Pan-American Guidelines for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19: a joint evidence-based guideline of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases (SBI) and the Pan-American Association of Infectious Diseases (API).

BACKGROUND: Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, therapeutic options for treating COVID-19 have been investigated at different stages of clinical manifestations. Considering the particular impact of COVID-19 in the Americas, this document aims to present recommendations for the pharmacological treatment of COVID-19 specific to this population. METHODS: Fifteen experts, members of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases (SBI) and the Pan-American Association of Infectious Diseases (API) make up the panel responsible for developing this guideline. Questions were formulated regarding prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19 in outpatient and inpatient settings. The outcomes considered in decision-making were mortality, hospitalisation, need for mechanical ventilation, symptomatic COVID-19 episodes, and adverse events. In addition, a systematic review of randomised controlled trials was conducted. The quality of evidence assessment and guideline development process followed the GRADE system. RESULTS: Nine technologies were evaluated, and ten recommendations were made, including the use of tixagevimab + cilgavimab in the prophylaxis of COVID-19, tixagevimab + cilgavimab, molnupiravir, nirmatrelvir + ritonavir, and remdesivir in the treatment of outpatients, and remdesivir, baricitinib, and tocilizumab in the treatment of hospitalised patients with severe COVID-19. The use of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine and ivermectin was discouraged. CONCLUSION: This guideline provides recommendations for treating patients in the Americas following the principles of evidence-based medicine. The recommendations present a set of drugs that have proven effective in the prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19, emphasising the strong recommendation for the use of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in outpatients as the lack of benefit from the use of hydroxychloroquine and ivermectin.

Extended-spectrum and AmpC ß-lactamases screening and antibiotic resistance profile of Escherichia coli isolated from urine / Análisis de las ß-lactamasas de espectro extendido y tipo AmpC y el perfil de resistencia a antibióticos de Escherichia coli aisladas de orina

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance is a global concern since infections by resistant pathogens are associated with higher mortality and morbidity. Objective: To assess the prevalence of Escherichia coli isolates producing extended-spectrum and AmpC beta-lactamase (ESBL) in urine samples from patients at the Hospital Metropolitano de Santiago in Dominican Republic. Methods: Pathogen identification and antibiogram were carried out by the automated systems BD Phoenix or Microscan®. General information and past medical history were gathered from patients with a positive urine culture for E. coli. Manual ESBL/AmpC screening was performed with the commercial ESBL+AmpC screen disc kit from Liofilchem Laboratory, Italy. Results: One or both of the studied phenotypes were present in 36% of the analyzed isolates. Among the risk factors for the detection of E. coli producing ESBL and/or AmpC in urine were male gender, advanced age, placement of urinary catheter, arterial hypertension, neoplasms, and coexistence of two or more comorbidities. Apart from cephalosporins resistance, isolates producing ESBL and/or AmpC also showed higher resistance to other antibiotics, such as gentamicin (66.7%), ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin (83.3%), and ampicillin (91.7%). Furthermore, 85% of the ESBL/AmpC producing samples were multidrug resistant (resistant to 1 or more drugs in at least 3 different antibiotic categories). Conclusions: The high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance found in this study highlights the importance of implementing national and global measures to tackle the problem, especially in developing countries such as the Dominican Republic, where resources are scarce.

Introducción: La resistencia antimicrobiana es un grave problema global, pues las infecciones causadas por patógenos resistentes están asociadas con una mayor mortalidad y morbilidad. Objetivos: Analizar la prevalencia de aislados de Escherichia coli productores de β-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) y tipo AmpC procedentes de muestras de orina de pacientes del Hospital Metropolitano de Santiago en la República Dominicana. Métodos: La identificación del patógeno y el antibiograma fueron llevados a cabo mediante los sistemas automáticos BD Phoenix o Microscan®. Se recolectó información general y la historia médica de pacientes con un cultivo de orina positivo para E. coli. La detección de BLEE/AmpC se realizó de manera manual con el estuche comercial ESBL+AmpC de Liofilchem Laboratory, de Italia. Resultados: Un 36 % de las muestras analizadas mostraron uno o ambos fenotipos estudiados. Como factores de riesgo para la detección en orina de E. coli productoras de BLEE o AmpC se encontraron: sexo masculino, edad avanzada, colocación de un catéter urinario, hipertensión, neoplasmas y coexistencia de comorbilidades. Además de resistencia a las cefalosporinas, los aislados productores de BLEE y AmpC revelaron también elevada resistencia a otros antibióticos como gentamicina (66,7 %), ciprofloxacina y levofloxacina (83,3 %), y ampicilina (91,7 %). Un 85,0 % de las muestras productoras de BLEE/AmpC fueron multidrogorresistentes. Conclusiones: La elevada prevalencia de resistencia antimicrobiana encontrada en este estudio refleja la importancia de tomar medidas nacionales y globales para contener el problema, especialmente en países en desarrollo como República Dominicana, donde los recursos son escasos.

Antimicrobial resistance profiles of microorganisms isolated from hospitalized patients in Dominican Republic.

OBJECTIVE: To define the antimicrobial resistance profiles of the microorganisms most commonly isolated from hospitalized adult patients in Dominican Republic (DR). METHODS: A retrospective, cross-sectional study of phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility patterns was conducted using data from 3 802 clinical microbiology reports specifying positive bacterial cultures in samples collected from patients admitted to the clinical, surgery, and intensive care units (ICU) at three tertiary-level care hospitals in the city of Santiago de los Caballeros from 1 January 2016 - 31 December 2017. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test (P ≤ 0.05) were used to analyze the qualitative variables. RESULTS: At the three hospitals, there were 932, 1 090, and 1 780 microbiology reports analyzed. Of the total, 1274 were from the ICU, 1 042 from the surgery unit, and 1 486 from the clinical unit. Methicillin resistance was found in 57.3% of the Staphylococcus aureus isolates and 75.3% of the coagulase-negative staphylococci. Third-generation cephalosporin resistance was detected in 54.4% of isolates identified as members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, 67.3% of the Acinetobacter spp., and 91.7% of the Pseudomonas, while carbapenem resistance was shown by 8.0%, 23.8%, and 51.0% of these, respectively. Most of the resistant Acinetobacter spp. isolates were found in just one hospital and the prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae resistant to carbapenems was highest in the ICU. CONCLUSION: Antimicrobial resistance levels are high among hospitalized patients in Dominican Republic and may cause enhanced risk factors that impact clinical outcomes. Urgent measures are needed to address antimicrobial resistance in DR.

Antimicrobial resistance profiles of microorganisms isolated from hospitalized patients in Dominican Republic

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To define the antimicrobial resistance profiles of the microorganisms most commonly isolated from hospitalized adult patients in Dominican Republic (DR). Methods. A retrospective, cross-sectional study of phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility patterns was conducted using data from 3 802 clinical microbiology reports specifying positive bacterial cultures in samples collected from patients admitted to the clinical, surgery, and intensive care units (ICU) at three tertiary-level care hospitals in the city of Santiago de los Caballeros from 1 January 2016 – 31 December 2017. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test (P ≤ 0.05) were used to analyze the qualitative variables. Results. At the three hospitals, there were 932, 1 090, and 1 780 microbiology reports analyzed. Of the total, 1274 were from the ICU, 1 042 from the surgery unit, and 1 486 from the clinical unit. Methicillin resistance was found in 57.3% of the Staphylococcus aureus isolates and 75.3% of the coagulase-negative staphylococci. Third-generation cephalosporin resistance was detected in 54.4% of isolates identified as members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, 67.3% of the Acinetobacter spp., and 91.7% of the Pseudomonas, while carbapenem resistance was shown by 8.0%, 23.8%, and 51.0% of these, respectively. Most of the resistant Acinetobacter spp. isolates were found in just one hospital and the prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae resistant to carbapenems was highest in the ICU. Conclusion. Antimicrobial resistance levels are high among hospitalized patients in Dominican Republic and may cause enhanced risk factors that impact clinical outcomes. Urgent measures are needed to address antimicrobial resistance in DR.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Determinar cuáles son los perfiles de resistencia a los antimicrobianos de los microorganismos aislados con mayor frecuencia en los pacientes adultos hospitalizados en República Dominicana. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio retrospectivo y transversal de los patrones de fenotipos de sensibilidad a los antimicrobianos mediante el uso de los datos obtenidos en 3802 antibiogramas. Este estudio detalla cultivos de bacteria positivos en las muestras de pacientes ingresados en las unidades clínicas, quirúrgicas y de cuidados intensivos (UCI) de cada uno de los tres hospitales de atención especializada de la ciudad de Santiago de los Caballeros. El estudio se llevó a cabo del 1 de enero del 2016 al 31 de diciembre del 2017. Se recurrió a la estadística descriptiva y la prueba de la c² (P ≤ 0,05) para analizar las variables cualitativas. Resultados. Se analizaron 932 antibiogramas del hospital A, 1090 del hospital B y 1780 del hospital C. Del total, 1274 resultados corresponden a las UCI, 1042 a las unidades quirúrgicas y 1486 a las unidades clínicas. El 57,3% de las cepas aisladas de Staphylococcus aureus y el 75,3% de los estafilococos coagulasa-negativos resultó resistente a la meticilina. Se detectó que el 54,5% de las cepas aisladas de la familia Enterobacteriaceae resultó resistente a la cefalosporina de tercera generación; en este caso, el 67,3% del género Acinetobacter y el 91,7% del género Pseudomonas resultaron resistentes a la cefalosporina. Asimismo, se detectó que son resistentes a los fármacos carbapenémicos y se obtuvieron los resultados siguientes: 8,0%, 23,8% y 51,0%, respectivamente. La mayoría de las cepas del género Cursiva resistentes fueron identificadas en un solo hospital, mientras que en las UCI se evidenció mayor predominio de las cepas de Cursiva resistentes a los fármacos carbapenémicos. Conclusiones. Los niveles de resistencia a los antimicrobianos demuestran ser más elevados en los pacientes hospitalizados de República Dominicana. Esto puede causar factores de riesgo intensificados que se traduzcan en consecuencias clínicas. Asimismo, es necesario establecer medidas inmediatas para abordar los casos de resistencia a los antimicrobianos en República Dominicana.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Definir os perfis de resistência antimicrobiana dos microrganismos isolados com mais frequência em pacientes adultos hospitalizados na República Dominicana. Métodos. Realizamos um estudo transversal retrospectivo dos padrões fenotípicos de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana utilizando dados de 3802 laudos de microbiologia clínica que especificavam culturas bacterianas positivas em amostras coletadas de pacientes internados em unidades clínicas, cirúrgicas e de terapia intensiva (UTIs) de três hospitais terciários da cidade de Santiago de los Caballeros, de 1 de janeiro de 2016 a 31 de dezembro de 2017. Para a análise das variáveis qualitativas, utilizamos estatísticas descritivas e o teste do qui-quadrado (p≤0,05). Resultados. Nos três hospitais, foram analisados 932, 1090 e 1780 laudos de microbiologia. Do total, 1274 foram de UTIs, 1042 de unidades cirúrgicas e 1486 de unidades clínicas. A resistência à meticilina foi encontrada em 57,3% dos isolados de Staphylococcus aureus e 75,3% dos estafilococos coagulase negativos. A resistência a cefalosporinas de terceira geração foi detectada em 54,4% dos isolados identificados como membros da família Enterobacteriaceae, 67,3% de Acinetobacter spp. e 91,7% de Pseudomonas, enquanto a resistência ao carbapenem foi observada em 8,0%, 23,8% e 51,0% destes isolados, respectivamente. A maioria dos isolados resistentes de Acinetobacter spp. foi encontrada em apenas um hospital, e a prevalência de Enterobacteriaceae resistentes a carbapenem foi maior nas UTIs. Conclusão. Os níveis de resistência antimicrobiana são elevados em pacientes hospitalizados na República Dominicana e podem aumentar os fatores de risco que afetam os resultados clínicos. São necessárias medidas urgentes para abordar a resistência antimicrobiana na República Dominicana.

Antibiotic resistance profile in intrahospital pediatric services at third level centers in Dominican Republic / Perfil de resistencia a antibióticos en servicios pediátricos intrahospitalarios en centros de tercer nivel en República Dominicana

Objectives: The Dominican Republic lacks reliable information on antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which would allow physicians to prescribe the best treatment for common infectious diseases. This study aimed to define the antimicrobial resistance profiles of the more common pathogens from pediatric services, where data is even more important due to the vulnerability of the population. Methods: We collected data from patients admitted in the pediatric unit of three third level hospitals in the city of Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic, showing positive bacterial cultures, during a period of two years. Results: Half of the Gram negative pathogens exhibited third generation cephalosporins (3GC) resistance, 17% were resistant to carbapenems. Serratia marcescens presented an exceptionally high proportion of resistance to 3GC (95.9%). Staphylococcus aureus showed elevated resistance to methicillin (58.4%) and even to clindamycin (35.8%). Conclusion: There are elevated levels of antimicrobial resistance among the Enterobacteriaceae family and the Staphylococcus genus isolated from the pediatric population. Necessary measures should be taken to tackle AMR in the country.

Objetivos: La República Dominicana carece de información confiable sobre las resistencias antimicrobianas en el país, lo que permitiría al personal médico prescribir los mejores tratamientos para infecciones comunes. El objetivo de este estudio es definir los perfiles de resistencia antimicrobiana de los patógenos más comunes en servicios pediátricos, donde esta información es esencial, debido a la vulnerabilidad de la población. Métodos: Se tomaron los datos de reportes microbiológicos con cultivo bacteriano positivo procedentes de pacientes admitidos en la unidad pediátrica de tres hospitales de tercer nivel en la ciudad de Santiago de los Caballeros, República Dominicana, durante un periodo de dos años. Resultados: La mitad de los patógenos Gram negativos mostraron resistencia a cefalosporinas de tercera generación (3GC), 17% eran resistentes a carbapenémicos. Serratia marcescens presentó una resistencia excepcionalmente elevada a 3GC (95.9%). Staphylococcus aureus mostró alta resistencia a meticilina (58.4%) e incluso a clindamicina (35.8%). Conclusión: Existen elevados niveles de resistencia antimicrobiana entre las enterobacterias y los estafilococos en la población pediátrica dominicana. Es necesario tomar medidas para abordar este problema en el país.