Inheritance of genomic regions and genes associated with number of oocytes and embryos in Gir cattle through daughter design.

Over the past decades, daughter designs, including genotyped sires and their genotyped daughters, have been used as an approach to identify QTL related to economic traits. The aim of this study was to identify genomic regions inherited by Gir sire families and genes associated with number of viable oocytes (VO), total number of oocytes (TO), and number of embryos (EMBR) based on a daughter design approach. In total, 15 Gir sire families were selected. The number of daughters per family ranged from 26 to 395, which were genotyped with different SNP panels and imputed to the Illumina BovineHD BeadChip (777K) and had phenotypes for oocyte and embryo production. Daughters had phenotypic data for VO, TO, and EMBR. The search for QTL was performed through GWAS based on GBLUP. The QTL were found for each trait among and within families based on the top 10 genomic windows with the greatest genetic variance. For EMBR, genomic windows identified among families were located on BTA4, BTA5, BTA6, BTA7, BTA8, BTA13, BTA16, and BTA17, and they were most frequent on BTA7 within families. For VO, genomic windows were located on BTA2, BTA4, BTA5, BTA7, BTA17, BTA21, BTA22, BTA23, and BTA27 among families, being most frequent on BTA8 within families. For TO, the top 10 genomic windows were identified on BTA2, BTA4, BTA5, BTA7, BTA17, BTA21, BTA22, BTA26, and BTA27, being most frequent on BTA7 and BTA8 within families. Considering all results, the greatest number of genomic windows was found on BTA7, where the VCAN, XRCC4, TRNAC-ACA, HAPLN1, and EDIL3 genes were identified in the common regions. In conclusion, 15 Gir sire families with 26 to 395 daughters per family with phenotypes for oocyte and embryo production helped to identify the inheritance of several genomic regions, especially on BTA7, where the EDIL3, HAPLN1, and VCAN candidate genes were associated with number of oocytes and embryos in Gir cattle families.

Chicken embryo: a useful animal model for drug testing?

The use of chicken embryos (CEs) as an in vivo experimental model for different pharmaceutical purposes is not a novelty. However, in recent years, the number of reports employing CE to evaluate several parameters, such as the toxicity and efficacy of drugs and/or nanosystems, has increased. Therefore, this review discusses the relevance of CE for drug testing, emphasizing the inoculation routes and the embryonic stages. The challenges to be overcome, as well as some practical recommendations to allow CE to be more explored as a promising in vivo model in drug analyses, are also highlighted.

Different methods of assessing udder temperature through thermography and their relation with rectal temperature.

Infrared thermography of the lateral side portion of the udder was taken from 38 lactating cows in a 6-day experiment. Thermograms were analyzed using specific software with the use of eight different methods. The experiment was aimed at correlating the different methods with each other and with rectal temperature (RT), in order to suggest a method to assess udder side temperature, and also at creating regression equations to enable RT calculation through the use of thermographic data. All methods of analyzing thermograms were highly correlated; correlations between thermograms and RT were significant (P < 0.01) and above 0.840. The highest correlation was between RT and the maximum temperature obtained using a horizontal rectangle placed within the lateral (side) portion of the udder (maximum temperature in a horizontal rectangle (MHR), 0.897). With the exception of the average temperature of a horizontal rectangle, linear regression coefficients were significant (P < 0.05) and coefficients of determination were higher than 75.51%. We suggest the use of MHR to evaluate udder side temperature. The ease of accessing the side of the udder, the welfare advantages of non-invasive observations, and the high correlation with RT suggest the use of thermograms in the lateral portion of the udder to assess animals' temperature.

Structure-activity relationships and mechanism of action of tetragomycin derivatives as inhibitors of Staphylococcus aureus staphyloxanthin biosynthesis.

Despite the main strategy to overcome bacterial resistance has focused on the development of more potent antimicrobial agents, the evolutionary pressure caused by such drugs makes this strategy limited. Molecules that interfere with virulence factors appear as a promising alternative though, as they cause reduced selective pressure. As a matter of fact, staphyloxanthin biosynthesis inhibition (STXBI) has been pursued as promising strategy to reduce S. aureus virulence. Herein, we report the inhibitory profile of 27 tetrangomycin derivatives over staphyloxanthin production. The experimental result showed that naphthoquinone dehydro-α-lapachone (25 - EC50 = 57.29 ± 1.15 µM) and 2-Isopropylnaphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione (26 EC50 = 82.10 ± 1.09 µM) are the most potent compounds and suggest that hydrogen acceptor groups and lipophilic moieties decorating the naphthoquinone ring are crucial for STXBI. In addition, we present an in situ analysis, through RAMAN spectroscopy, that is inexpensive and might be employed to probe the mechanism of action of staphyloxanthin biosynthesis inhibitors. Therefore, our molecular simplification strategies afforded promising lead compounds for the development of drugs that modulate S. aureus staphyloxanthin biosynthesis.

Eating behaviour patterns are associated with excessive weight gain after liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Weight gain and obesity are important issues in liver transplant (LTx) recipients. Although dietary habits are probably related to excessive weight gain after LTx, some studies have failed to demonstrate these associations. The present study aimed to assess eating behaviour and verify its association with weight gain and excessive weight among LTx recipients. METHODS: The investigation comprised a cross-sectional study. Post-LTx patients, aged >18 years were evaluated about their eating behaviour [Three Factor Eating Questionnaire-R21 (TFEQ-R21)]. The scores of the TFEQ-R21 [uncontrolled eating (UE), cognitive restraint (CR) and emotional eating (EE)] were determined. Excessive weight was classified as body mass index ≥25 kg/m² and obesity ≥30 kg/m². RESULTS: In total, 270 patients (age 58.0 years; range 20.0-77.0 years; 64.1% men) were assessed. Average weight gain was 8.0 kg (range -16.0 to 41.0 kg). Of the patients, 64.1% (n = 173) had excessive weight and 23.3% (n = 63) were obese. Post-LTx weight gain was significantly correlated with UE (r = 0.311, P < 0.001) and EE (r = 0.287, P < 0.001). Patients with excessive weight had significantly higher scores than others: CR (61.0; range 0-122.0 versus 44.0; range 0-116.0) (P = 0.003) and EE (11.0; range 0-100.0 versus 0.0; range 0-100.0) (P = 0.030). Patients with obesity had higher scores than non-obese UE (22.0; range 0-77.0 versus 14.0; range 0-85.0; P = 0.028), CR (55.0; range 11.0-116.0 versus 50.0; range 0-122.0) (P = 0.017) and EE (16.0; range 0-100.0 versus 5.0; range 0-100.0) individuals (P < 0.001). The greatest quartiles of weight gain had higher scores on the eating behaviours of UE and EE, especially those with weight gain ≥14 kg. UE was associated with weight gain. CR was associated with being overweight. EE was associated with obesity. CONCLUSIONS: Uncontrolled eating is associated with weight gain, CR was associated with excessive weight and EE was associated with obesity after LTx.

Composition of fatty acids, tocopherols, tocotrienols and ß-carotene content in oils of seeds of Brazilian Sapindaceae and Meliaceae species.

This study analyzes the lipid composition and the oxidative stability of oils of Sapindaceae and Meliaceae seeds. The oil content ranged from 14.7% (Guarea guidonia) to 30.1% (Allophylus puberulus and Paullinia elegans). Ten fatty acids were identified in seed oils. Guarea guidonia seeds accumulated mainly oleic (44.9%) and linoleic (24.1%) acid, whereas the unusual gondoic and paullinic acids were identified in A. puberulus (15.8%; 8.9%) and P. elegans (14.4%; 44.2%), respectively. The oil of P. elegans had the highest oxidative stability (16.2 h.). Tocopherol predominated in A. puberulus (10.4 mg/100 g) and tocotrienol predominated in G. guidonea and P. elegans (2.6 mg/100 g). The vitamers α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, and γ-tocotrienol were found in the studied oils. ß-carotene was predominantly detected in the oil of A. puberulus seeds (22.4 µg/g). Guarea guidonia seed oil has a high potential in food due to richness in essential fatty acids. In turn, A. puberulus and P. elegans oils could be suggested for other industrial purposes (e.g., biodiesel, varnishes, paints, soaps, or oleochemicals) due to their content of long-chain fatty acids.

RNA sequencing differential gene expression analysis of isolated perfused bovine udders experimentally inoculated with Streptococcus agalactiae.

The aim of this study was to elucidate the differential gene expression in the RNA sequencing transcriptome of isolated perfused udders collected from 4 slaughtered Holstein × Zebu crossbred dairy cows experimentally inoculated with Streptococcus agalactiae. We studied 3 different statistical tools (edgeR, baySeq, and Cuffdiff 2). In summary, 2 quarters of each udder were experimentally inoculated with Strep. agalactiae and the other 2 were used as a control. Mammary tissue biopsies were collected at times 0 and 3 h after infection. The total RNA was extracted and sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 2000 (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA). Transcripts were assembled from the reads aligned to the bovine UMD 3.1 reference genome, and the statistical analyses were performed using the previously mentioned tools (edgeR, baySeq, and Cuffdiff 2). Finally, the identified genes were submitted to pathway enrichment analysis. A total of 1,756, 1,161, and 3,389 genes with differential gene expression were identified when using edgeR, baySeq, and Cuffdiff 2, respectively. A total of 122 genes were identified by the overlapping of the 3 methods; however, only the platelet activation presented a significantly enriched pathway. From the results, we suggest the FCER1G, GNAI2, ORAI1, and VASP genes shared among the 3 methods in this pathway for posterior biological validation.

Molecular identification and physiological characterization of Zymomonas mobilis strains from fuel-ethanol production plants in north-east Brazil.

Zymomonas mobilis has long attracted attention owing to its capacity to ferment hexose to ethanol. From a taxonomic viewpoint, Z. mobilis is a unique species of the genus Zymomonas, separated into three subspecies, Z. mobilis subsp. mobilis, Z. mobilis subsp. pomaceae and Z. mobilis subsp. francensis on the basis of physiological tests, which are often unreliable owing to the genetic proximity among these species. Currently, the use of molecular techniques is more appropriate for identification of these bacterial subspecies. In this study, the 32 strains of Z. mobilis present in the UFPEDA bacterial collection were characterized using molecular techniques, such as sequencing of the 16S rDNA gene and its theoretical restriction profile, classifying them as members of the subspecies, Z. mobilis subsp. mobilis. In addition, anaerobic cultivations were performed, which showed the biological diversity of the strains in terms of growth, sugar consumption and ethanol production. From these results, it was possible to identify the strain Z-2-80 as a promising bacterium for use in the fermentation process. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Zymomonas mobilis is a bacterium of great relevance to biotechnology, owing to its capacity to ferment hexose to ethanol. On a molecular basis, 32 isolates were identified as Z. mobilis subsp. mobilis. However, intraspecific diversity was identified when these were grown under strictly anaerobic conditions. The results obtained from this study suggest a strain of Z. mobilis as an alternative for use in the fermentation process.

Accuracy of genomic predictions in Gyr (Bos indicus) dairy cattle.

Genomic selection may accelerate genetic progress in breeding programs of indicine breeds when compared with traditional selection methods. We present results of genomic predictions in Gyr (Bos indicus) dairy cattle of Brazil for milk yield (MY), fat yield (FY), protein yield (PY), and age at first calving using information from bulls and cows. Four different single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chips were studied. Additionally, the effect of the use of imputed data on genomic prediction accuracy was studied. A total of 474 bulls and 1,688 cows were genotyped with the Illumina BovineHD (HD; San Diego, CA) and BovineSNP50 (50K) chip, respectively. Genotypes of cows were imputed to HD using FImpute v2.2. After quality check of data, 496,606 markers remained. The HD markers present on the GeneSeek SGGP-20Ki (15,727; Lincoln, NE), 50K (22,152), and GeneSeek GGP-75Ki (65,018) were subset and used to assess the effect of lower SNP density on accuracy of prediction. Deregressed breeding values were used as pseudophenotypes for model training. Data were split into reference and validation to mimic a forward prediction scheme. The reference population consisted of animals whose birth year was ≤2004 and consisted of either only bulls (TR1) or a combination of bulls and dams (TR2), whereas the validation set consisted of younger bulls (born after 2004). Genomic BLUP was used to estimate genomic breeding values (GEBV) and reliability of GEBV (R2PEV) was based on the prediction error variance approach. Reliability of GEBV ranged from ∼0.46 (FY and PY) to 0.56 (MY) with TR1 and from 0.51 (PY) to 0.65 (MY) with TR2. When averaged across all traits, R2PEV were substantially higher (R2PEV of TR1 = 0.50 and TR2 = 0.57) compared with reliabilities of parent averages (0.35) computed from pedigree data and based on diagonals of the coefficient matrix (prediction error variance approach). Reliability was similar for all the 4 marker panels using either TR1 or TR2, except that imputed HD cow data set led to an inflation of reliability. Reliability of GEBV could be increased by enlarging the limited bull reference population with cow information. A reduced panel of ∼15K markers resulted in reliabilities similar to using HD markers. Reliability of GEBV could be increased by enlarging the limited bull reference population with cow information.

5-ALA-mediated photodynamic therapy reduces the parasite load in mice infected with Leishmania braziliensis.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has proven to be an effective alternative for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Skin lesions consist of ulcers with well-defined raised edges, and granular floor. Th1 immune response is the protective profile in patients infected with Leishmania. In this study, the photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolevulinic acid, the parasitic load, and the modulation of the immune response was evaluated in mice infected with Leishmania braziliensis. Balb/c mice were infected with L. braziliensis and subsequently treated with three sections of PDT. The parasite load and mRNA expression of cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17, IL-22, IL-27, IL-10) and transcription factors (GATA-3, Foxp3 and T-bet) were analysed by quantitative PCR. The parasite load in the treated group was significantly lower than in the untreated group (P<.0001); in PDT treated animals, we observed an increase in IFN-γ and T-bet mRNA (P=.012 and P=.0071). There was a significant reduction in mRNA expression of IL-22 associated with an increased expression of IL-27 mRNA in the animals treated with light only (P=.0001). 5-ALA associated with photodynamic therapy promotes a reduction in parasite load and an increased expression of IFN-γ and T-bet mRNA.

Strategies for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping to enhance genotype imputation in Gyr (Bos indicus) dairy cattle: Comparison of commercially available SNP chips.

Genotype imputation is widely used as a cost-effective strategy in genomic evaluation of cattle. Key determinants of imputation accuracies, such as linkage disequilibrium patterns, marker densities, and ascertainment bias, differ between Bos indicus and Bos taurus breeds. Consequently, there is a need to investigate effectiveness of genotype imputation in indicine breeds. Thus, the objective of the study was to investigate strategies and factors affecting the accuracy of genotype imputation in Gyr (Bos indicus) dairy cattle. Four imputation scenarios were studied using 471 sires and 1,644 dams genotyped on Illumina BovineHD (HD-777K; San Diego, CA) and BovineSNP50 (50K) chips, respectively. Scenarios were based on which reference high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) panel (HDP) should be adopted [HD-777K, 50K, and GeneSeek GGP-75Ki (Lincoln, NE)]. Depending on the scenario, validation animals had their genotypes masked for one of the lower-density panels: Illumina (3K, 7K, and 50K) and GeneSeek (SGGP-20Ki and GGP-75Ki). We randomly selected 171 sires as reference and 300 as validation for all the scenarios. Additionally, all sires were used as reference and the 1,644 dams were imputed for validation. Genotypes of 98 individuals with 4 and more offspring were completely masked and imputed. Imputation algorithms FImpute and Beagle v3.3 and v4 were used. Imputation accuracies were measured using the correlation and allelic correct rate. FImpute resulted in highest accuracies, whereas Beagle 3.3 gave the least-accurate imputations. Accuracies evaluated as correlation (allelic correct rate) ranged from 0.910 (0.942) to 0.961 (0.974) using 50K as HDP and with 3K (7K) as low-density panels. With GGP-75Ki as HDP, accuracies were moderate for 3K, 7K, and 50K, but high for SGGP-20Ki. The use of HD-777K as HDP resulted in accuracies of 0.888 (3K), 0.941 (7K), 0.980 (SGGP-20Ki), 0.982 (50K), and 0.993 (GGP-75Ki). Ungenotyped individuals were imputed with an average accuracy of 0.970. The average top 5 kinship coefficients between reference and imputed individuals was a strong predictor of imputation accuracy. FImpute was faster and used less memory than Beagle v4. Beagle v4 outperformed Beagle v3.3 in accuracy and speed of computation. A genotyping strategy that uses the HD-777K SNP chip as a reference panel and SGGP-20Ki as the lower-density SNP panel should be adopted as accuracy was high and similar to that of the 50K. However, the effect of using imputed HD-777K genotypes from the SGGP-20Ki on genomic evaluation is yet to be studied.

Effect of the glycemic index on lipid oxidation and body composition.

Several studies have been conducted to evaluate the effects of the consumption of the slowly absorbed carbohydrates in a low glycemic index (GI) diet on fat oxidation, in order to obtain dietetic treatment that can favor the achievement of an adequate body composition. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze studies in which the role of low GI diets on body composition, with emphasis on fat oxidation. An internet search for articles, in English or Portuguese, published since 1995, was conducted using the following key words: glycemic index, glycemic load, glycaemic index, glycaemic load, body fat, body composition, fat oxidation. Papers that described animals or humans clinical trials were selected. Data were collected from Web of Science, Science Direct, Pubmed. It was verified that the results of the majority of the analyzed studies indicated that low GI diets lead to a lower insulin response, increasing body fat oxidation. These results indicate that the consumption of low GI diet can be an important strategy to be used for the prevention and control of obesity and chronic diseases associated to it.

Quantitative trait loci affecting milk production traits on bovine chromosome 6 in zebuine Gyr breed.

Fourteen Brazilian dairy Gyr sire families with 657 daughters were analyzed for quantitative trait loci (QTL) on chromosome 6 by using a daughter design for 5 economic traits: milk, fat, and protein production, fat and protein percentage. The cows and sires were genotyped for 27 microsatellites with average spacing between markers of 4.9 cM. In the analyses across 14 families, for the largest significant families, and within family, a QTL was located for milk yield and fat yield close to marker BMS2508 at the 5% chromosome-wide significance level across families and 1% chromosome-wide within families. For fat percentage, a QTL near DIK4482 was identified at the 5% chromosome-wide significance level when all families were analyzed together and at the 1% chromosome-wide significance level within the largest significant families. The different analyses yielded results that were generally consistent for milk yield, fat yield, and fat percentage. The order of the markers in the derived map was consistent with that in the consensus map. Some QTL and candidate genes in dairy cattle for milk production traits are probably preserved in Bos taurus and Bos indicus.

Ground roasted peanuts leads to a lower post-prandial glycemic response than raw peanuts.

INTRODUCTION: Few studies have evaluated the effect of nuts processing on the glycemic response and satiety. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of peanut processing on glycemic response, and energy and nutrients intake. METHOD: Thirteen healthy subjects (4 men and 9 women), with a mean age of 28.5 ± 10 years, BMI 22.7 ± 2.5 kg/m², and body fat 23.7 ± 5.7% participated in this randomized crossover clinical trial. After 10-12 h of fasting, one of the following types of test meals were consumed: raw peanuts with skin (RPS), roasted peanuts without skin, ground-roasted peanuts without skin (GRPWS) or control meal. The test meals had the same nutrient composition, and were consumed with 200 ml of water in 15 minutes. Glycemic response was evaluated 2 hours after each meal. Energy and nutrients intake were assessed through diet records reflecting the habitual food intake and food consumption 24 hours after the ingestion of test meal. RESULT: The area under the glycemic response curve after GRPWS was lower (p = 0.02) the one obtained for RPS. There was no treatment effect on energy intake, macronutrients and fiber consumption after the test meal. CONCLUSION: The consumption of ground-roasted peanuts may favor the control and prevention of diabetes due to its reduction on postprandial glucose response. However, more prospective studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.

Anthelmintic activity of Azadirachta indica A. Juss against sheep gastrointestinal nematodes.

Gastrointestinal nematode control has been performed through use of anthelmintics. However, the development of resistant populations has required research into new alternatives. There are popular reports about anti-parasitic activity of Azadirachta indica in animals and plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of A. indica after feeding sheep with the dried leaves. In this experiment, 40 sheep were allotted into four treatment groups. Group I received a treatment of A. indica dry leaves mixed in a concentrate at a rate of 0.1 g/kg dose for 3 months. Group II was treated with double the dose of Group I. Group III was treated with closantel (Diantel) at the manufacturer-recommended dose once at the beginning of the study and Group IV was not treated. To compare treatment effects, the following parameters were evaluated: egg count per gram of feces (EPG), worm burden, weight gain and haematocrit. EPG and worm burden results were statistically evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Haematocrit and live weight gain were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the means evaluated by Tukey's test with 95% probability. None of the evaluated parameters of the treatment groups were statistically different when compared to the control group, demonstrating that, with the protocol used, A. indica has no anthelmintic effect.

[Nursing residency: a 20-year experience]. / Residência de enfermagem: uma trajetória de 20 anos.

This descriptive study about Nursing Residence is an attempt to understand the period between 1978 and 1998. Describes the evolution occurred on Residence about programs organization, theoretical and research activities, preceptory, avaliation and future perspectives. The study has a Qualitative Approach. The data was collected with Documental Analysis. The actuals beliefs and tendencies are indicating that the residence programs must be constructed by Nursing Residents and Preceptors. The Nursing Residence is a valuable strategic of especialization of nurses at service.

[The etiology and epidemiology of dermatophytoses in Goiânia, GO, Brazil]. / Etiologia e epidemiologia das dermatofitoses em Goiânia, GO, Brasil.

Dermatophytoses are superficial infections that may lead to lesions of keratinized tissues, like skin, hair and nails. A total of 6068 individuals from Goiânia, GO, with suspected dermatophytic lesions were examined over a period of five years (1993-1997) in order to determine the incidence and etiology of dermatophytosis. Material collected from different body parts was submitted to direct microscopic examination using KOH, cultured in Sabouraud agar and microscopically examined for colony morphology, with the identification of 1595 dermatophytes. Trichophyton rubrum (37.4%), T. mentagrophytes (36.4%) and Microsporum canis (16%) were the species most frequently isolated. Dermatophytes were more frequently found producing lesions in the feet (30.5%), inguinal and crural regions (17.8%) and glabrous body regions (15.5%). The distribution of the different infected body sites was determined in terms of the respective etiologic agents found. Better hygiene conditions and an early diagnosis are the most important tools to control and reduce the incidence of dermatophytosis in Goiânia, GO.

[Nutritional status of full-time students at public schools. São Paulo, Brazil]. / Estado nutricional de alunos matriculados em escolas públicas de tempo integral. São Paulo, Brasil.

The nutritional status and some of their conditioning factors of 257 students from 7 to 13 years of age registered at the Integrated Public Education Centers--CIEP's in American, state of São Paulo, are analyzed. Height of students is used to determine the nutritional status, with the classification based on standard deviation units (height/age Z score). A 15.6% ratio of, children with chronic malnutrition (HAZ < -2) is observed. Statistical analysis shows that the child's height for age Z score is influenced by per captia family income and attendance today-care centers during preschool age, among other variables. That shows the importance of life conditions prior to the child's entry to CIEP and which have certainly affected his growth throughout periods when a child is biologically most vulnerable.

Ocular manifestations in the acute phase of leptospirosis.

OBJECTIVES: To study the ocular manifestations during the acute phase of leptospirosis and their incidence in hospitalized patients due to systemic complications, and to verify the importance of routine ophthalmologic care in these cases. METHODS: Twenty-one patients, 20 males and 1 female, with clinical and laboratory (ELISA IgM) diagnoses of leptospirosis were subjected to ophthalmologic examination. RESULTS: We observed conjunctival hyperemia in 18 patients (85.7%), increased retinal venous caliber in 12 patients (57.1%), optic disc redness in 12 patients (57.1%), subconjunctival hemorrhage in four patients (19.0%), optic disc edema in one patient (4.8%), retinal vasculitis in one patient (4.8%), retinal hemorrhage in one patient (4.8%), hard exudates in one patient (4.8%), and papillitis in one patient (4.8%). No anterior chamber reaction was found. CONCLUSIONS: We observed a high incidence of several ocular manifestations in the acute phase of leptospirosis. Despite the systemic severity and high incidence of ocular disorders in the acute phase of leptospirosis, the short-term visual outcome of these patients was good.