Testosterone suppression plus enzalutamide versus testosterone suppression plus standard antiandrogen therapy for metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (ENZAMET): an international, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial.

BACKGROUND: The interim analysis of the ENZAMET trial of testosterone suppression plus either enzalutamide or standard nonsteroidal antiandrogen therapy showed an early overall survival benefit with enzalutamide. Here, we report the planned primary overall survival analysis, with the aim of defining the benefit of enzalutamide treatment in different prognostic subgroups (synchronous and metachronous high-volume or low-volume disease) and in those who received concurrent docetaxel. METHODS: ENZAMET is an international, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial conducted at 83 sites (including clinics, hospitals, and university centres) in Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the UK, and the USA. Eligible participants were males aged 18 years or older with metastatic, hormone-sensitive prostate adenocarcinoma evident on CT or bone scanning with 99mTc and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score of 0-2. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1), using a centralised web-based system and stratified by volume of disease, planned use of concurrent docetaxel and bone antiresorptive therapy, comorbidities, and study site, to receive testosterone suppression plus oral enzalutamide (160 mg once per day) or a weaker standard oral non-steroidal antiandrogen (bicalutamide, nilutamide, or flutamide; control group) until clinical disease progression or prohibitive toxicity. Testosterone suppression was allowed up to 12 weeks before randomisation and for up to 24 months as adjuvant therapy. Concurrent docetaxel (75 mg/m2 intravenously) was allowed for up to six cycles once every 3 weeks, at the discretion of participants and physicians. The primary endpoint was overall survival in the intention-to-treat population. This planned analysis was triggered by reaching 470 deaths. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02446405, ANZCTR, ACTRN12614000110684, and EudraCT, 2014-003190-42. FINDINGS: Between March 31, 2014, and March 24, 2017, 1125 participants were randomly assigned to receive non-steroidal antiandrogen (n=562; control group) or enzalutamide (n=563). The median age was 69 years (IQR 63-74). This analysis was triggered on Jan 19, 2022, and an updated survival status identified a total of 476 (42%) deaths. After a median follow-up of 68 months (IQR 67-69), the median overall survival was not reached (hazard ratio 0·70 [95% CI 0·58-0·84]; p<0·0001), with 5-year overall survival of 57% (0·53-0·61) in the control group and 67% (0·63-0·70) in the enzalutamide group. Overall survival benefits with enzalutamide were consistent across predefined prognostic subgroups and planned use of concurrent docetaxel. The most common grade 3-4 adverse events were febrile neutropenia associated with docetaxel use (33 [6%] of 558 in the control group vs 37 [6%] of 563 in the enzalutamide group), fatigue (four [1%] vs 33 [6%]), and hypertension (31 [6%] vs 59 [10%]). The incidence of grade 1-3 memory impairment was 25 (4%) versus 75 (13%). No deaths were attributed to study treatment. INTERPRETATION: The addition of enzalutamide to standard of care showed sustained improvement in overall survival for patients with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer and should be considered as a treatment option for eligible patients. FUNDING: Astellas Pharma.

Health-Related Quality of Life in Metastatic, Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer: ENZAMET (ANZUP 1304), an International, Randomized Phase III Trial Led by ANZUP.

PURPOSE: We previously reported that enzalutamide improved overall survival when added to standard of care in metastatic, hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. Here, we report its effects on aspects of health-related quality of life (HRQL). METHODS: HRQL was assessed with the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer core quality-of-life questionnaire and QLM-PR25 at weeks 0, 4, 12, and then every 12 weeks until progression. Scores from week 4 to 156 were analyzed with repeated measures modeling to calculate group means and differences. Deterioration-free survival was from random assignment until the earliest of death, clinical progression, discontinuation of study treatment, or a worsening of 10 points or more from baseline in fatigue, physical function, cognitive function, or overall health and quality of life (OHQL). HRQL scores range from 0 (lowest possible) to 100 (highest possible). RESULTS: HRQL was assessed in 1,042 of 1,125 participants (93%). Differences in means favored control over enzalutamide for fatigue (5.2, 95% CI, 3.6 to 6.9; P < .001), cognitive function (4.0, 95% CI, 2.5 to 5.5; P < .001), and physical function (2.6, 95% CI, 1.3 to 3.9; P < .001), but not OHQL (1.2, 95% CI, -0.2 to 2.7; P = .1). Deterioration-free survival rates at 3 years, and log-rank P values comparing the whole distributions, favored enzalutamide over control for OHQL (31% v 17%; P < .0001), cognitive function (31% v 20%; P = .001), and physical function (31% v 22%; P < .001), but not fatigue (24% v 18%; P = .16). The effects of enzalutamide on HRQL were independent of baseline characteristics. CONCLUSION: Enzalutamide was associated with worsening of self-reported fatigue, cognitive function, and physical function, but not OHQL. Enzalutamide was associated with improved deterioration-free survival for OHQL, physical function, and cognitive function because delays in disease progression outweighed early deteriorations in these aspects of HRQL.

KEYNOTE-022: Pembrolizumab with trametinib in patients with BRAF wild-type melanoma or advanced solid tumours irrespective of BRAF mutation.

OBJECTIVES: Parts 4 and 5 of the phase 1/2 KEYNOTE-022 study investigated the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), safety, and efficacy of pembrolizumab plus trametinib in solid tumours and BRAF wild-type melanoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients received intermittent or concurrent dosing of pembrolizumab plus trametinib. Concurrent dosing was 2 or 4 weeks of trametinib run-in followed by concurrent pembrolizumab every 3 weeks (Q3W) plus trametinib once daily (QD). Intermittent dosing was 2 weeks of trametinib run-in followed by pembrolizumab plus intermittent trametinib (1 week off/2 weeks on). A 3 + 3 dose escalation was used, followed by dose confirmation. RESULTS: Forty-two patients were enrolled. No dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) occurred at initial dose levels (DL). At subsequent DLs, 10 of 38 evaluable patients had DLTs. For concurrent dosing, MTD was pembrolizumab 200 mg Q3W plus trametinib 1.5 mg QD, with a 2-week trametinib 1.5 mg QD run-in (concurrent DL2a); in concurrent DL2a group, five (31%) patients had grade 3/4 treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs); the objective response rate (ORR) was 0%. ORR was 40% in concurrent DL1 and 0% in concurrent DL2b. For intermittent dosing, MTD was pembrolizumab 200 mg Q3W plus trametinib 2 mg QD with a 2-week trametinib 2 mg QD run-in (intermittent DL2); in the intermittent DL2 group, seven (47%) patients had grade 3/4 TRAEs; ORR was 27%. ORR in intermittent DL1 was 33%. CONCLUSIONS: MTDs for concurrent and intermittent dosing of pembrolizumab with trametinib were identified. The combination had limited antitumour activity, numerically higher ORR with intermittent versus concurrent dosing, and manageable safety. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT02130466.

Overall Survival of Men with Metachronous Metastatic Hormone-sensitive Prostate Cancer Treated with Enzalutamide and Androgen Deprivation Therapy.

Men who initially present with localized prostate cancer and later develop metachronous metastases have a better prognosis than men with de novo metastatic disease and often have a low burden of disease on conventional imaging. Some have disease amenable to metastasis-directed therapy for lymph node or bone metastases, a strategy used by some because no documented overall survival (OS) benefit of combination systemic therapy in this setting. We report data for patients prospectively classified as "M0" at initial diagnosis from the interim analysis of the ENZAMET trial, with 34 mo of median follow-up for survivors. A total of 312 (28%) of the 1125 enrolled patients were classified as M0 at diagnosis, and 205 (66%) of the 312 patients had low-volume disease at study entry as per the CHAARTED criteria. The hazard ratio for OS, that is, HR(OS), was 0.56 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.29-1.06) with the addition of enzalutamide for all patients with metachronous metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer, and for the low-volume subset the HR(OS) was 0.40 (95% CI: 0.16-0.97). The 3-yr OS was 83% without and 89% with enzalutamide for all patients with metachronous metastases, and 83% and 92%, respectively, for the low-volume subset. Intensification of hormonal therapy should strongly be considered for these men. PATIENT SUMMARY: Many men present with prostate cancer that has spread to distant sites beyond the prostate gland years after their initial diagnosis and treatment, while others have distant spread at the time the cancer is diagnosed. On average, men whose cancer comes back years after the initial diagnosis often survive much longer than men whose cancer has been found to spread to distant sites when it is first diagnosed. In this report, we demonstrate strong evidence for the first time that the survival of men whose cancer comes back years later is improved when drugs such as enzalutamide or apalutamide are added to testosterone suppression in this setting.

Enzalutamide with Standard First-Line Therapy in Metastatic Prostate Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Enzalutamide, an androgen-receptor inhibitor, has been associated with improved overall survival in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer. It is not known whether adding enzalutamide to testosterone suppression, with or without early docetaxel, will improve survival in men with metastatic, hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. METHODS: In this open-label, randomized, phase 3 trial, we assigned patients to receive testosterone suppression plus either open-label enzalutamide or a standard nonsteroidal antiandrogen therapy (standard-care group). The primary end point was overall survival. Secondary end points included progression-free survival as determined by the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, clinical progression-free survival, and adverse events. RESULTS: A total of 1125 men underwent randomization; the median follow-up was 34 months. There were 102 deaths in the enzalutamide group and 143 deaths in the standard-care group (hazard ratio, 0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.52 to 0.86; P = 0.002). Kaplan-Meier estimates of overall survival at 3 years were 80% (based on 94 events) in the enzalutamide group and 72% (based on 130 events) in the standard-care group. Better results with enzalutamide were also seen in PSA progression-free survival (174 and 333 events, respectively; hazard ratio, 0.39; P<0.001) and in clinical progression-free survival (167 and 320 events, respectively; hazard ratio, 0.40; P<0.001). Treatment discontinuation due to adverse events was more frequent in the enzalutamide group than in the standard-care group (33 events and 14 events, respectively). Fatigue was more common in the enzalutamide group; seizures occurred in 7 patients in the enzalutamide group (1%) and in no patients in the standard-care group. CONCLUSIONS: Enzalutamide was associated with significantly longer progression-free and overall survival than standard care in men with metastatic, hormone-sensitive prostate cancer receiving testosterone suppression. The enzalutamide group had a higher incidence of seizures and other toxic effects, especially among those treated with early docetaxel. (Funded by Astellas Scientific and Medical Affairs and others; ENZAMET (ANZUP 1304) ANZCTR number, ACTRN12614000110684; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02446405; and EU Clinical Trials Register number, 2014-003190-42.).

Population-based impact on overall survival after the introduction of docetaxel as standard therapy for metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Utilization of docetaxel in patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) remains low despite its demonstrated survival benefit. In a population-based cohort, we sought to determine whether the introduction of docetaxel has improved overall survival (OS). METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of mCRPC patients treated with palliative radiotherapy to bone in British Columbia, Canada. Patients in the pre-docetaxel era (pre-DOC, prior to general availability of docetaxel for CRPC) received radiotherapy to bone (RT-B) from 1998 to 2001 and those in the docetaxel era (DOC) received radiotherapy from 2006 to 2009. Time of first radiotherapy to bone was used to select patients at a similar point in their disease state (i.e., onset of bone pain). The primary objective was to determine median OS in the two eras. RESULTS: Of the 919 patients in the pre-DOC era and the 957 in the DOC era, 7% and 37% received docetaxel, respectively. The median OS from time of first palliative RT was 7.5 months versus 10.3 months (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.72-0.87; p < 0.0001) in the pre-DOC and DOC cohorts, respectively. On multivariable analyses, both eras treated (HR 0.84; p = 0.001) and the receipt of docetaxel (HR 0.78; p < 0.001) were significantly associated with OS. CONCLUSION: Although docetaxel penetrance was <50%, median OS was significantly improved in the DOC era compared to the pre-DOC era. This is the first study to demonstrate that docetaxel improves OS in mCRPC patients at a population level.

Targeting the apoptosis pathway in prostate cancer.

Important inroads have been made in the understanding and treatment of metastatic prostate cancer in recent years. However, the need for agents targeting novel pathways remains ever present. One such area with promise is through apoptosis or programmed cell death. Many perturbations within the apoptotic process have been associated with treatment resistance and progression in castration-resistant prostate cancer; thus, therapeutic potential exists with agents that can restore an effective apoptotic response to cellular stressors. This article focuses on agents in clinical development targeting apoptosis through the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. We review the current status of agents that intervene at the Bcl2 checkpoints, humanized antibodies to death receptors, agents that target the inhibitors of apoptosis proteins, mimetics of small mitochondria-derived activator of caspases, and antisense therapies targeting cytoprotective chaperones. Although single-agent activity has been demonstrated with some of these agents, the clinical development path forward will see them coupled with standard hormonal therapy and chemotherapy. OGX-011 (custirsen), which inhibits expression of the cytoprotective chaperone protein clusterin, is the most mature of these agents and is being tested in combination with chemotherapy in phase III clinical trials for castration-resistant prostate cancer, and results are eagerly awaited.

Effect of direct cardiac compression on left ventricular axial dynamics in sheep.

The HeartPatch direct cardiac compression device consists of two separate, nonsurround patches placed on the left and right ventricular free walls. Although the device has been shown to effectively restore circulatory parameters in acute heart failure sheep, the impact of device inflation on left ventricular geometry is yet to be elucidated. This study used sonomicrometer crystal transducers to examine three orthogonal left ventricular dimensions under various cardiac states and assessed the feasibility of determining stroke volume from these dimensions. Seven sheep (weight, 51 +/- 5 kg) were implanted with six sonomicrometer crystals, and a heart patch was placed on each of the ventricles. The crystals were positioned to measure anterior-posterior, septal-lateral, and apex-base (long-axis) dimensions. Sheep were studied under both awake and anesthetized conditions. Septal-lateral shortening was increased with direct cardiac compression assist, whereas anterior-posterior and long-axis dimensions were either unchanged (awake) or decreased (anesthetized). Estimation of stroke volume, using the ellipsoid volume model, correlated well with stroke volume measured from an aortic flow probe; however, absolute stroke volumes were lacking in agreement.

Efficacy and mechanisms of biventricular and left/right direct cardiac compression in acute heart failure sheep.

Direct cardiac compression (DCC) with implanted heart patches has previously demonstrated efficacy of biventricular (BiV) support in acute heart failure (HF) sheep. We hypothesized that this was primarily due to a left ventricular (LV) effect. This study compared BiV, LV, and right ventricular (RV) assists in terms of hemodynamic and energetic response. Ten sheep underwent instrumentation and device implantation at least 1 week prior to study. HF (50% reduction in cardiac output) was maintained with intravenous esmolol infusion. BiV, LV, and RV assists were activated randomly with intervening stable HF periods. BiV assist was more effective than either LV or RV assist in restoring hemodynamic parameters; however, there was no difference in efficacy of LV and RV support. RV assist preserved left coronary flow patterns and chamber geometry compared to other assist conditions, but increased LV preload. These results suggest that LV and RV support each make a significant contribution to the efficacy of BiV assist, albeit through different mechanisms.