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PURPOSE: To evaluate the distortion probability in impressions of completely dentate arches when different impression materials are used in relation to operator experience. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 28 students (Group A) and 7 dentists (Group B) performed three maxillary impressions on 28 participants, each using vinyl siloxane ether (VSE), polyether (PE), and irreversible hydrocolloid (IHC). Gypsum master casts were fabricated and subsequently digitized. Intraoral scans were taken as a control. Differences between master casts and intraoral scans were visualized with heatmaps, and planar deviations were investigated. If planar deviations > 120 µm were found, the impression was rated as 'distorted.' An additional superimposition using the casts from VSE or PE was performed to confirm the presence of distortions. The relative number of surfaces with distortions in each impression was calculated. The procedure was repeated for a distortion threshold of 500 µm. The statistical analyses included repeated measures ANOVA (RMA) and post hoc tests (α < .05). RESULTS: When 120 µm was considered as the threshold for distortions, IHC impressions showed higher distortion probability than PE impressions in Group A (P = .003) and Group B (P < .0001). In Group B, PE showed a lower distortion probability than VSE (P = .02). There was no significant difference between the study groups (P = .42). Considering 500 µm as a threshold for distortions, there was no difference between impression materials (P = .17) or study groups (P = .53). CONCLUSIONS: There were no statistically significant differences in relation to operator experience. Different impression materials had a significant impact on distortion probability. PE impressions showed the lowest distortion probability.
Subject(s)
Dental Impression Materials , Dental Impression Technique , Polyvinyls , Siloxanes , Humans , Clinical Competence , MaxillaABSTRACT
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Short implants are a therapeutic alternative for edentulous patients with severe bone resorption. Differences in peri-implant bone loss and complications of short implants depending on the type of connection are unclear. PURPOSE: The main purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate the survival rate after 2 years of the short implants in the Oxtein system (Proclinic). Secondary objectives were to compare implant survival, peri-implant bone loss, peri-implant mucosal status, and associated complications in internal hexagonal connection versus external hexagonal connection implants. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A randomized clinical trial was carried out in 14 patients with a mean age of 62.7 ±8.5 years, with a total of 61 Oxtein L35 and L6 Proclinic implants being placed at the Faculty of Dentistry. A descriptive analysis, simple binary logistic regression model using generalized estimating equations. and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were carried out (α=.05). RESULTS: Implant survival was 85.2% (52/61). Failure of all implants occurred before prosthetic loading; bleeding after probing occurred in 28 implants, being greater among external connection implants (57.6%) P=.025. The presence of plaque appeared in 36 of the implants, without statistically significant differences between external connection (72.8%) and internal connection (60.0%) (P>.05). A total of 28 implants had at least 2 mm of keratinized mucosa, without statistically significant differences between external connection (63.6%) and internal connection (35.0%) P=.200. A total of 8 complications (13.1%) were recorded, including connection fractures, screw fracture, framework fracture, and buccal fenestrations. CONCLUSIONS: Short implants are a therapeutic solution to more complex surgical techniques. However, as lower survival has been reported, the characteristics of the implants and operator experience are important factors for their success.
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OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the current evidence of digital workflow feasibility based on the data acquisition methods and the software tools used to fabricate intraoral prostheses for patients with partial or total maxillary and mandibular defects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An electronic search was performed in PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science using a combination of relevant keywords: digital workflow, digital designing, computer-assisted design-computer aided manufacturing, 3D printing, maxillectomy, and mandibulectomy. The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tool was used to assess the quality of evidence in the studies reviewed. RESULTS: From a total of 542 references, 33 articles were selected, including 25 on maxillary prostheses and 8 on mandibular prostheses. The use of digital workflows was limited to one or two steps of the fabrication of the prostheses, and only four studies described a complete digital workflow. The most preferred method for data acquisition was intraoral scanning with or without a cone beam computed tomography combination. CONCLUSION: Currently, the fabrication process of maxillofacial prostheses requires combining digital and conventional methods. Simplifying the data acquisition methods and providing user-friendly and affordable software may encourage clinicians to use the digital workflow more frequently for patients requiring maxillofacial prostheses.
Subject(s)
Maxillofacial Prosthesis , Workflow , Humans , Computer-Aided Design , Feasibility Studies , Printing, Three-Dimensional , Software , Prosthesis DesignABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To measure the impact of the superimposition methods on accuracy analyses in digital implant research using an ISO-recommended 3-dimensional (3D) metrology-grade inspection software. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A six-implant edentulous maxillary model was scanned using a desktop scanner (7Series; DentalWings; Montreal, Canada) and an intraoral scanner (TRIOS 4; 3Shape; Copenhagen, Denmark) to generate a reference and an experimental mesh, respectively. Thirty experimental standard tesselletion language (STL) files were superimposed onto the reference model's STL using the core features of six superimposition methods, creating the following groups: initial automated pre-alignment (GI), landmark-based alignment (G1), partial area-based alignment (G2), entire area-based alignment (G3), and double alignment combining landmark-based alignment with entire model area-based alignment (G4 ) or the scan bodies' surface (G5). The groups underwent various alignment variations, resulting in sixteen subgroups (n = 30). The alignment accuracy between experimental and reference meshes was quantified by using the root mean square (RMS) error as trueness and its fluctuation as precision. The Kruskal-Wallis test with a subsequent adjusted post-hoc Dunn's pairwise comparison test was used to analyze the data (α = 0.05). The reliability of the measurements was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS: A total of 480 superimpositions were performed. No significant differences were found in trueness and precision among the groups (p > 0.05), except for partial area-based alignment (p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed significant differences for partial area-based alignment considering only one scan body (p < 0.001). Initial automated alignment was as accurate as landmark-based, partial, or entire area-based alignments (p > 0.05). Double alignments did not improve alignment accuracy (p > 0.05). The entire area-based alignment of the scan bodies' surface had the least effect on accuracy analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Digital oral implant investigation remains unaffected by the superimposition method when ISO-recommended 3D metrology-grade inspection software is used. At least two scan bodies are needed when considering partial area-based alignments. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The superimposition method choice within the tested ISO-recommended 3D inspection software did not impact accuracy analyses in digital implant investigation.
Subject(s)
Computer-Aided Design , Dental Implants , Imaging, Three-Dimensional , Maxilla , Software , Humans , Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods , Maxilla/diagnostic imaging , Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods , Models, Dental , Reproducibility of Results , Jaw, Edentulous/diagnostic imaging , Dental Prosthesis Design/methods , Dental Arch/diagnostic imaging , Dental Arch/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical outcomes by means of implant and prosthetic survival of late placed and early loaded implants with a hydrophilic, moderately rough surface for partially edentulous patients after a follow-up of 8.5 to 9.5 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective case series study involving 15 patients with single, late placed and early loaded implants in the posterior mandible was performed. Clinical and radiographical parameters, including biological and technical complications and patient satisfaction, were assessed. RESULTS: From an initial sample of 15 patients, 12 were included. A total of 16 implants were observed. After a mean follow-up of 9 years and 7 months (SD ± 3.8 months), implant success and survival rate were 100%. The prosthetic survival rate was 100%, and the prosthetic success rate was 93.8% since a major chipping was observed. No biological complications were observed, and the mean modified plaque index was 0.03 (SD ± 0.09) with a mean probing pocket depth of 2.95 mm (SD ± 0.09). A mean marginal bone level (MBL) of 0.04 mm (SD ± 0.88) and a mean VAS of 9.42 (SD ± 0.90) for patient satisfaction were recorded. CONCLUSION: Late placed and early loaded implants with a moderately rough endosseal surface are a reliable option for rehabilitating partially edentulous patients. An implant survival rate of 100% and a prosthodontic success rate of 93.8% were observed. Patient satisfaction scores were high and peri-implant hard and soft tissues remained healthy. The study findings should be carefully interpreted because of the small sample.
Subject(s)
Mandible , Humans , Prospective Studies , Male , Female , Mandible/surgery , Mandible/diagnostic imaging , Middle Aged , Follow-Up Studies , Adult , Patient Satisfaction , Dental Implants , Surface Properties , Jaw, Edentulous, Partially/rehabilitation , Jaw, Edentulous, Partially/surgery , Jaw, Edentulous, Partially/diagnostic imaging , Aged , Dental Prosthesis Design , Dental Implantation, Endosseous/methods , Immediate Dental Implant Loading/methods , Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To assess the manufacturing accuracy, intaglio surface adaptation, and survival of resin-based CAD/CAM definitive crowns created via additive manufacturing (AM) or subtractive manufacturing (SM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A maxillary right first molar crown was digitally designed and manufactured using AM hybrid resin composite (VarseoSmile Crown Plus, Bego [AM-HRC]), AM glass filler-reinforced resin composite (Crowntec, Saremco Dental [AM-RC]), and SM polymer-infiltrated ceramic (Vita Enamic, VITA Zahnfabrik [SM-PICN]). Manufacturing accuracy (trueness and precision) was assessed by computing the root mean square (RMS) error (in µm; n = 15 per material). Intaglio surface adaptation was assessed by calculating the average gap distance (µm). Ten crowns from each group were cemented on fiberglass-reinforced epoxy resin dies and cyclically loaded to simulate 5 years of functional loading. One-way ANOVA, post hoc Bonferroni comparison tests, and Levene's test were used to analyze the data (α = .05). RESULTS: AM-RC had higher overall trueness than AM-HRC and SM-PICN (P ≤ .05), whereas the trueness of AM-RC on the external surface was similar to that of SM-PICN (P = .99) and higher than AM-HRC (P = .001). SM-PICN had lower precision than AM-RC and AM-HRC overall and at internal occlusal surfaces (P ≤ .05). Overall intaglio surface adaptation was similar between all groups (P = .531). However, for the axial intaglio surface, AM-RC and AM-HRC had higher adaptation than SM-PICN (P ≤ .05). All tested crowns survived the cyclic loading simulation of 5 years clinical use. CONCLUSIONS: AM-RC showed high manufacturing accuracy and adaptation. The tested resin-based CAD/CAM materials demonstrated clinically acceptable manufacturing accuracy and simulated medium-term durability, justifying the initiation of clinical investigations to determine their potential implementation in daily clinical practice.
Subject(s)
Composite Resins , Computer-Aided Design , Crowns , Dental Prosthesis Design , In Vitro Techniques , Composite Resins/chemistry , Humans , Dental Marginal Adaptation , Surface Properties , Materials Testing , Dental Stress Analysis , Ceramics/chemistry , MolarABSTRACT
Artificial intelligence (AI) has been expanding into areas that were thought to be reserved for human experts and has a tremendous potential to improve patient care and revolutionize the healthcare field. Recently launched AI-powered dental design solutions enable automated occlusal device design. This article describes a dental method for the complete digital workflow for occlusal device fabrication using two different AIpowered design software programs (Medit Splints and 3Shape Automate) and additive manufacturing. Additionally, the benefits and drawbacks of this workflow were reviewed and compared to conventional workflows.
Subject(s)
Artificial Intelligence , Computer-Aided Design , Software , Workflow , Humans , Dental Prosthesis Design , Occlusal SplintsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To validate the reproducibility and inter/intra-observer variability of the Pink Esthetic Score/White Esthetic Score (PES/WES) of single tooth-supported prostheses in the maxillary esthetic zone (13-23). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-five patients were randomly assigned to one of the three treatment options (15 patients per group) receiving each one a different crown type: Porcelain fused to metal (PFM), monolithic zirconia, and lithium disilicate. Eight observers from each of four different specialties (Prosthodontists, Orthodontists, Periodontists, and Oral Surgeons) were recruited and assessed twice and four weeks apart (i.e., T1 and T2) 45 photographs of the single tooth-supported prosthesis using PES/WES and compared them with contralateral teeth. RESULTS: According to the ANOVA and post hoc tests, the zirconia crown type obtained the highest mean score by all observers, with a mean value of 16.70 ± 2.94. The prosthodontists and oral surgeons assigned the lowest mean score to PFM crowns, 13.03 ± 3.47 and 13.80 ± 3.17, respectively. Notably, the prosthodontists awarded the highest scores, specifically 17.50 ± 2.81 for the zirconia crowns. Intraobserver agreement was calculated utilizing the paired t-test. Pairwise comparisons between observers of different specialties revealed significant intraobserver agreement. Interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) scores were statistically significant among four specialties. No difference was detected concerning the interobserver agreement. CONCLUSIONS: The PES/WES index remains consistent across various observers from different specializations, yielding uniform results in the overall esthetic evaluation. Consequently, in light of the presented preliminary positive results, its use might also be considered for the esthetic assessment of single-tooth-supported prostheses. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The PES/WES index may be employed clinically to evaluate single tooth-supported prostheses as it emerged as a reproducible esthetic scoring system.
Subject(s)
Esthetics, Dental , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Crowns , Observer Variation , Reproducibility of Results , ZirconiumABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate how restorative material, resin cement, and cyclic loading affect the fracture resistance of resin-based crowns fabricated by using additive or subtractive manufacturing. METHODS: A right first molar crown standard tessellation language (STL) file was used to fabricate 120 crowns from one subtractively manufactured polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (SM) and two additively manufactured resin composites (AM-B and AM-S) (N = 40). These crowns were randomly divided into 4 groups within each material according to the dual-polymerizing resin cement to be used (RX and PN) and the aging condition (n = 10). After cementation, the crowns without cyclic loading were subjected to fracture testing, while the others were first cyclically loaded (1.7 Hz, 1.2 million cycles, and 49-N load) and then subjected to fracture testing. Data were analyzed with generalized linear model analysis (α = .05). RESULTS: Fracture resistance of the crowns was affected by material, resin cement, and cyclic loading (P ≤ .030). However, none of the interactions significantly affected fracture resistance of tested crowns (P ≥ .140). Among tested materials, SM had the highest fracture resistance, whereas AM-B had the lowest (P ≤ .025). RX led to higher fracture resistance, and cyclic loading decreased the fracture resistance (P ≤ .026). SIGNIFICANCE: Tested materials can be considered reliable in terms of fracture resistance in short- or mid-term (5 years of intraoral simulation) when used for single molar crowns with 2 mm occlusal thickness. In the long term, polymer-infiltrated ceramic network crowns cemented with RelyX Universal may provide promising results and be less prone to complications considering higher fracture resistance values obtained.
Subject(s)
Composite Resins , Crowns , Dental Restoration Failure , Dental Stress Analysis , Materials Testing , Resin Cements , Resin Cements/chemistry , Composite Resins/chemistry , Dental Prosthesis Design , Ceramics/chemistry , Molar , Dental Materials/chemistryABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To measure the impact of superimposition methods and the designated comparison area on accuracy analyses of dentate models using an ISO-recommended 3-dimensional (3D) metrology-grade inspection software (Geomagic Control X; 3D Systems; Rock Hill, South Carolina; USA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A dentate maxillary typodont scanned with a desktop scanner (E4; 3 Shape; Copenhagen; Denmark) and an intraoral scanner (Trios 4; 3 Shape; Copenhagen; Denmark) was used as reference. Eight groups were created based on the core features of each superimposition method: landmark-based alignment (G1); partial area-based alignment (G2); entire tooth area-based alignment (G3); double alignment combining landmark-based alignment with entire tooth area-based alignment (G4); double alignment combining partial area-based alignment with entire tooth area-based alignment (G5); initial automated quick pre-alignment (G6); initial automated precise pre-alignment (G7); and entire model area-based alignment (G8). Diverse variations of each alignment and two regions for accuracy analyses (teeth surface or full model surface) were tested, resulting in a total of thirty-two subgroups (n = 18). The alignment accuracy between experimental and reference meshes was quantified using root mean square (RMS) error as trueness and its repeatability as precision. The descriptive statistics, a factorial repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a post hoc Tuckey multiple comparison tests were used to analyze the trueness, and precision (α = 0.05). RESULTS: A total of 576 superimpositions were performed. The unique partial area-based superimposition method demonstrated the least precise alignment and was the sole group to exhibit a significant difference (p<.001). Automated initial pre-alignments demonstrated similar accuracy to other superimposition methods (p>.05). Double alignments did not result in accuracy improvement (p>.05). The designated comparison area displayed differences in both trueness (p<.001) and precision (p<.001), leading to an overall discrepancy of 8 ± 4 µm between selecting the teeth surface or full model surface. CONCLUSIONS: The superimposition method choice within the tested software did not impact accuracy analyses, except when the alignment relies on a unique and reduced area, such as the palatal rugae, a single tooth, or three adjacent teeth on one side. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The superimposition method choice within the tested ISO-recommended 3D inspection software did not impact accuracy analyses.
Subject(s)
Image Processing, Computer-Assisted , Imaging, Three-Dimensional , Models, Dental , Software , Humans , Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods , Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods , Anatomic Landmarks , Reproducibility of Results , Maxilla/anatomy & histology , Tooth/anatomy & histology , Tooth/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To assess the mechanical durability of monolithic zirconia implant-supported fixed dental prostheses (iFDP) design on one implant, with a distal and a mesial extension cantilever bonded to a titanium base compared to established designs on two implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Roxolid Tissue level (TL), and tissue level x (TLX) implants were used to manufacture screw-retained 3-unit iFDPs (n = 60, n = 10 per group), with following configurations (X: Cantilever; I: Implant, T: Test group, C: Control group): T1: X-I-X (TL); T2: X-I-X (TLX); T3: I-I-X (TL); T4: I-I-X (TLX); C1: I-X-I (TL); C2: I-X-I (TLX). The iFDPs were thermomechanically aged and subsequently loaded until fracture using a universal testing machine. The failure load at first crack (Finitial) and at catastrophic fracture (Fmax) were measured and statistical evaluation was performed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests. RESULTS: The mean values ranged between 190 ± 73 and 510 ± 459 N for Finitial groups, and between 468 ± 76 and 1579 ± 249 N for Fmax, respectively. Regarding Finitial, neither the implant type, nor the iFDP configuration significantly influenced measured failure loads (all p > 0.05). The choice of implant type did not show any significant effect (p > 0.05), while reconstruction design significantly affected Fmax data (I-I-Xa < X-I-Xb < I-X-Ic) (p < 0.05). The mesial and distal extension groups (X-I-X) showed fractures only at the cantilever extension site, while the distal extension group (I-I-X) showed one abutment and one connector fracture at the implant/reconstruction interface. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that iFDPs with I-X-I design can be recommended regardless of tested implant type followed by the mesial and distal extension design on one implant abutment (X-I-X).
Subject(s)
Dental Implants , Dental Prosthesis , Zirconium , Weight-Bearing , Bone Screws , Analysis of Variance , Titanium , Dental Restoration Failure , Dental Stress Analysis , Materials Testing , CrownsABSTRACT
Advanced digital technologies have rapidly been integrated into prosthodontics to improve the digital workflow for prosthetic rehabilitation. The integration of 3D datasets acquired from various imaging sources such as intraoral scanners and facial optical scanners allows the creation of virtual patients to perform presurgical simulation and prosthetic rehabilitation. The presented technique introduced a straightforward protocol for aligning intraoral scans (Trios 4, 3Shape) to optical face scans (Face Hunter, Zirkonzahn) using a global best-fit algorithm of 3D evaluation software (GOM Inspect). Nasal geometry data were used as the matching reference to produce virtual dental patients. This integration protocol ensured that the intraoral scanner (Trios 4, 3Shape) was used not only to scan dental arches but also used effectively to scan the nose. These scans along with professional facial scans can be successfully aligned to produce virtual dental patients. As only a single fully dentate patient case with an alignment deviation of 243.6 µm was used, further research to evaluate the accuracy of this protocol is needed.
Subject(s)
Dental Impression Technique , Imaging, Three-Dimensional , Humans , Computer-Aided Design , SoftwareABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To compare the effect of coffee thermal cycling on surface roughness (Ra), Vickers microhardness (MH), and stainability of denture base resins additively manufactured in different layer thicknesses with those of subtractively manufactured denture base materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty disk-shaped specimens (Ø10×2 mm) were fabricated from two subtractively (Merz M-PM [SM-M] and G-CAM [SM-G]) and three additively (NextDent 3D+ [50 µm, AM-N-50; 100 µm, AM-N-100], FREEPRINT Denture [50 µm, AM-F-50; 100 µm, AM-F-100], and Denturetec [50 µm, AM-S-50; 100 µm, AM-S-100]) manufactured denture base materials (n = 10). Ra measurements were performed before and after polishing by using a non-contact optical profilometer, while MH values and color coordinates were measured after polishing. Specimens were then subjected to 5000 cycles of coffee thermal cycling, all measurements were repeated, and color differences (ΔE00) were calculated. A linear mixed effect model was used to analyze Ra and MH data, while one-way analysis of variance was used to analyze ΔE00 data (α = 0.05). Ra values were further evaluated according to a clinically acceptable threshold of 0.2 µm, while ΔE00 values were evaluated according to perceptibility (1.72 units) and acceptability (4.08 units) thresholds. The interaction between the material type and the time interval affected both Ra and MH (p ≤ 0.001). Tested materials had their highest Ra before polishing (p ≤ 0.029). Before polishing, AM-F-100 had the highest, and SM-M and SM-G had the lowest Ra (p < 0.001). After polishing and after coffee thermal cycling, SM-G mostly had lower Ra than those of other materials (p ≤ 0.036). SM-G mostly had higher MH than that of other materials before and after coffee thermal cycling (p ≤ 0.025). Coffee thermal cycling reduced the MH of SM-M and increased that of AM-S-100 (p ≤ 0.024). AM-N-100 had higher ΔE00 than AM-F, AM-S-100, and SM-G (p ≤ 0.009), while AM-F and SM-G had lower ΔE00 than AM-S-50 and AM-N-50 (p ≤ 0.024). CONCLUSIONS: Polishing reduced the surface roughness of all materials, whereas the effect of coffee thermal cycling was nonsignificant. Most of the tested materials had acceptable surface roughness after polishing and after coffee thermal cycling according to the reported threshold. Layer thickness only affected the microhardness of tested additively manufactured resins, which was material-dependent. Subtractively manufactured specimens mostly had high microhardness and that of nonreinforced subtractively manufactured resin decreased after coffee thermal cycling. When reported color thresholds are considered, all materials had acceptable color stability.
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Dental implants have been commonly used to replace missing single teeth. However, esthetic rehabilitation of an adjacent tooth may also be required due to diastemas, crowding, or existing large direct restorations to improve the final esthetic outcome. With the advancements in ceramics and bonding techniques, minimally invasive esthetic approaches have become viable for compromised spacing issues. This case report describes a dental technique for the esthetic rehabilitation of compromised anterior spacing with a customized zirconia implant abutment at maxillary central incisor site and a partial ceramic veneer bonded to adjacent central incisor.
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Scanning edentulous arches during complete denture fabrication is a crucial step; however, the quality of the resulting digital scan is still questionable. The purpose of this study is to systematically review studies (both clinical and in vitro) and determine whether intraoral scanners have clinically acceptable accuracy when recording completely edentulous arches for the fabrication of removable complete dentures. An electronic search in medical databases like PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (WOS), using a combination of relevant keywords, retrieved 334 articles. After full-text evaluation, twelve articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria for this review (eight clinical studies and four in vitro studies). A quality analysis of the included studies was carried out using the QUADAS-2 tool. The accuracy values varied between different intraoral scanners. Different regions of the edentulous arches showed differences in trueness and precision values in both in vitro and clinical studies. Peripheral borders, the inner seal, and poorly traceable structures like the soft palate showed maximum discrepancies. The accuracy of intraoral scanners in recording clear anatomic landmarks like hard tissues with attached mucosa was comparable to conventional edentulous arch impressions. However, higher discrepancies were recorded when digitizing mobile and poorly traceable structures. Intraoral scanners can be used to digitize denture-bearing areas, but the interpretation of the peripheral border and the soft palate should be carefully carried out.
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STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Digital workflows for digital complete denture fabrication have a variety of clinical and laboratory procedures, but their outcomes and associated complications are currently unknown. PURPOSE: The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the clinical and laboratory procedures for digital complete dentures, their outcomes, and associated complications. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Electronic literature searches were conducted on PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Web of Science for studies published from January 2000 to September 2022 and screened by 2 independent reviewers. Information on digital complete denture procedures, materials, their outcomes, and associated complications was extracted. RESULTS: Of 266 screened studies, 39 studies were included. While 26 assessed definitive complete dentures, 7 studies assessed denture bases, 2 assessed trial dentures, and 4 assessed the digital images only. Twenty-four studies used border molded impression technique, 3 studies used a facebow record, and 7 studies used gothic arch tracing. Only 13 studies performed trial denture placement. Twenty-one studies used milling, and 17 studies used 3D printing for denture fabrication. One study reported that the retention of maxillary denture bases fabricated from a border-molded impression (14.5 to 16.1 N) was statistically higher than the retention of those fabricated from intraoral scanning (6.2 to 6.6 N). The maximum occlusal force of digital complete denture wearers was similar across different fabrication procedures. When compared with the conventional workflow, digital complete dentures required statistically shorter clinical time with 205 to 233 minutes saved. Up to 37.5% of participants reported loss of retention and up to 31.3% required a denture remake. In general, ≥1 extra visit and 1 to 4 unscheduled follow-up visits were needed. The outcomes for patient satisfaction and oral health-related quality of life were similar between conventional, milled, and 3D-printed complete dentures. CONCLUSIONS: Making a border-molded impression is still preferred for better retention, and trial denture placement is still recommended to optimize the fabrication of definitive digital complete dentures.
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This systematic review was aimed at gathering the clinical and technical applications of CAD/CAM technology for craniofacial implant placement and processing of auricular prostheses based on clinical cases. According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, an electronic data search was performed. Human clinical studies utilizing digital planning, designing, and printing systems for craniofacial implant placement and processing of auricular prostheses for prosthetic rehabilitation of auricular defects were included. Following a data search, a total of 36 clinical human studies were included, which were digitally planned and executed through various virtual software to rehabilitate auricular defects. Preoperative data were collected mainly through computed tomography scans (CT scans) (55 cases); meanwhile, the most common laser scanners were the 3dMDface System (3dMD LLC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA) (6 cases) and the 3 Shape scanner (3 Shape, Copenhagen, Denmark) (6 cases). The most common digital design software are Mimics Software (Mimics Innovation Suite, Materialize, Leuven, Belgium) (18 cases), Freeform software (Freeform, NC, USA) (13 cases), and 3 Shape software (3 Shape, Copenhagen, Denmark) (12 cases). Surgical templates were designed and utilized in 35 cases to place 88 craniofacial implants in auricular defect areas. The most common craniofacial implants were Vistafix craniofacial implants (Entific Medical Systems, Goteborg, Sweden) in 22 cases. A surgical navigation system was used to place 20 craniofacial implants in the mastoid bone. Digital applications of CAD/CAM technology include, but are not limited to, study models, mirrored replicas of intact ears, molds, retentive attachments, customized implants, substructures, and silicone prostheses. The included studies demonstrated a predictable clinical outcome, reduced the patient's visits, and completed the prosthetic rehabilitation in reasonable time and at reasonable cost. However, equipment costs and trained technical staff were highlighted as possible limitations to the use of CAD/CAM systems.
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The goal of this study was to evaluate the pH and the release of calcium from four calcium-silicate-based cements. METHODS: Four materials were tested (ProClinic MTA; Angelus MTA; ProRoot MTA; Biodentine). The palatal canal root of acrylic upper molars was filled with each cement. Afterwards, they were set in phosphate-buffered saline. Measurements were taken by atomic adsorption spectroscopy (AAS) at 3, 24, 72, 168, 336, 672, and 1008 h. The pH was measured at the same timepoints. Kruskal-Wallis tests were carried out in each period, as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests showed no parametric results. RESULTS: Significant differences (p < 0.05) in calcium release were found at the 3-, 24-, and 72-hour evaluations. All of the analyzed groups presented a release of calcium ions up to 168 h, and the general tendency was to increase up to 672 h, with a maximum release of 25.45 mg/g in the ProRoot group. We could only observe significant differences (p < 0.05) in pH value over 168 h between the Biodentine (7.93) and Angelus MTA (7.31) groups. CONCLUSIONS: There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in calcium release. Nevertheless, no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the pH values were found at the studied timepoints, except for the values at 168 h.
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OBJECTIVES: To determine the optimal level of mesh reduction that would maintain acceptable levels of geometrical trueness while also minimizing the impact on other parameters such as file size and processing time. METHODS: Intraoral and extraoral maxillofacial defects were created on 8 cadaver heads and scanned by using a CBCT scanner (NewTom 3D Imaging, Verona). DICOM data were segmented to produce head (n=8) and skull models (n=8) saved as standard tessellation language (STL) files. A further processing of head models was preformed to produce face (n=8) and ear models (n=8). A mesh reduction process was performed for each STL model (reference, R0) by generating 50% (R1), 75% (R2), and 90% (R3) reductions. The 3 datasets were compared to the R0 file using 3D evaluation software (GOM Inspect) using a global best-fit algorithm, to calculate the root mean square (RMS) deviations. Statistical analyses were performed at a level of significance of α=0.05. RESULTS: There was no 3D deviation after the 50% triangular mesh reduction in the 4 datasets. Minor 3D deviations were observed after 75% reduction, in all groups. After 90% reduction, higher 3D deviations were observed, and especially in head and skull. Statistically significant increase in 3D deviations was observed with higher degrees of mesh reduction (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The resolution of CBCT-based maxillofacial defect models can be reduced up to 50%, with neglectable concern to inaccuracy. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Accurate maxillofacial models can be obtained from CBCT DICOM files after segmentation and export as STL files, even when the mesh resolution is reduced up to 50%. This information can be valuable for practitioners and researchers working with 3D models of maxillofacial defects.
Subject(s)
Spiral Cone-Beam Computed Tomography , Surgical Mesh , Imaging, Three-Dimensional , Software , Algorithms , Computer-Aided Design , Dental Impression TechniqueABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Working Group 5 was convened to discuss and find consensus on the topics of implant placement and loading protocols associated with single missing teeth in the anterior maxilla (aesthetic zone). Consensus statements, clinical recommendations, patient perspectives and future research suggestions were developed and presented to the plenary for discussion and approval. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two systematic reviews were developed and submitted prior to the conference. The group considered in detail the systematic reviews and developed statements, clinical recommendations, patient perspectives and future research suggestions based on the findings of the reviews and experience of group members. Definitive versions were developed after presentation to and discussion by the plenary. RESULTS: Five consensus statements were developed and approved from each systematic review. Twelve clinical recommendations were developed by the group based on both reviews and experience. Three patient perspectives were developed, and five suggestions made for future research. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the findings of the systematic reviews and experience of group members, the Type 1A protocol (immediate placement and immediate loading), when utilized in the anterior maxilla under favorable conditions, is considered predictable and is associated with high survival rates. The procedure is considered clinically viable and is associated with aesthetic outcomes, although surgical, technical, and biological complications can occur.