Tape Stripping - Searching for Minimally Invasive Biomarkers in Atopic Dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is nowadays entering a new era of more targeted treatments. However, to make personalized medicine, which we are currently striving for, a reality, a reliable set of validated biomarkers is needed. The most practical seem to be biomarkers that can be obtained easily and minimally invasively. Tape stripping (TS) is a method that provides such an opportunity. This review summarizes the potential biomarkers of AD identified by the minimally invasive TS method. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), interleukin (IL)-13, CC chemokine ligand 17 (CCL17)/thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) and stratum corneum (SC) lipids can be used as predictive biomarkers for AD occurrence. CCL17/TARC also holds great promise for being reliable biomarkers for AD severity as well as treatment response. Nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2)/inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) which high expression is specific for psoriasis may be a good biomarker for differential diagnosis between psoriasis and AD in challenging clinical situations. AD children with food allergy (FA) have a unique endotype characterized by selectively altered expression of various molecules in the skin that can indicate FA coexistence. Unfortunately, although numerous potential biomarkers have been found, none of these candidates have been validated and implemented into routine clinical practice, which still separates us from the possibility of a precise approach to AD patients.

Gastrointestinal Comorbidities Associated with Atopic Dermatitis-A Narrative Review.

The current understanding of atopic dermatitis (AD) seems to be extending beyond a skin-confined condition frequently associated with allergic comorbidities, as in a number of epidemiological studies, the prevalence rate of a range of illnesses has been determined to be greater in patients with AD, or inversely. In most cases, the reasons for this are vague. A subset of these conditions are gastrointestinal disorders, including food sensitization (FS) and food allergy (FA), eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) (it is of mixed background, both IgE-dependent and independent), food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) (it exemplifies an IgE-independent food allergy), Crohn's disease (CD), colitis ulcerosa (CU), celiac disease, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). In this review, we performed a comprehensive search of the literature using the PubMed database. We addressed the epidemiology of the increased co-occurrence of these diseases with AD and discussed potential causes for this subject. Multiple gastroenterological comorbidities appear to be more common in patients with AD, according to our review. The mechanisms that underlie this phenomenon are largely unknown, highlighting the need for further study in this field.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Adult Patients with Atopic Dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, inflammatory, itchy dermatosis with periods of remissions and exacerbations. Social isolation and lockdown measures may cause increased stress which in turn may affect the skin condition of patients with AD. We aimed to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the course of AD and the mental health of adult patients with AD. The study was based on an anonymous online questionnaire. A total of 91 adult patients with AD participated in this survey. The study population consisted of 77 (84.6%) female and 14 (15.4%) male patients. The average age of patients was 28.3 years. Fifty-four respondents out of 91 (59.3%) noticed a worsening in the course of AD. Patients with worsened AD most often indicated exacerbating itching of the skin (92.6% of 54). Only 54 (59.3%) patients continued treatment as directed by the attending physician. Of those that did not, 13 (14.3%) took or applied fewer medications and 24 (26.4%) stopped taking or applying medications altogether. Of all respondents, 60 (65.9%) believed that their mental health had deteriorated and 11 (12.1%) patients developed suicidal thoughts during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic had a negative impact on the course of AD among adult patients. Forced life changes, increased stress, and poor adherence to treatment may have been contributing factors. Increased stress may have also worsened the mental health of patients with AD, which in turn may have exacerbated AD.

The Associations of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of the COL3A1, COL6A5, and COL8A1 Genes with Atopic Dermatitis.

The pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is complex, multifactorial, and not fully understood. Genes encoding collagens, the most abundant proteins in the extracellular matrix (ECM), may play a potential role in the pathogenesis of AD. Our study aimed to estimate the associations between Col3A1/rs1800255, Col6A5 /29rs12488457, and Col8A1/rs13081855 polymorphisms and the occurrence, course, and features of AD in the Polish population. Blood samples were collected from 157 patients with AD and 111 healthy volunteers. The genotype distribution of the investigated collagens genes did not differ significantly between the AD and control subjects (p > 0.05). The AA genotype of Col3A1/rs1800255 was significantly associated with the occurrence of mild SCORAD (OR = 0.16; 95% Cl: 0.03-0.78; p = 0.02) and mild pruritus (OR = 18.5; 95% Cl: 3.48-98.40; p = 0.0006), while the GG genotype was significantly associated with severe SCORAD (OR = 6.6; 95% Cl: 1.23-32.35; p = 0.03). Regarding Col6A5/29rs12488457 polymorphism, the average SCORAD score was significantly lower in the group of patients with genotype AA than in patients with the AC genotype (39.8 vs. 53.4; p = 0.04). Nevertheless, both average SCORAD scores were high, and represent the moderate and severe grades of the diseases, respectively. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of COL3A1/ rs1800255 and Col6A5/29rs12488457 seem to be associated with AD courses and symptoms, suggesting new disease biomarkers. The modulation of collagens, the major component of the ECM, may serve as a therapeutic target of AD in the future.

Characterization of Chronic Urticaria and Associated Conditions - A Web-Based Survey.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic urticaria is a common disease, characterized by the development of wheals, angioedema, or both, which can be associated with several comorbidities. Most of the available studies have focused on specific common comorbidities and their association with CU, but have seldom reported the overall burden of comorbidities. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate and analyze self-reported comorbidities in Polish patients with CU. METHODS: An anonymous online survey consisting of 20 questions was conducted on members of an Urticaria group on the social media platform Facebook. A total of 102 people took part in this survey. The results were analyzed in Microsoft Excel 2016. RESULTS: In the group, 95.1% were females and 4.9% males, with a mean age of 33.8 years. The most common diagnosed type of urticaria was spontaneous (52.9%). Angioedema accompanied urticaria in 68.6% of the respondents, mainly those with delayed pressure urticaria (86.4%). 85.3% of respondents reported comorbidities, most often atopic diseases and allergies (49%), chronic inflammation and infections (36.3%), thyroid (36.3%) and psychiatric disorders (25.5%). Moreover, in 30.4% of patients, at least one autoimmune disease was noted. As compared to the patients without autoimmune urticaria, many more with autoimmune urticaria had a coexisting autoimmune disease (50% vs. 23.7%). Family history of autoimmune diseases was positive in 42.2%, and the familial history of urticaria and atopy was positive in 7.8% and 25.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The knowledge of comorbidities of chronic urticaria may support clinicians to manage and treat patients with this common condition.

Altered Gene Expression of IL-35 and IL-36α in the Skin of Patients with Atopic Dermatitis.

A comprehensive understanding of atopic dermatitis (AD) pathogenesis is desired, especially in the current era of novel biologics and small molecule drugs. In recent years, new cytokines have emerged that may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of AD. Using the tape stripping (TS) method, this study analyzed the gene expression of IL-35 and IL-36α in lesional and nonlesional AD skin compared with healthy skin and their association with the clinical features of AD among the Polish population. Ten AD patients and seven healthy individuals were enrolled. The lesional skin of the AD patients showed significantly higher expression levels of IL-35 compared to healthy skin (p = 0.0001). The expression level of IL-36α was significantly higher in lesional AD skin than in nonlesional AD skin (p = 0.0039) and healthy skin (p = 0.0045). There was a significant negative correlation between AD severity and the expression level of IL-35 in both lesional (R = -0.66, p = 0.048) and nonlesional skin (R = -0.9, p = 0.0016). In summary, both IL-35 and IL-36α appear to play a role in the pathogenesis of AD. Furthermore, it might be speculated that IL-35 and IL-36α may be potential candidates for disease biomarkers. However, further studies are needed to verify these assumptions and comprehensively elucidate their importance in the pathogenesis of AD.

Current Insight into the Role of IL-35 and Its Potential Involvement in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Atopic Dermatitis.

Interleukin 35 (IL-35), a new member of the IL-12 family of heterodimeric cytokines, could induce two different types of regulatory cells including regulatory T and B cells such as IL-35-induced regulatory T cells and IL-10-producing regulatory B cells (IL-10+Bregs), and IL-35-producing regulatory B cells (IL-35+Bregs). These cells appear to play an important role in modulating the immune system in numerous diseases. Several findings suggested that the expression of IL-35 is dysregulated in many autoimmune, inflammatory, and allergic diseases. Due to the functions of IL-35, it seems that this cytokine may act as an efficient therapeutic strategy for numerous conditions including atopic dermatitis (AD). We aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of IL-35 in modulating the immune system. Additionally, we highlight IL-35 as a specific immunological target, discuss its possible involvement in the pathogenesis of AD, and hypothesize that IL-35 may become a novel target for the treatment of AD. However, further studies are required to evaluate this hypothesis.