifying the boundary of cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) and discriminating between feeding arteries and draining veins is the key to successful surgical treatment of cerebral AVM. We evaluated the application of intraoperative ultrasonography (IOU) combined with intraoperative indocyanine green video-angiography (IOICGA) in the patients with cerebral AVM. METHODS: The effects of IOU combined with IOICGA on AVM surgery were observed in 12 patients with cerebral AVM. RESULTS: The lesions of cerebral AVM were completely removed in the 12 patients. IOU could clearly visualize the boundary of AVM, so no patients had massive hemorrhage caused by rupture of malformed vessels. IOU also could detect the location of deep vessels and a total of 11 deep vessels were identified in the 12 patients. IOICGA was performed 41 times altogether in the 12 patients, and 31 feeding arteries and 10 draining veins were identified, so there was no massive hemorrhage caused by misjudgment of feeding arteries or draining veins. CONCLUSIONS: IOU combined with IOICGA can identify the boundary of AVM, detect deep vessels, and discriminate between feeding arteries and draining veins, reducing operation difficulty, decreasing mortality and disability rate, and increasing the rate of complete excision.

On clipping of anterior communicating artery aneurysm via eyebrow-lateral keyhole approach.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the application of eyebrow-lateral keyhole approach in clipping of anterior communicating artery aneurysm (ACAA) through observing the therapeutic effect of eyebrow-lateral keyhole approach on ACAA. METHODS: In 37 patients with ACAA, cisterns were exposed via the eyebrow-lateral keyhole approach to reveal ACAA complex followed by clipping of ACAA. Of the 37 patients, external ventricular drainage was performed on 5 patients before microsurgery. All patients underwent head CT angiography on the second day after operation. RESULTS: Clipping of ACAA was successful in all patients at the first time. In 3 patients, ruptured aneurysm occurred during operation. Three patients underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunt because of postoperative hydrocephalus. Two patients had one-sided anterior cerebral artery infarction after operation. No patient died during operation. Follow-up after the operation indicated that 26 patients returned to normal life and work, 6 patients were able to look after themselves, 4 patients required care in their daily life and one patient died. CONCLUSION: The eyebrow-lateral keyhole approach is a preferred choice for surgical treatment of ACAA because it can cope with brain swelling and intraoperative ruptured aneurysm. However, it has a certain range of application, so we must strictly follow its indications.

Glioma-derived ADAM10 induces regulatory B cells to suppress CD8+ T cells.

CD8+ T cells play an important role in the anti-tumor activities of the body. The dysfunction of CD8+ T cells in glioma is unclear. This study aims to elucidate the glioma cell-derived ADAM10 (A Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10) in the suppression of CD8+ effector T cells by the induction of regulatory B cells. In this study, glioma cells were isolated from surgically removed glioma tissue and stimulated by Phorbol myristate acetage (PMA) in the culture. The levels of ADAM10 in the culture were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Immune cells were assessed by flow cytometry. The results showed that the isolated glioma cells express ADAM10, which was markedly up regulated after stimulated with PMA. The glioma-derived ADAM10 induced activated B cells to differentiate into regulatory B cells, the later suppressed CD8+ T cell proliferation as well as the induced regulatory T cells, which also showed the immune suppressor effect on CD8+ effector T cell proliferation. In conclusion, glioma cells produce ADAM10 to induce Bregs; the latter suppresses CD8+ T cells and induces Tregs.

Distribution of chromium in whole blood and urine among general population in China between year 2009 and 2010 / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the chromium (Cr) levels in blood and urine among general population in China between 2009 and 2010, and thereby to analyze its prevalent features.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From year 2009 to 2010, a total of 11 983 subjects of general population aged between 6 and 60 year-old were recruited from 24 districts in 8 provinces in eastern, central and western China mainland, by cluster random sampling method. The information about their living environment and health status were collected by questionnaire, and 11 983 blood samples and 11 853 urine samples were also collected. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was applied to test the Cr level both in blood and urine; and the Cr distribution in blood and urine among groups of population in different ages, genders and districts, were then analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among general population in China, the geometric mean (GM) of Cr concentration in blood was 1.19 µg/L, with median at 1.74 µg /L and 95% percentile at 5.59 µg/L. The Cr concentration in blood among males and females were separately 1.18 µg/L and 1.20 µg/L(P > 0.05); while its GM in the groups of population aged 6 - 12, 12 - 16, 16 - 20, 20 - 30, 30 - 45 and 45 - 60 years old were 1.00, 1.22, 1.01, 1.40, 1.27 and 1.30 µg/L (P < 0.01), respectively; and the figures in populations from eastern, central and western China were 1.00, 1.70 and 1.98 µg/L (P < 0.01), respectively. Among general population, the GM of Cr concentration in urine was 0.53 µg/L, with median was lower than 0.42 µg/L and 95% percentile at 3.53 µg/L. The Cr concentration in urine among males and females were separately 0.52 µg/L and 0.53 µg/L (P > 0.05);while its GM in the groups of population aged 6 - 12, 12 - 16, 16 - 20, 20 - 30, 30 - 45 and 45 - 60 years old were 0.56, 0.60, 0.52, 0.50, 0.52 and 0.46 µg/L (P < 0.01), respectively;and the figures in populations from eastern, central and western China were 0.58, < 0.42 and 0.60 µg/L (P < 0.01), respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The study reported the Cr levels in blood and urine among general population in China, and thereby provided basic data evidence for the following Cr biological monitoring studies in near future.</p>