Voltage-gated sodium channel gene mutation and P450 gene expression are associated with the resistance of Aphis spiraecola Patch (Hemiptera: Aphididae) to lambda-cyhalothrin.

Aphis spiraecola Patch is one of the most economically important tree fruit pests worldwide. The pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin is commonly used to control A. spiraecola. In this 2-year study, we quantified the resistance level of A. spiraecola to lambda-cyhalothrin in different regions of the Shaanxi province, China. The results showed that A. spiraecola had reached extremely high resistance levels with a 174-fold resistance ratio (RR) found in the Xunyi region. In addition, we compared the enzymatic activity and expression level of P450 genes among eight A. spiraecola populations. The P450 activity of A. spiraecola was significantly increased in five regions (Xunyi, Liquan, Fengxiang, Luochuan, and Xinping) compared to susceptible strain (SS). The expression levels of CYP6CY7, CYP6CY14, CYP6CY22, P4504C1-like, P4506a13, CYP4CZ1, CYP380C47, and CYP4CJ2 genes were significantly increased under lambda-cyhalothrin treatment and in the resistant field populations. A L1014F mutation in the sodium channel gene was found and the mutation rate was positively correlated with the LC50 of lambda-cyhalothrin. In conclusion, the levels of lambda-cyhalothrin resistance of A. spiraecola field populations were associated with P450s and L1014F mutations. Our combined findings provide evidence on the resistance mechanism of A. spiraecola to lambda-cyhalothrin and give a theoretical basis for rational and effective control of this pest species.

Characterization and fitness cost of bifenthrin resistance in Rhopalosiphum padi (Hemiptera: Aphididae).

Rhopalosiphum padi is an important global wheat pest. The pyrethroid insecticide bifenthrin is widely used in the control R. padi. We explored the resistance potential, cross-resistance, adaptive costs, and resistance mechanism of R. padi to bifenthrin using a bifenthrin-resistant strain (Rp-BIF) established in laboratory. The Rp-BIF strain developed extremely high resistance against bifenthrin (1033.036-fold). Cross-resistance analyses showed that the Rp-BIF strain had an extremely high level of cross-resistance to deltamethrin (974.483-fold), moderate levels of cross-resistance to chlorfenapyr (34.051-fold), isoprocarb (27.415-fold), imidacloprid (14.819-fold), and thiamethoxam (11.228-fold), whereas negative cross-resistance was observed to chlorpyrifos (0.379-fold). The enzymatic activity results suggested that P450 played an important role in bifenthrin resistance. A super-kdr mutation (M918L) of voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) was found in the bifenthrin-resistant individuals. When compared with the susceptible strain (Rp-SS), the Rp-BIF strain was significantly inferior in multiple life table parameters, exhibiting a relative fitness of 0.69. Our toxicological and biochemical studies indicated that multiple mechanisms of resistance might be involved in the resistance trait. Our results provide insight into the bifenthrin resistance of R. padi and can contribute to improve management of bifenthrin-resistant R. padi in the field.

Enhanced fluorescence of terbium with thiabendazole and application in determining trace amounts of terbium and thiabendazole.

In this paper, a simple, rapid and sensitive fluorescence method based on the formation of terbium (Tb3+) complex has been developed for the rapid detection of Tb3+ in water. The fluorescence sensor has been studied by using terbium complexed with thiabendazole (TBZ) while acetonitrile (MeCN) as solvent. The complex was made up of TBZ as small-molecule ligand and Tb3+ as central ion. Fluorescence spectroscopy and UV spectroscopy together were used to study the behavior of the complexation of TBZ-Tb in this medium. Enhancement fluorescence was observed due to the efficient energy transfer process from TBZ to Tb3+. And the affecting factors of the enhancement fluorescence were also studied in detail. Under optimal conditions, a linear relationship was obtained between the enhanced fluorescence intensity and the concentration of Tb3+ in a range of 5.0×10-6M-3.0×10-5M. The sensor was used for the detection of Tb3+ in river water samples, and the result was satisfactory. In the meantime, a linear relationship was also obtained between the enhanced fluorescence intensity and the concentration of TBZ in a range of 8.0×10-6M-4.0×10-5M. Moreover, the method was successfully extended for the detection of TBZ in juice samples.

A label-free fluorescent biosensor for ultratrace detection of terbium (ш) based on structural conversion of G-quadruplex DNA mediated by ThT and terbium (ш).

In this paper, a novel label-free fluorescent biosensor for terbium (ш) (Tb(3+)) was proposed based on structural conversion of G-quadruplex DNA mediated by Thioflavin T (ThT) and Tb(3+). In the presence of K(+), ThT could bind to K(+)-stabilized parallel G-quadruplex, giving rise to high fluorescence intensity. Upon the addition of Tb(3+), Tb(3+) could competitively bind to parallel G-quadruplex leading to the structural change, which resulted in fluorescence decrease. The change of fluorescence intensity (ΔF=F0-F) showed a good linear response toward the concentration of Tb(3+) over the range from 1.0 pM to 10.0 µM with a limit of detection of 0.55 pM. This proposed biosensor was simple and cost-effective in design and in operation with ultrahigh sensitivity and selectivity. Thus, the proposed biosensor could be a promising candidate for monitoring ultratrace Tb(3+) in environment.