Prepregnancy maternal BMI and trajectories of BMI-for-age in children up to four years of age: findings from the 2015 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort.

BACKGROUND: The aims of the study were to: (a) describe BMI-for-age trajectories in children up to four years of age; (b) evaluate the association between prepregnancy maternal BMI and the BMI-for-age trajectories. METHODS: Data from 3218 (75.3% of the original cohort) children from the Pelotas 2015 Birth Cohort were analyzed. Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) was measured on the perinatal interview. Z-scores of BMI-for-age were calculated for children at three months, 1, 2 and 4 years. Trajectories were identified using a semi-parametric group-based modeling approach. Multinomial logistic regression was used to test the association between prepregnancy BMI (weight excess: BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) and BMI-for-age trajectories. RESULTS: Four trajectories of the BMI-for-age, in z-score, were identified and represent children in the "increasing", "adequate", "stabilized" and "risk for weight excess" group. A total of 196 children (7.1%) belonged to the group that was at risk of weight excess. Adjusted analyses showed that children whose mothers presented prepregnancy weight excess had 2.36 (95%CI 1.71; 3.24) times more risk of belonging to group "risk for weight excess" when compared to those children whose mothers presented underweight/normal weight before pregnancy. CONCLUSION: The risk of weight excess in children up to 4 years of age were greater in mothers who presented prepregnancy weight excess.

Cross-sectional and prospective associations between screen time and childhood neurodevelopment in two Brazilian cohorts born 11 years apart.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between screen time from ages 2 to 4 years and child neurodevelopment at age 4. METHODS: The participants were from the 2004 (N = 3787) and 2015 (N = 3604) Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort studies. Childhood neurodevelopment was assessed at age 4 using the Battelle Development Inventory. The time children spent on screen devices was reported by their guardians at ages 2 and 4 years. Linear regression models were used to investigate the association of: (i) time spent on television at ages 2 and 4 years; (ii) time spent on other screens at age 4; and (iii) total screen time at age 4 (television + other screens) with childhood neurodevelopment at age 4. RESULTS: Average daily screen time among children born in 2004 and those born in 2005 aged 4 years were 3.4 (SD: 2.4) and 4.4 h (SD: 2.9), respectively. Overall, few associations of very small magnitude between screen time and child neurodevelopment were observed. Television time at 2 years of age was statistically associated with lower neurodevelopment at 4 years of age in the 2015 cohort (ß = -0.30, 95%CI = -0.55; -0.05). Conversely, television time (ß = 0.17, 95%CI = 0.07, 0.26) and total screen time (ß = 0.22, 95%CI = 0.13, 0.31) at age 4 were associated with higher neurodevelopment at age 4 in the 2004 cohort. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that the amount of time spent on screen devices might not be associated with neurodevelopment of children under 5 years of age. The small magnitude and inconsistencies in the direction of associations did not find evidence to support the current guidelines for screen time at this age. Therefore, more studies, especially those with longitudinal data, are important to comprehend the true effect of screen time on neurodevelopment and other health outcomes.

Assessment of Surgical and Radiographic Parameters for Abutment Height Selection: A Prospective Study with 1-Year Follow-up.

PURPOSE: The "one-abutment, one-time" concept entails the placement of a definitive abutment at the time of implant placement, without removal during prosthesis manufacture, with the aim to promote a safer environment for the peri-implant tissues. Identifying surgical and radiographic parameters that can assist with the abutment height selection would facilitate the adoption of the one-abutment, one-time concept. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the role of surgical and radiographic parameters as predictive factors for abutment height selection in implant-retained single crowns. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study assessed the role of surgical and radiographic measurements in the implant survival and success rates and marginal bone loss in implant-retained single crowns. Implants were placed in both healed sites and extraction sockets, and the distances between the implant platform and alveolar bone crest, implant platform and gingival margin, and buccal gap (when present) were recorded using a straight periodontal probe. Digital radiographs were made at implant placement (T0), abutment height selection (Ta), and 1-year follow-up (Tf), and the distance between the implant platform and the alveolar bone crest (mm) was assessed. Linear regression models and Pearson correlation were used to assess the influence of primary and secondary outcomes on abutment height. RESULTS: A total of 130 implants were placed in 68 patients. The mean surgical distance between the bone crest and the implant platform was 1.71 ± 1.01 mm, and the mean distance from the gingival margin to the implant platform was 3.94 ± 1.90 mm, while at the abutment selection appointment, the mean transmucosal height was 3.58 ± 1.50 mm. A high linear correlation was found between the selected abutment height and two primary outcomes: the radiographic implant platform to alveolar bone crest distance at T0 (r2 = 0.66; P < .001) and the transmucosal height at Ta (r2 = 0.81; P < .001). CONCLUSION: Radiographic measurements of the distance between the implant platform and the alveolar bone crest at implant placement can serve as an important parameter to select the abutment height for definitive restorations.

Objectively measured physical activity in one-year-old children from a Brazilian cohort: levels, patterns and determinants.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to describe objectively measured physical activity (PA) and its correlates in one-year-old children. METHODS: The current study includes participants from the 2015 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort. At age one, PA was assessed in a 24-h protocol during 4 days with a wrist-attached accelerometer (ActiGraph, wGT3X-BT), from which two complete days of data were analyzed, with 5-s epochs. RESULTS: A total of 2974 individuals provided valid accelerometry data. Infants able to walk independently spent on average 19 h per day below 50 mg of acceleration (including sleep time), and those who could not walk spent on average 21 h in this intensity category. Girls spent approximately 10 min more than boys below 50 mg daily in both walking status categories, and less activity than boys on higher intensity categories. Boys and infants whose mothers were more physically active during pregnancy presented more acceleration, regardless of walking status. Among infants who could walk by themselves, those with mothers with one to eight schooling years; adequate length-for-age (z-score); not attending daycare; and more physically active fathers also showed higher levels of acceleration. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate higher levels of PA among boys and those children with higher maternal PA during pregnancy, regardless of walking status. Also, among infants able to independently walk, 1-8 years of maternal schooling, adequate length-for-age (z-score), no daycare attendance and higher paternal PA are positive correlates of objectively measured PA early in life.