Subgroup Analysis of Crisaborole for Mild-to-Moderate Atopic Dermatitis in Children Aged 2 to < 18 Years.

OBJECTIVES: This post hoc analysis of pooled data from two phase III studies (AD-301: NCT02118766; AD-302: NCT02118792) explored the efficacy and safety of crisaborole ointment, 2%, a nonsteroidal phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, for the treatment of mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis (AD) in pediatric patients (aged 2 to < 18 years) only, stratified by baseline characteristics. METHODS: Pediatric patients with mild or moderate AD per Investigator's Static Global Assessment (ISGA) and percentage of treatable body surface area (%BSA) ≥ 5 at baseline were assessed. Crisaborole or vehicle (2:1 randomization ratio) was applied twice daily for 28 days. Of the 1313 pediatric patients included in this study, 874 received crisaborole and 439 received vehicle. ISGA success was defined as clear (0) or almost clear (1) with ≥ 2-grade improvement from baseline. Efficacy and safety were stratified by age group, sex, baseline ISGA, baseline %BSA per published severity strata, and prior AD therapy. RESULTS: Overall, the proportions of crisaborole-treated and vehicle-treated pediatric patients with ISGA success at week 4 were 32.5 and 21.5%, respectively. ISGA success rates at day 29 (week 4) were generally higher in crisaborole-treated (21.9-38.1%) than vehicle-treated (15.7-26.9%) patients across subgroups. Rates of treatment-related application site pain were 2.4-10.1% for crisaborole-treated patients and 0.6-2.2% for vehicle-treated patients across subgroups. No new safety concerns were noted in any patient subgroup. CONCLUSION: Crisaborole improved global disease severity and was reasonably well tolerated across all pediatric baseline characteristic subgroups. Application site discomfort was greater with crisaborole than with vehicle, but few patients discontinued treatment. GOV REGISTRATION NUMBERS: NCT02118766; NCT02118792 (registration date: April 21, 2014).

Crisaborole is an ointment approved for the treatment of mild-to-moderate eczema. In two phase III clinical trials, eczema improved after 28 days of crisaborole use in patients aged ≥ 2 years. Patients with eczema rashes used crisaborole or plain ointment twice a day for 28 days. The clinical trials excluded patients with serious infections. Eczema treatment within 2 weeks of the trials was not allowed. We looked at whether traits of children aged 2­17 years affected how well crisaborole improved eczema. We studied boys and girls by age and how bad their eczema was at the start of the study. We combined data from both clinical trials to calculate the percentages of children with clear or almost clear skin at day 29. We also studied the frequency of side effects at day 29. After 4 weeks, 33% of children receiving crisaborole compared with 22% of children receiving plain ointment had clear or almost clear skin, a meaningful difference in favor of crisaborole. This was also true across groups. Most patients did not have side effects related to crisaborole. The most common side effect related to crisaborole was application site pain. This side effect occurred in up to one in ten children receiving crisaborole. Up to 1 in 50 patients receiving plain ointment had application site pain. Few children stopped crisaborole treatment, and there were no new safety concerns. In conclusion, compared with plain ointment, crisaborole improved eczema in more children, and side effects were minor.

Patient and caregiver preferences on treatment attributes for atopic dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: The expanding number of potential treatment options for atopic dermatitis (AD) highlights the need to better understand the treatment preferences of individuals with AD. OBJECTIVE: This study identified attributes that most greatly influenced treatment preferences of adults/adolescents/caregivers of children with mild/moderate/severe AD. METHODS: Adults (≥18 years), adolescents (12-17 years), and caregivers of children (2-11 years) with mild, moderate, or severe AD in the United States (US) and United Kingdom (UK) participated in semistructured interviews. Thematic analysis was used to identify and generate themes across the interview results describing the treatment attributes of greatest importance to participants. RESULTS: Qualitative interviews were conducted with 35 adults, 35 caregivers, and 33 adolescent participants across both countries (n = 103; US = 51; UK = 52) and all severity groups (mild = 43; moderate = 47; severe = 13). The most important treatment attributes included efficacy (96.1%; speed and duration of symptom relief), mode of administration (66.0%; route of administration, frequency, and convenience), and side effects (55.3%, short-term, long-term, and general). CONCLUSIONS: Efficacy, mode of administration, and side effects were the most important attributes that influenced AD treatment preferences for patients and caregivers across different countries, ages, and disease severity. These results may assist patients/caregivers/clinicians in shared decision-making discussions to improve treatment adherence and outcomes.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Crisaborole Using the Atopic Dermatitis Severity Index and Percentage of Affected Body Surface Area.

Crisaborole ointment, 2%, is a nonsteroidal phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor for the treatment of mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis. This post hoc analysis pools results from 2 phase 3 studies (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02118766 [AD-301]; NCT02118792 [AD-302]) to evaluate crisaborole efficacy in patients ≥ 2 years with mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis (per Investigator's Static Global Assessment) using the Atopic Dermatitis Severity Index (ADSI) and percentage of treatable body surface area (%BSA). Patients were randomly assigned 2:1 to receive crisaborole (n = 1,016) or vehicle (n = 506) twice daily for 28 days. ADSI scores were the sum of pruritus, erythema, exudation, excoriation, and lichenification severity scores, each graded on a 4-point scale from none (0) to severe (3). Respective mean changes in ADSI score and %BSA at day 29 were (crisaborole vs. vehicle) -3.52 versus -2.42 (p < 0.0001) and -7.43 versus -4.44 (p < 0.0001). Crisaborole was effective in treating mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis based on ADSI and %BSA.

Topical Agents for the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis

Approval of the new topical phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor crisaborole ointment, 2%, to treat mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis (AD) warrants careful consideration of available efficacy and safety data for topical therapies to contribute to a better understanding of the role of crisaborole in the treatment of mild-to-moderate AD. A literature review was conducted to identify results of randomized, blinded, vehicle-controlled trials of topical agents for the treatment of AD published from January 1, 1997 to April 30, 2018. This review summarizes the efficacy and safety data of topical therapies including corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and crisaborole and it shows that comparison among available agents is difficult because of differing methodologies used across clinical trials and that there is considerable variability in safety reporting among AD trials. Published clinical studies for crisaborole demonstrate its efficacy and manageable safety profile. J Drugs Dermatol. 2020;19(1):50-64. doi:10.36849/JDD.2020.4508

Crisaborole and atopic dermatitis skin biomarkers: An intrapatient randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Crisaborole ointment 2% is a nonsteroidal phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor for the treatment of mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis (AD). The mechanism of action of crisaborole and its effects on lesional measures of disease severity are not yet well defined. OBJECTIVE: This phase 2a, single-center, vehicle-controlled, intrapatient study was designed to further characterize the mechanism of action of crisaborole through evaluation of clinical efficacy and changes in skin biomarkers in adults (n = 40) with mild-to-moderate AD. METHODS: Two target lesions were randomized in an intrapatient (1:1) manner to double-blind crisaborole/vehicle applied twice daily for 14 days. Patients then applied crisaborole (open-label) to all affected areas for 28 days. Punch biopsy specimens were collected for biomarker analysis at baseline, day 8 (optional), and day 15. RESULTS: Crisaborole treatment resulted in early improvement in lesional signs/symptoms versus vehicle, with improvement in pruritus (pruritus numeric rating scale) observed as early as 24 hours after the first application. Crisaborole-treated lesions showed significant percentage improvement from baseline in lesional transcriptomic profile compared with vehicle at day 8 (91.15% vs 36.02%, P < 10-15) that was sustained until day 15 (92.90% vs 49.59%, P < 10-15). Crisaborole significantly modulated key AD biomarkers versus vehicle, including TH2 and TH17/TH22 pathways and epidermal hyperplasia/proliferation. Molecular profiles and epidermal pathology normalized toward nonlesional skin and correlated with clinical changes in lesion severity and barrier function. CONCLUSION: Crisaborole reversed biomarker profiles of skin inflammation and barrier function, with associated improvements in clinical efficacy measures, highlighting the therapeutic utility of targeting phosphodiesterase 4 in patients with AD.

Efficacy and Safety of Crisaborole Ointment, 2%, for the Treatment of Mild-to-Moderate Atopic Dermatitis Across Racial and Ethnic Groups.

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis is highly prevalent in black/African American, Asian, and Hispanic patients, making assessment of these populations in clinical trials important. Crisaborole ointment, 2%, is a nonsteroidal phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor for the treatment of mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis. In two pivotal phase III clinical trials in patients aged ≥ 2 years, crisaborole was superior to vehicle in reducing global disease severity. The most common treatment-related adverse event was application site pain. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of crisaborole according to patient race and ethnicity. METHODS: A pooled post hoc analysis by race and ethnicity of the two pivotal trials and a safety extension trial was performed. Race included white or nonwhite (encompassing Asian/native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander, black/African American, and other/American Indian/Alaskan native); ethnicity included Hispanic/Latino or not Hispanic/Latino. RESULTS: In white, nonwhite, Hispanic/Latino, and not Hispanic/Latino groups at day 29, more crisaborole- than vehicle-treated patients achieved improvements in global disease severity [Investigator's Static Global Assessment of clear/almost clear with a ≥ 2-grade improvement (white: 33.5% vs. 22.3%, nominal p < 0.001; nonwhite: 30.0% vs. 21.3%, nominal p < 0.05; Hispanic/Latino: 35.4% vs. 18.2%, nominal p < 0.01; not Hispanic/Latino: 31.3% vs. 22.8%, nominal p < 0.01)]. Crisaborole treatment also improved atopic dermatitis signs/symptoms and quality of life. Frequency of crisaborole-related adverse events was 7.1-8.5% in the pivotal trials. CONCLUSION: Across races and ethnicities, crisaborole demonstrated efficacy for the treatment of mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis, with a low frequency of treatment-related adverse events.

Direct and Indirect Effects of Crisaborole Ointment on Quality of Life in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis: A Mediation Analysis.

Crisaborole ointment is a nonsteroidal phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor for the treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis. Using pooled data from two phase 3 studies (NCT02118766/NCT02118792), mediation modeling determined the interrelationship among pruritus, quality of life (QoL), and treatment. Patients aged ≥ 2 years received crisaborole ointment 2% or vehicle twice daily for 28 days. QoL measures were Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) (≥ 16 years) and Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI) (2-15 years). Pruritus was assessed by the Severity of Pruritus Scale (4-point scale from 0 to 3). The indirect effect of crisaborole on QoL mediated through its effect on pruritus was 51% (DLQI model, p < 0.05) and 72% (CDLQI model, p < 0.05). Direct effect (other effects) on QoL was 49% (DLQI model, p < 0.05) and 28% (CDLQI model, p > 0.05). Mediation modeling shows that crisaborole affects QoL mostly indirectly through pruritus severity reduction.

Tolerability of Topical Treatments for Atopic Dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease that is accompanied by increased sensitivity to itch-provoking and pain-provoking stimuli. Patients with AD experience skin pain before initiation of therapy and have also reported painful application site reactions in clinical trials of emollients and prescription topical therapies, including topical corticosteroids (TCSs), topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCIs), and a topical phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor. To compare the sensory tolerability of prescription topical therapies for AD, a comprehensive literature search and analysis of published clinical trials was conducted. Sensory tolerability issues such as application site pain, burning, stinging, and pruritus were often among the most common adverse events or treatment-related adverse events in clinical trials for prescription topical therapies. Tolerability issues occurred at highest rates in trials of TCIs, followed by trials of the PDE4 inhibitor crisaborole and TCSs, although direct comparisons are not possible because of differences in study design. Tolerability issues in these clinical trials were generally mild to moderate and transient. This article also reviews published strategies for managing sensory tolerability issues in AD patients during treatment with topical therapies.Funding: Pfizer Inc., New York, NY.

The role of phosphodiesterase 4 in the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis and the perspective for its inhibition.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a highly prevalent, chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects children and adults. The pathophysiology of AD is complex and involves skin barrier and immune dysfunction. Many immune cytokine pathways are amplified in AD, including T helper (Th) 2, Th22, Th17 and Th1. Current treatment guidelines recommend topical medications as initial therapy; however, until recently, only two drug classes were available: topical corticosteroids (TCSs) and topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCIs). Several limitations are associated with these agents. TCSs can cause a wide range of adverse effects, including skin atrophy, telangiectasia, rosacea and acne. TCIs can cause burning and stinging, and the prescribing information lists a boxed warning for a theoretical risk of malignancy. Novel medications with new mechanisms of action are necessary to provide better long-term control of AD. Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) regulates cyclic adenosine monophosphate in cells and has been shown to be involved in the pathophysiology of AD, making it an attractive therapeutic target. Several PDE4 inhibitors are in clinical development for use in the treatment of AD, including crisaborole, which recently became the first topical PDE4 inhibitor approved for treatment of mild to moderate AD. This review will further describe the pathophysiology of AD, explain the possible role of PDE4 in AD and review PDE4 inhibitors currently approved or being investigated for use in AD.

Patient impact and economic burden of mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis.

OBJECTIVE: To present a systematic review of studies conducted to evaluate patient impact and economic burden of mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis. METHODS: A MEDLINE (via PubMed), Excerpta Medica database (Embase), and Cochrane Library search for English-language articles published January 1, 1996-December 31, 2016 was performed. Abstracts were manually reviewed from 2015-2016 from 10 leading conferences and congresses associated with atopic dermatitis. Manuscripts were reviewed for inclusion in two main categories within the review: patient impact of mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis and economic burden of atopic dermatitis. Excluded from this dataset were any patients in these studies who had severe atopic dermatitis, moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis, or atopic dermatitis of unspecified severity. RESULTS: In total, 222 studies qualified for inclusion in the analysis; this report focuses on the 76 studies that reported results stratified by disease severity. Measured by general and specific instruments, even mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis reduces the overall quality-of-life of patients and their caregivers/families. Disease severity assessed by validated severity instruments directly correlated with quality-of-life. Treatment of atopic dermatitis can improve the quality-of-life of patients and their caregivers/families by alleviation of symptoms and reduction in severity. In general, total costs increased as disease severity increased; even mild atopic dermatitis imposed substantial costs. CONCLUSIONS: The results emphasize the impact of atopic dermatitis, especially mild atopic dermatitis, on patient lives and finances, including education of clinicians, payers, and patients regarding benefits associated with treatment adherence.

Validation of the Itch Severity Item as a Measurement Tool for Pruritus in Patients with Psoriasis: Results from a Phase 3 Tofacitinib Program.

Tofacitinib is an oral Janus kinase inhibitor. This post-hoc analysis aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Itch Severity Item (ISI), a numeric rating scale from 0 (no itching) to 10 (worst possible itching) for pruritus in psoriasis, and review the effect of tofacitinib on pruritus in patients with psoriasis participating in Phase 3 studies (N = 3,641). The ISI showed high test-retest reliability (intra-class correlation coefficient: 0.84). The clinically important difference was defined as a 1.48-point change, using Patient Global Assessment as an anchor. Mean changes from baseline in ISI scores with tofacitinib were significantly greater than placebo by Day 2 and exceeded the clinically important difference by Week 4 and Week 2 for tofacitinib 5 and 10 mg twice daily, respectively. The sound psychometric properties of the ISI as an assessment tool for pruritus in psoriasis were confirmed. Tofacitinib provided clinically meaningful improvements in psoriatic pruritus versus placebo.

Effect of cetirizine on symptom severity and quality of life in perennial allergic rhinitis.

The effect of cetirizine on quality of life (QOL) in subjects with perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR) has been previously evaluated using generic instruments. While generic QOL tools are used across various conditions, disease-specific instruments evaluate the impact of treatment on areas that are affected by that particular condition. This study evaluated the effect of cetirizine on symptom severity and health-related QOL, using a disease-specific instrument, in adults with PAR. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted at 15 U.S. centers outside the pollen allergy season. After a 1-week placebo run-in period, qualified subjects aged 18-65 years with PAR were randomized to once-daily cetirizine 10 mg (n = 158) or placebo (n = 163) for 4 weeks. Change from baseline in total symptom severity complex (TSSC) and overall Rhinitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ) scores were primary efficacy end points. Cetirizine produced significantly greater improvements in mean TSSC for each treatment week (p < 0.05) and for the entire 4-week treatment period (p = 0.005) compared with placebo. After 4 weeks, cetirizine-treated subjects reported significantly greater overall improvement in RQLQ scores compared with placebo-treated subjects (p = 0.004). After 1 week, cetirizine produced significant improvements in the nasal symptoms, practical problems, and activities RQLQ domain scores compared with placebo (p < 0.05). After 4 weeks, cetirizine-treated subjects reported significant reductions in these RQLQ domain scores and in emotion domain scores compared with placebo-treated subjects (p < 0.05). Cetirizine 10 mg daily produced significant improvements in symptom severity and allergic rhinitis-related QOL compared with placebo in adults with PAR.