Development of an ELISA for the detection of fowl adenovirus serotype -4 utilizing fiber protein.

Hydropericardium syndrome (HPS), caused by the Fowl adenovirus 4 (FAdV-4) has led to significant financial losses for the poultry industry globally, including Pakistan over the past few years. Conventional serological methods are time consuming, laborious and less sensitive therefore, a rapid and sensitive ELISA kit is required for the reliable detection of FAdV-4 infection. In the current research, fiber proteins (1 &2) of FAdV-4 were successfully expressed in Escherichia coli and purified using metal affinity chromatography. Using these proteins as antigens, an indirect ELISA for detecting FAdV-4 infection was developed. The developed ELISA showed superior performances upon comparison with Serum neutralization test (SNT). This ELISA also showed reliable detection of FAdV specific antibodies in experimentally infected and vaccinated chickens. This assay produced good correlation on the samples collected from the field with SNT and found essential for large scale serology of the FAdV. No cross reactivity was observed in the ELISA following the testing of the serum samples of different other avian pathogens which showed that this ELISA is specific in detecting the FAdV infection. In conclusion, the developed Fiber protein ELISA is highly sensitive and specific in the detecting the FAdV infection and can be utilized for large scale sero-epidemiology of the disease.

Development of an ELISA to distinguish between foot-and-mouth disease virus infected and vaccinated animals utilising the viral non-structural protein 3ABC.

Introduction. Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically devastating viral disease of livestock and is endemic in much of Asia, including Pakistan. Vaccination is used to control disease outbreaks and sensitive diagnostic methods which can differentiate infected animals from vaccinated animals (DIVA) are essential for monitoring the effectiveness of disease control programmes. Tests based on the detection of the non-structural protein (NSP) 3ABC are reliable indicators of virus replication in infected and vaccinated populations.Hypothesis/Gap statement. Diagnosis of FMD is expensive using commercial ELISA kits, yet is essential for controlling this economically-important disease.Aim. The development of a low-cost diagnostic ELISA, using protein made in Escherichia coli.Methodology. In this study, the viral precursor protein 3ABC (r3ABC) was expressed in E. coli, solubilised using detergent and purified using nickel affinity chromatography. The fusion protein contained an attenuating mutation in the protease and a SUMO tag. It was characterised by immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation, which revealed antigenicity against virus-specific polyclonal sera. Using r3ABC, an indirect ELISA was developed and evaluated using field sera from healthy/naïve, vaccinated and infected animals.Results. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the r3ABC in-house ELISA were 95.3 and 96.3% respectively. The ELISA was validated through comparison with the commercially available ID Screen FMD NSP competition kit. Results indicated good concordance rates on tested samples and high agreement between the two tests.Conclusion. The ELISA described here can effectively differentiate between infected and vaccinated animals and represents an important low cost tool for sero-surveillance and control of FMD in endemic settings.

High level expression and purification of recombinant 3ABC non-structural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus using SUMO fusion system.

The detection of antibody to non-structural protein (NSP) of Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the reliable diagnostic method for differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). For this purpose, the detection of antibodies to non-structural 3ABC protein is suitable for identification of virus activity in the animals exposed to FMDV infection. However, large-scale production of recombinant 3ABC protein is challenging due to the formation of inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli and low yield due to protein aggregation during in vitro refolding. In this study, 3ABC gene was fused with SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifiers) fusion system which significantly enhanced expression of recombinant 3ABC protein in E. coli. The solubility of the recombinant 6xHis-SUMO 3ABC fusion protein was improved by mild detergent treatment and purified through Ni-NTA chromatography under non-denaturing conditions which yielded 9 mg protein obtained from 1-L bacterial fermentation culture. The diagnostic potential of recombinant 3ABC protein was also tested by ELISA that provided reliable diagnostic performance (DSn = 92%, DSp = 94%) upon comparison with commercially available kit. The thermal stability of fusion protein was also tested which presented reliable performance at different temperatures. In conclusion, we presented SUMO fusion for the enhanced expression in E. coli and purification of active recombinant 3ABC protein using non-denaturing conditions without refolding steps. This protein can be used as a suitable diagnostic antigen to detect antibodies following FMDV infection.

Molecular investigation of foot-and-mouth disease virus circulating in Pakistan during 2014-17.

This study reports the molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in the provinces of Punjab and Sindh, Pakistan during 2014-17. FMDV genome was detected in 42 and 41 out of 46 samples (epithelial tissue and saliva) by reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively. Sequences of the complete VP1 coding region of the samples (n = 33) was achieved showing that 10, 4 and 19 samples belonged to serotype O, A and Asia1 respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of serotype O revealed that at least one novel sublineage within the ME-SA topotype is circulating in the region, named here as PAK-14. This sublineage showed similarity with the viruses circulating in Turkey and Pakistan during 2010 indicating that viruses circulating in these countries have common origin. Analysis of serotype A viruses revealed a new lineage is circulating in the region, reported here as A-PAK14 showing close identity with the strain prevalent in Pakistan during 2007. Circulation of these new linages in the region shows continuous evolution of the viruses. Two of the undisclosed serotype A sublineages within the Iran-05 lineage were also found circulating in the region. In addition, molecular investigation of the VP1 coding region sequences of serotype Asia1 strains revealed that they belong to Group-VII (Sindh-08). Interestingly some of the serotype Asia1 isolates (n = 6) showed 99.9% similarity (among themselves) although they were collected from different districts more than 100 Km apart from one another. This unusual conservation among serotype Asia1 over long distances can be explored by studying the role of wild animals, slaughter houses and milk collection centres in the spread the disease.