[Global risks of obesity in adolescent and teenage populations].

Symptoms of chronic cardiometabolic disease such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and inflammation, as well as type 2 diabetes, are becoming more common in obese adolescents. Physical inactivity, lack of sufficient physical activity among young students, the availability of sugar-containing products, sugary drinks and fast food, the high cost of healthy eating, aggressive advertising of unhealthy foods, economic difficulties, the influence of the social environment are factors in the growth of BMI and obesity among students. University students are characterized by the lack of a balanced diet, with habits such as snacking as the main meal, consumption of drinks with artificial sugar, fruit juices, and rare breakfast. Students have high consumption of unhealthy foods that contribute to weight gain and obesity: jerky, smoked sausages, hot dogs, white bread and baked goods, butter, fried foods and energy drinks, alcohol, especially by male vocational school students. Vending machines installed on student campuses provide quick access to unhealthy, sugary foods and drinks, contributing to poor nutritional status and obesity in students.

[FEATURES OF NUTRITION OF ADOLESCENTS IN THE TWENTIES OF THE XXI CENTURY AS A HEALTH RISK FACTOR].

Adolescence is considered a vulnerable period of life due to the influence of factors that potentially contribute to the formation of unhealthy eating behavior. At the same time, the role and importance of healthy nutrition, as well as the process of forming habits and skills of good nutrition, are especially important for adolescence and adolescence, taking into account their fertility potential.Significant factors influencing the formation and changes in the eating behavior of adolescents and youth are indicators of the economic and social development of the country, place of residence, the level of income of the population, including family income, the level of education of parents, the opportunity to engage in physical education and sports, advertising pressure, including including television and on the Internet, the state of society and industry, the degree of psychological well-being in the family and school environment, the level of complexity of personal and communication problems of young people. In order to improve eating behavior and health, reduce the consumption of unhealthy foods among adolescents and young people, systemic actions are needed that target various eating habits. It is important that the activities take into account the emotional, socio-economic and cultural aspects of the life of young people in different countries.

[TRANSFORMATION OF THE ACTIVITIES OF CHILDREN'S PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS AND NEW OPPORTUNITIES TO WORK IN THE FACE OF THE COVID-19 THREAT].

The article is devoted to the study of the process of transformation of the activities of Russian children's public organizations in the face of the threat of the spread of coronavirus infection COVID-19 and the opening of new opportunities for non-profit organizations to work in this situation. The paper uses the results of a survey conducted from March 18 to 23, 2020 by experts of the Charitable Foundation for the Development of Philanthropy, which covered 232 organizations operating in the non-profit sector. The results of the study allowed us to conclude that the period of self-isolation contributed to the stimulation of children's public organizations to actively implement information technologies in their activities, find new opportunities for remote interaction in their work, and develop online projects.

[Strength properties of rabbit cornea after femtosecond laser keratoplasty with and without different intracorneal implants]. / Prochnostnye kharakteristiki rogovitsy krolika pri femtolazernoi keratoplastike s ispol'zovaniem razlichnykh intrarogovichnykh implantatov.

AIM: to conduct a comparative experimental study of the effect of the use of intracorneal implants during femtosecond laser-assisted intrastromal pocket (IP) and intrastromal tunnel (IT) formation on the strength properties of the cornea. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The experimental study was performed on 24 corneas of 12 rabbit eyes enucleated 1 month after slaughtering. All eyes were divided into 6 groups according to the method of operation. IP and IT were created with IntraLase FS 60 kHz femtolaser. Group 1 (control group) consisted of rabbit eyes with intact corneas. In group 2 corneas, intrastromal tunnels were formed, in group 3 - intrastromal pockets, and in group 4 - intrastromal tunnels with 2 intracorneal segments (ICS). In groups 5 and 6, intrastromal pockets, each supplemented with an intrastromal ring, were created at the depth of 62-72% and 80% of pachymetry readings from the 5.0-mm optical zone, respectively. RESULTS: Higher voltage had to be applied to stretch the samples from group 2 as compared to those from groups 3 and 6. Distribution of the Young's modulus of the test corneas agreed with voltage distribution in the study groups. CONCLUSION: IP was associated with greater reduction in corneal biomechanical stability as compared with IT. Ring implantation into an IP yielded a more pronounced increase in the strength properties of the cornea than ICS implantation into an IT. The result was also more favorable at greater depths of intrastromal ring implantation.

[Comparative evaluation of different corneal cross-linking techniques with respect to biomechanical stability of the cornea].

AIM: To perform a comparative analysis of the following cross-linking techniques: standard cross-linking (SCXL), local transepithelial femto cross-linking (LTF) and transepithelial intrastromal femto cross-linking with MyoRing implantation (TIF+MyoRing) in experimental animals and patients with progressive stage II--III keratoconus (KC), paying particular attention to the changes in biomechanical stability of the cornea. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The experimental series was performed on 20 eyes of 10 rabbits. The animals were divided into 4 groups of 5. Group 1 served as the control, group 2 consisted of animals that underwent SCXL, group 3 -- of those after LTF, and group 4 -- of those after TIF+MyoRing. Femto step was performed using the IntraLase FS 60 kHz femtosecond laser, cross-linking - with the Evolution machine. The follow-up period was 1 month. Clinical study enrolled 48 patients (45 eyes) with stage II-III KC. Depending on the surgical technique all the patients were divided into 3 groups. In group I (14 eyes, 9 patients), TIF+MyoRing was performed, in group II (16 eyes, 20 patients) --SCXL, in group III (15 eyes, 19 patients) -- LTF. The follow-up period was 6 months. RESULTS: The experiment showed a significant increase in rupture resistance of the cornea in all three groups. Six months after surgery, patients from group I demonstrated a 1.0±0.22 mmHg higher corneal resistance factor (CRF) and a 1.0±0.12 mmHg higher corneal hysteresis (CH). In group II, the said parameters increased by 0.8±0.10 mmHg and 0.6±0.16 mmHg, respectively; in group III -- by 0.8±0.25 mmHg and 0.6±0.26 mmHg, respectively. In neither group the density of endothelial cells has reduced significantly over the follow-up period. C-ONCLUSION: All three methods (LTF, TIF and SCXL) equally increase the biomechanical strength of the cornea and are safe. In patients with progressive stage II-III KC, TIF+MyoRing surgery has yielded an even higher improvement of biomechanical parameters in a 6-month follow-up period, which is due to the combination of mechanical and chemical mechanisms of corneal reinforcement.

[Corneal collagen cross-linking for keratoconus].

Over the last decade, corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) has become a conventional treatment method for progressive keratoconus. Laboratory studies have shown that CXL increases the diameter of collagen fibers and also the number of intra- and interfibrillar cross-links, thus, increasing biomechanical strength of the irradiated cornea. As confirmed by a series of clinical and randomized controlled trials, CXL is able to slow down and, perhaps, to stop the progression of keratoconus. In most post-CXL patients visual acuity improves, while keratometric readings, spherical equivalent, and higher order aberrations reduce. Although published results prove CXL effective in the treatment of progressive keratoconus, its late consequences are yet unknown. This article reviews the stages of CXL development and results of published experimental and clinical studies. Prospects for CXL modifications that do not require epithelial debridement are discussed.

[Iris suture fixation of posterior-chamber elastic intraocular lens in ligament apparatus laxity].

An original MIOL-23 multifocal elastic intraocular lens (IOL) was used to operate 5 eyes with acquired lens dislocation and traumatic cataract. By making self-sealing tunnel incision, ILO was implanted into the capsular sac and sutured to the iris. MIOL-23 implantation caused an increase in mean visual acuity. The IOL took up a correct position. Elastic IOL implantation with iris suture fixation is an efficient and safe mode of additional ILO support.

[Herpetic infection of spermatozoa in failure of reproductive technologies and spontaneous abortion].

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) was studied in ejaculate of 36 men whose wives had the history of spontaneous abortions, or failure of artificial insemination (AI), or extracorporeal fertilization (ECF). The control group consisted of 222 patients examined prophylactically after urogenital inflammation or for primary infertility. HSV was detected with immunofluorescence (IF) reaction with monoclonal antibodies to HSV antigens, rapid culture method (RCM) and transmission electronic microscopy. HSV antigens were detected in fraction of mobile spermatozoa in 13 (65%) of 20 samples from patients of the study group. HSV detectability in the study group was significantly higher than in the controls (p = 0.003). Intragametic capsides of HSV were detected at ultrastructural investigation in 13 of 19 (68%) ejaculate samples from patients of the study group in whom IF and/ or RCM results were positive. The study of 6 ejaculate samples of this group in which HSV was not detected by IF or RCM and 24 control samples HSV capsides were not detected. The following conclusions can be made: mobile spermatozoa of normal morphology can be infected with HSV; as shown morphologically, samples of ejaculate from men whose wives had spontaneous abortions contained intragametic HSV capsides; intragametic HSV infection of spermatozoa had a negative effect on the course of pregnancy and/or embryon vitality.