ABSTRACT
The sources of organic matter in the sediments of the Passaúna reservoir, an important water supply for the local population, were thoroughly investigated. The objective was to identify the origins of organic matter through the analysis of saturated hydrocarbons, elemental composition (total organic carbon and total nitrogen), and the content of δ13C and δ15N isotopes. This comprehensive approach allowed us to trace the sources of organic matter and discerns indicating heightened primary productivity within the reservoir. To achieve this, two sediment cores spanning a 140-year interval (1880-2020) were retrieved from the reservoir. Core 2 accumulates the majority of sediments, particularly near the dam area. In these parts, sediment deposits can reach up to 1 m above the pre-impoundment soil. Sediments near the area where core 1 was collected contain more sand, resulting in lower thickness compared to core 2. Sediment core 1 primarily reflects terrestrial sources of organic matter, as supported by stable isotope values of δ13C and δ15N. The δ13C values ranged from -23.0 to -25.7 in core 1 and from -28.4 to -29.2 in core 2. Meanwhile, the δ15N values ranged from 6.6 to 10.8 in core 1 and from 3.8 to 7.6 in core 2. The distribution of saturated hydrocarbons revealed that organic matter originates from both allochthonous and autochthonous sources. Periods of intense primary productivity were indicated by the presence of n-C16, n-C17, n-C18, and n-C19 alkanes. Additionally, we observed periods characterized by high primary productivity, indicative of elevated nutrient input likely resulting from increased urbanization and industrial activity in the area.
ABSTRACT
Five new neocassane-like diterpenes (1-5) were isolated from the roots of Eragrostis plana. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data, and the absolute configurations of the representative compounds neocassa-12(17),15-dien-3-one (2) and neocassa-12(13),15-diene-3,14-dione (5) were assigned by vibrational circular dichroism. The phytotoxic activity of compounds 3, 4, and 5 was evaluated against the germination and growth of Ipomoea grandifolia and Euphorbia heterophylla. Compound 4 exhibited the most potent activity for growth variables, resulting in the smallest radicle length of I. grandifolia and in the smallest aerial part length of E. heterophylla. Compound 5 reduced the germination speed index more effectively than the herbicide glyphosate (Roundup).
Subject(s)
Diterpenes/chemistry , Eragrostis/chemistry , Crystallography, X-Ray , Molecular Structure , Plant Roots/chemistry , Spectrum Analysis/methodsABSTRACT
The female-produced sex pheromone of grape leaffolder, Desmia_funeralis (Hübner), has been identified as a blend of (Z,Z)-11,13-hexadecadienal, 11-hexadecynal, and (Z)-11-hexadecenal. The first two components were essential for attraction of male moths, whereas the third compound was not essential, but increased trap catches approximately twofold when added in appropriate doses to the optimum blend of the other two components. In field tests, male moths were trapped equally well in traps baited with pheromone doses of 0.2 to >6 mg, and lures remained attractive for at least 5 wk.
