Desmopressin Plus Tolterodine vs Desmopressin Plus Indomethacin for Refractory Pediatric Enuresis: An Open-label Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of desmopressin plus tolterodine (D+T) with desmopressin plus indomethacin (D+I) for treating enuresis in children. DESIGN: Open-label randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Bandar Abbas Children's Hospital, a tertiary care children's hospital in Iran, from March 21, 2018, to March 21, 2019. PARTICIPANTS: 40 children older than five years with monosymp-tomatic and non-monosymptomatic primary enuresis resistant to desmopressin monotherapy. INTERVENTION: Patients were randomized to receive either D+T (60 µg sublingual desmopressin and 2 mg tolterodine) or D+I (60 µg sublingual desmopressin and 50 mg indomethacin) every night before bedtime for five months. OUTCOME: Reduction in the frequency of enuresis was evaluated at one, three, and five months, and response to treatment at five months. Drug reactions and complications were also noted. RESULTS: After adjustment for age, consistent incontinence from toilet training, and non-monosymptomatic enuresis, D+T was significantly more efficacious than D+I; mean (SD) percent in nocturnal enuresis reduction at 1 [58.86 (7.27)% vs 31.18 (3.85) %; P<0.001], 3 [69.78 (5.99) % vs 38.56 (3.31) %; P<0.000], and 5 [84.84(6.21) % vs 39.14 (3.63) %; P<0.001] months showing a large effect. At 5 months, complete response to treatment was only observed with D+T, while treatment failure was significantly higher with D+I (50% vs 20%; P=0.047). None of the patients in either group developed cutaneous drug reactions or central nervous system symptoms. CONCLUSION: Desmopressin plus tolterodine appears to be superior to desmopressin plus indomethacin for treating pediatric enuresis resistant to desmopressin.

Prevalence of self-medication among the elderly: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Self-medication is the use of unprescribed drugs to treat a disease. Elderly self-medication can be more dangerous compared to other age groups because of changes in organ functions that occur due to senescence. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of self-medication in the elderly, its related factors, and common drugs used in this regard. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched between January 2016 and June 2021. The search strategy was built on two core concepts: "self-medication" and "aged". The search was limited to original articles in the English language. A random effect model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of self-medication. Heterogeneity among studies was assessed using both the I2 statistic and the χ 2 test. Also, a meta-regression model was used to investigate the potential sources of heterogeneity of the studies. RESULTS: Out of 520 non-duplicate studies, 38 were included in the meta-analysis. Self-medication in the elderly ranged from 0.3% to 82%. The pooled proportion of self-medication was 36% (95% CI: 27%-45%). The result of the χ 2 test and the I2 index (P < 0.001, I2= 99.90%) revealed notable heterogeneity among the included studies in the meta-analysis. The meta-regression showed a significant association between the sample size (adjusted ß = -0.01; P = 0.043) and the pooled proportion of self-medication. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of self-medication in the elderly is high. Education through mass media to raise awareness about the dangers of self-medication can help solve this problem.

The frequency of fatty liver in patients with alopecia areata: A case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Alopecia areata (AA) is an immune-mediated nonscarring hair loss disorder with multiple subtypes, including alopecia universalis (AU). Previous studies have shown a link between serum lipid profile and alopecia. We aimed to investigate the frequency of fatty liver in patients with AU and patchy alopecia areata (PAA) compared to a control group. METHODS: This case-control study included patients with AU and PAA referred to a dermatology clinic from September 23, 2019 to September 23, 2020. A group of individuals without hair loss disorders attending the same clinic were selected as controls. Participants' general information, including age, sex, weight, height, and waist circumference (WC), was recorded. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated for all participants. Also, hyperlipidemia and statin use were noted and liver enzymes were evaluated. For AU and PAA patients, disease duration and the Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) score were also recorded. Then, all subjects underwent ultrasound to assess fatty liver and its grade. RESULTS: Overall, 32 patients were included in each group. All three groups were comparable in age, sex, weight, height, BMI, WC, hyperlipidemia, abnormal liver enzymes, and statin use. Disease duration and SALT score were significantly higher in the AU than in the PAA group (p = 0.009 and p < 0.001, respectively). The frequency of fatty liver was the highest in AU patients (40.6%), followed by 34.4% in PAA patients, and 21.9% in controls (p = 0.263). This was also the case for grade-1 fatty liver, while grade-2 was more common in PAA patients, and grade-3 was only observed in one patient from the AU group (p = 0.496). CONCLUSIONS: Fatty liver was more frequent in AU and PAA patients than controls, without statistically significant differences. There might be an association between fatty liver and AA, particularly the AU subtype.

The effect of dextrose prolotherapy versus placebo/other non-surgical treatments on pain in chronic plantar fasciitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: Prolotherapy is the injection of a small volume of sclerosing or irritant solutions into an injured tissue. We aimed to investigate the effect of dextrose prolotherapy (DPT) versus placebo/other non-surgical treatments on pain in chronic plantar fasciitis. METHODS: We searched seven electronic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, Scopus, ProQuest, CENTRAL, PEDro) from inception to December 31, 2021 with no language restriction for publications comparing the effect of DPT with placebo/other non-surgical treatments in patients with chronic plantar fasciitis. Our primary outcome was pain and the secondary outcomes were foot function and plantar fascia thickness. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool. RESULTS: Overall, eight studies with a total of 449 patients were included in the meta-analysis. All the included studies reported short-term pain. A large effect size (dppc2 = -0.97, 95% confidence interval [CI] -1.84 to -0.10) was observed favoring the use of DPT to reduce pain in patients with chronic plantar fasciitis in the short-term. The results for foot function improvement (dppc2 = -1.28, 95% CI -2.49 to -0.07) and plantar fascia thickness reduction (dppc2 = -1.02, 95% CI -1.99 to -0.05) in the short-term were also in favor of DPT. CONCLUSIONS: Since almost all the included studies had high risk of bias and multiple trials lacked long-term follow-ups, further high-quality research is required to determine the long-term effects of DPT vs placebo/other non-surgical interventions.

The effect of topical olive oil dressing on the healing of grade 1 and 2 diabetic foot ulcers: An assessor-blind randomized controlled trial in type 2 diabetes patients.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: We aimed to compare the effect of topical olive oil dressing plus standard care with standard care alone on the treatment of grade 1 and 2 diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. METHODS: This assessor-blind randomized controlled trial included 60 T2DM patients with DFU referred to the Diabetes Clinic of Shahid Mohammadi Hospital, Bandar Abbas, Iran, from February 21 to August 22, 2017. Patients were randomly assigned to intervention (n = 30) and control (n = 30) groups. The intervention group received standard care, including wound irrigation with normal saline and oral antibiotics plus daily topical olive oil dressing for four weeks, and the control group only received standard care. The wound healing assessment scale (wound degree, color, drainage, and surrounding tissue healing) was recorded weekly and the total wound status was determined at the end of the study. RESULTS: Treatment with olive oil led to significantly higher scores of ulcer degree, color, drainage, and surrounding tissue healing at weeks one, two, three and four in the olive oil group than in the control group (P < 0.001). Also, the total wound status score was higher in the olive oil group compared to the control group (P < 0.001). The proportions of completely healed, partially healed, and unhealed wounds were 76.6%, 23.3% and 0% in the intervention group, and 0%, 93.3% and 6.7% in the control group, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Topical olive oil dressing promoted the healing of DFU and it can be recommended as a safe and effective treatment in this regard. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT), IRCT20150607022585N4. Registered 05/12/2018. Retrospectively registered, https://www.irct.ir/trial/19460.

Introducing a Novel Combination Therapy with Macrolides for the Treatment of Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Macrolides have shown beneficial effects in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). This study aimed to compare the effect of azithromycin and clarithromycin in combination with conventional therapies for the treatment of CRS. Methods: This single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted during 2018-2019 at the Otorhinolaryngology Clinic of Shahid Mohammadi Hospital, Bandar Abbas, Iran. Out of 102 selected patients, 90 were included in the analysis. Patients were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two equal groups. In addition to conventional therapies (nasal irrigation, betamethasone injection, oxymetazoline and fluticasone spray, guaifenesin syrup, and steam inhalation), the patients in the clarithromycin group received clarithromycin 500 mg tablets twice daily for four weeks. The other group received azithromycin 500 mg tablets daily for four weeks. Patients' symptoms were evaluated pre- and post-intervention, and the Lund-Mackay (LM) scoring system was used for the staging of CRS based on computed tomography scan findings. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Patients in both groups were comparable in terms of age and sex. Complete resolution of symptoms was significantly higher in the azithromycin group than the clarithromycin group (71.1% vs. 24.4%, P<0.001). Baseline LM scores did not differ significantly between the groups (P=0.120). However, post-intervention, LM scores reduced considerably in both groups, but the change was significantly higher in the azithromycin group (P<0.001). Conclusion: In combination with conventional therapies for CRS in adults, a four-week course of treatment with azithromycin is more effective than clarithromycin.Trial Registration Number: IRCT20201209049661N1.

Efficacy and safety of topical hydrogen peroxide 35% solution versus cryotherapy in the treatment of senile lentigo.

BACKGROUND: Senile lentigines (SLs) are hyperpigmented macules that predominantly affect the elderly. We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of hydrogen peroxide35% solution with cryotherapy in the treatment of SLs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This clinical trial included 33 patients with SLs referred to our center. Lesions of each side of the body were randomly allocated to receive 3 sessions of treatment with hydrogen peroxide or cryotherapy at a three-week interval. All patients were followed up 1 week after each round of treatment for the evaluation of side effects, the general effect of the treatment, and the general assessment of response to treatment. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients were included in this study with the mean age of 61.79 ± 4.59 years. Average and excellent effects were significantly higher with cryotherapy after the 2nd and 3rd sessions of treatment, respectively. Positive response to treatment was significantly higher with cryotherapy at all time points. Severe erythema was only observed with cryotherapy. Pigmentation was significantly more frequent with cryotherapy than with hydrogen peroxide at any time point (p < 0.001). Also, blisters were only seen with cryotherapy. Moreover, the pain score was significantly higher with cryotherapy at all time points (p < 0.001). Up to one week after the 3rd session of treatment, no recurrence of lesions occurred in any of the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Cryotherapy appears to be more efficacious for the treatment of SLs compared to hydrogen peroxide 35% solution; however, hydrogen peroxide seems to have fewer side effects.

FIB-4, APRI, and AST/ALT ratio compared to FibroScan for the assessment of hepatic fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Bandar Abbas, Iran.

BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. Researchers have tried to develop indices to assess liver fibrosis in NAFLD patients to avoid liver biopsy. In this study we aimed to compare fibrosis-4 (FIB-4), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to platelet ratio index (APRI), and aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT) ratio with FibroScan for the assessment of hepatic fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included patients with NAFLD or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) referred to the Gastroenterology Clinic of Shahid Mohammadi Hospital, Bandar Abbas, Iran, in 2019. Demographic features of the participants including age and gender were recorded. All participants underwent FibroScan and had their AST, ALT, and platelet count measured in a random blood sample, taken within 1 month of the FibroScan. RESULTS: Of the 205 NAFLD patients included in this study with a mean age of 42.95 ± 10.97 years, 144 (70.2%) were male. Fibroscan results revealed that 94 patients (45.9%) had F1, 67 (32.7%) F2, 29 (14.1%) F3, and 15 (7.3%) F4 liver fibrosis. A significant correlation was found between FibroScan score and FIB-4 (r = 0.572), APRI (r = 0.667), and AST/ALT (r = 0.251) (P < 0.001). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of APRI at the 0.702 cut-off for the differentiation of F3 and F4 from F2 and F1 were 84.1, 88.2, 66.1, 95.3, and 87.3%, FIB-4 at the 1.19 cut-off 97.7, 72.7, 49.4, 99.2 and 78%, and AST/ALT at the 0.94 cut-off 61.4, 77, 42.2, 87.9, and 73.7% respectively. Moreover, the area under the receiver operating curve of APRI, FIB-4, and AST/ALT for the differentiation of F3 and F4 from F2 and F1 was 0.923, 0.913, and 0.720, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, APRI appears to be the most appropriate substitute of FibroScan for the detection of significant fibrosis in NAFLD patients. FIB-4 was the second best, suggesting that in case of FibroScan unavailability, APRI and FIB-4 are the best indices to assess liver fibrosis in NAFLD patients.

Prevalence of metabolically unhealthy obesity, overweight, and normal weight and the associated risk factors in a southern coastal region, Iran (the PERSIAN cohort study): a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a substantial risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Epidemiologic studies have shown that some obese and overweight individuals are metabolically healthy. We aimed to determine the prevalence of metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO), metabolically unhealthy overweight (MUOW), and metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUNW) in a southern coastal area of Iran, Bandare-Kong Non-Communicable Diseases (BKNCD) Cohort Study. METHODS: This population-based study included the participants of BKNCD, as part of the Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies in IrAN (PERSIAN). Metabolic health was defined as not fulfilling the metabolic syndrome (MetS) criteria. RESULTS: Among the 3917 participants in this study with the mean age of 48.29 ± 9.39 years, including 1691 (43.2%) males, the age- and sex-standardized prevalence of MUO, MUOW, and MUNW was 13.9, 16.8, and 6.4%, respectively. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that the adjusted odds of all metabolically unhealthy states were higher in older age groups, except for MUO whose adjusted odds were lower in the 65-70 age group compared to the 55-64 age group. Illiteracy was significantly correlated with MUOW (adjusted OR: 1.43, 95% CI 1.09-1.87, P = 0.010); however, it was not associated with MUO or MUNW. Higher body mass index (BMI) was significantly correlated with MUNW but it was not associated with MUOW or MUO. Higher waist circumference (WC) was also significantly associated with all metabolically unhealthy states. CONCLUSION: The age- and sex-standardized prevalence of MUO, MUOW, and MUNW was 13.9, 16.8, and 6.4%, respectively in the current study. Advanced age and higher WC were significantly correlated with all metabolically unhealthy states, while illiteracy and higher BMI were only associated with MUOW and MUNW, respectively. Metabolic health rather than weight loss should be the focus and objective of public prevention programs.

Gastrointestinal implications in COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19 patients mostly present with respiratory symptoms; however, gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations can also be seen either alone or along with respiratory symptoms. We aimed to evaluate the GI symptoms related to COVID-19. METHODS: This cross-sectional study retrospectively evaluated the medical files of 507 patients with confirmed or highly probable COVID-19. Based on their symptoms, patients were categorized into four groups: with GI symptoms alone (GIA), with respiratory symptoms alone (RA), with both GI and respiratory symptoms (GIR), and without GI or respiratory symptoms (WGIR). RESULTS: Of the 507 COVID-19 patients, 47.9% had at least one GI symptom; the most common was nausea and/or vomiting (31.6%). Patients in the GIA group were significantly older than those in the RA (P = 0.041) and GRI (P = 0.004) groups (54.70 ± 18.14 vs. 48.68 ± 14.67 and 46.80 ± 17.17 years, respectively). Groups were homogeneous with respect to gender. Leukopenia and lymphopenia were both less frequent in patients with GI symptoms compared to those without GI symptoms. Positive RT-PCR was significantly less frequent among patients with GI symptoms (44% vs. 100%, P < 0.001). Although mortality was lower in patients with GI symptoms (9.1%) in comparison with those without GI symptoms (13.3%), the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.134). CONCLUSION: The typical respiratory symptoms of COVID-19 are quite commonly accompanied by GI symptoms, with nausea and/or vomiting being the most prevalent. A subgroup of COVID-19 patients may exclusively present with GI symptoms. Special attention should be paid to these patients in order to avoid misdiagnosis or delayed treatment.

Lung ultrasound for the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis pulmonary exacerbation.

BACKGROUND: High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is the gold standard for the evaluation of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease; however, lung ultrasound (LUS) is being increasingly used for the assessment of lung in these patients due to its lower cost, availability, and lack of irradiation. We aimed to determine the diagnostic performance of LUS for the evaluation of CF pulmonary exacerbation. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included patients with CF pulmonary exacerbation admitted to Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Tehran, Iran, from March 21, 2020 to March 20, 2021. Age, gender, and body mass index (BMI) of the patients were recorded. All patients underwent chest X-ray (CXR), HRCT, and LUS on admission. Pleural thickening, atelectasis, air bronchogram, B-line, and consolidation were noted in LUS and then compared with the corresponding findings in CXR and HRCT. Taking HRCT findings as reference, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and diagnostic accuracy (DA) of LUS and CXR for the detection of each pulmonary abnormality were determined. RESULTS: Of the 30 patients included in this study, with a mean age of 19.62 ± 5.53 years, 14 (46.7%) were male. Of the 15 patients aged 2-20 years, BMI was below the 5th percentile in 10 (66.7%), within the 5-10 percentiles in 1 (6.7%), 10-25 percentiles in 3 (20%), and 25-50 percentiles in 1 (6.7%). The mean BMI for 15 patients > 20 years was 18.03 ± 2.53 kg/m2. LUS had better diagnostic performance compared to CXR for the detection of air bronchogram, consolidation, and pleural thickening (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC]: 0.966 vs. 0.483, 0.900 vs. 0.575, and 0.656 vs. 0.531, respectively). Also, LUS was 100% and 96.7% specific for the diagnosis of pleural effusion and atelectasis, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: LUS appears to be superior to CXR and comparable with HRCT for the evaluation of CF pulmonary exacerbation, especially in terms of air bronchogram and consolidation detection. LUS can be used to lengthen the HRCT evaluation intervals in this regard or utilized along with HRCT for better evaluation of CF pulmonary exacerbation.

Pumpkin seed oil (Cucurbita pepo) versus tamsulosin for benign prostatic hyperplasia symptom relief: a single-blind randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is very common in aging men. We aimed to compare the effects of tamsulosin and pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) seed oil on BPH symptoms. METHODS: This single-blind randomized clinical trial included patients with BPH aged ≥ 50 years referred to the Urology Clinic of Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Hamadan, Iran, from August 23, 2019 to February 19, 2020. Patients were randomized into two groups. One group received 0.4 mg tamsulosin every night at bedtime and the other received 360 mg pumpkin seed oil twice a day. Patients' age, weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) were recorded. The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) was filled out by the patients at baseline and then 1 month and 3 months after the initiation of treatment. The BPH-associated quality of life (QoL), serum prostate-specific antigen, prostate and postvoid residual volume, and maximum urine flow were also assessed at baseline and 3 months later. Drug side effects were also noted. RESULTS: Of the 73 patients included in this study with a mean age of 63.59 ± 7.04 years, 34 were in the tamsulosin group and 39 in the pupkin seed oil group. Patients were comparable with respect to age, weight, height, BMI, and baseline principal variables in both groups. Also, there was no significant difference between groups in terms of principal variables at any time point. However, there was a significant decrease in IPSS and a significant improvement in QoL in both groups. Although the decrease in IPSS from baseline to 1 month and 3 months was significantly higher in the tamsulosin group compared to the pumpkin group (P = 0.048 and P = 0.020, respectively), the decrease in IPSS from 1 to 3 months was similar (P = 0.728). None of the patients in the pumpkin group experienced drug side effects, while dizziness (5.9%), headache (2.9%), retrograde ejaculation (2.9%), and erythema with pruritus occurred in the tamsulosin group. CONCLUSIONS: Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) seed oil relieved BPH symptoms with no side effects, but was not as effective as tamsulosin. Further studies are required to confirm the role of pumpkin seed oil as an option for the treatment of BPH symptoms. Trial registration Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials, IRCT20120215009014N340. Registered 19.02.2020. Retrospectively registered, https://en.irct.ir/trial/45335 .

D-dimer Versus Procalcitonin for the Diagnosis of Pediatric UTI and Prediction of Renal Parenchymal Involvement.

INTRODUCTION: Previous studies have investigated the applicability of different serum biomarkers for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) and differentiation between acute pyelonephritis (APN) and cystitis. We aimed to compare serum D-dimer with procalcitonin (PCT) for the diagnosis of UTI and prediction of APN in a pediatric population. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included children aged 1 month to 14 years with their first UTI episode confirmed by positive urine culture. Serum PCT and D-dimer were measured in all participants before the initiation of antibiotic therapy. Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scan was performed in all children within 2 months of UTI resolution to determine renal parenchymal involvement. RESULTS: From the 43 children included in this study, 69.8% were female. D-dimer level was significantly higher in boys (823.26 ± 298.19 vs. 582.96 ± 359.96 ng/mL; P < .05). PCT level was comparable in boys and girls (P > .05). Logistic regression revealed that regardless of gender, children aged 2 to 6 years had significantly higher chance of at least one positive marker compared to those 6 to 14 years (OR = 6.12, 95% CI: 1.09 to 34.47, P < .05). The area under the curve value from the receiver operating characteristic curve of D-dimer ≥ 513 ng/mL for prediction of APN was 0.873, with a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy of 84.8, 90, 96.6, 64.3, and 86%; respectively. CONCLUSIONS: According to the results of the current study, 81.4% of children aged 1 month to 14 years with their first UTI episode, were either PCT or D-dimer positive. D-dimer appears to have the highest diagnostic performance for the detection of APN. DOI: 10.52547/ijkd.6089.

A Pediatric Parathyroid Carcinoma: An Unusual Clinical Presentation and Mini-review.

INTRODUCTION: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a rare condition in the pediatric population. Parathyroid carcinoma (PC) is a very uncommon cause of PHPT, accounting for < 1% of pediatric PHPT cases. It is challenging to distinguish between parathyroid adenoma (PA), the most common cause of PHPT, and PC. In this report, we described a young female who presented with a history of progressive limping and was finally diagnosed with PC. CASE PRESENTATION: A 15-year-old girl presented with progressive limping and bone pain for 8 years. She was referred by an orthopedic surgeon because of elevated intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) for further evaluation. Physical examination revealed a large, firm, and non-tender neck mass, left hip tenderness, and limited range of motion. The initial biochemistry tests showed a borderline high calcium level of 10.8 mg/dl, an elevated iPTH level of 2876 pg/mL, and a decreased phosphorus level of 2.4 mg/dL. The 99mTechnetium (Tc) sestamibi scan displayed early intense activity in the right thyroid lobe persisting in the three-hour repeat scan, compatible with a parathyroid lesion. The patient underwent right-sided neck exploration and parathyroidectomy. Intraoperative and pathology findings confirmed the diagnosis of PC. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining revealed creatine kinase (CK) and CD31 in endothelial cells of the tumor. Ki67 staining was also positive in 2% - 3% of tumor cells. The whole exome sequencing (WES) study was negative for cell division cycle 73 (CDC73) and multiple endocrine neoplasia 1 (MEN1) genes. CONCLUSIONS: PC should be considered as a differential diagnosis of PHPT in the pediatric population, even in the presence of mild hypercalcemia.