The fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene allele rs9939609 and glucose tolerance, hepatic and total insulin sensitivity, in adults with obesity.

The objective of the study was to assess associations of the rs9939609 FTO allele to glucose tolerance, hepatic and total insulin sensitivity (IS) in individuals with obesity. From a low-dose hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp with glucose-tracer, hepatic IS was assessed by rates of basal and suppressed glucose appearance (Ra), a measure of endogenous glucose production (EGP), and the hepatic insulin resistance index (HIR). Total IS was assessed by rates of glucose infusion (GIR), disappearance (Rd), and metabolic clearance (MCR). From a meal test we assessed IS by the Matsuda index and glucose tolerance by glucose and insulin measurements in the fasted state and postprandially for 2.5 h. The meal test was performed in 97 healthy individuals with BMI ≥35 in similar-sized risk-allele groups (n = 32 T/T, 31 A/T, and 34 A/A), and 79 of them performed the clamp. We analyzed outcomes separately for males and females, and adjusted glucose Ra, Rd, MCR, GIR, and HIR for fat mass. We did not find genotype effects on EGP. Among males, genotype A/A was associated with a significantly lower glucose Rd, MCR, and Matsuda index score relative to genotype T/T. Glucose tolerance was significantly lower in males with genotype A/T vs. T/T and A/A. For females, there were no genotype effects on hepatic or total IS, or on glucose tolerance. Independently of genotypes, females displayed a significantly better hepatic and total IS, and better glucose tolerance than males. We conclude that in subjects with similar obesity we did not register any FTO risk-allele effect on hepatic IS. A FTO risk-allele effect on total IS was registered in males only, findings which need to be reproduced in further studies. Results confirm marked differences in IS between the biological sexes and extend present knowledge by demonstrating a lower endogenous glucose production in females vs. males in uniformly obese individuals.

Balanced caloric macronutrient composition downregulates immunological gene expression in human blood cells-adipose tissue diverges.

Cardiovascular disease, obesity, and type 2 diabetes are conditions characterized by low-grade systemic inflammation, strongly influenced by lifestyle, but the mechanisms that link these characteristics are poorly understood. Our first objective was to investigate if a normocaloric diet with a calorically balanced macronutrient composition influenced immunological gene expression. Findings regarding the suitability of blood as biological material in nutrigenomics and gene expression profiling have been inconclusive. Our second objective was to compare blood and adipose tissue sample quality in terms of adequacy for DNA-microarray analyses, and to determine tissue-specific gene expression patterns. Blood and adipose tissue samples were collected for gene expression profiling from three obese men before, during, and after a 28-day normocaloric diet intervention where each meal contained an approximately equal caloric load of macronutrients. Time series analyses of blood gene expression revealed a cluster of downregulated genes involved in immunological processes. Blood RNA quality and yield were satisfactory, and DNA-microarray analysis reproducibility was similar in blood and adipose tissue. Gene expression correlation between blood and adipose tissue varied according to gene function, and was especially low for genes involved in immunological and metabolic processes. This suggests that diet composition is of importance in inflammatory processes in blood cells. The findings also suggest that a systems biology approach, in which tissues are studied in parallel, should be employed to fully understand the impact of dietary challenges on the human body.