Strengthening the research-practice loop in applied animal behavior: Introduction to the special issue.

Though operant learning has been applied to socially significant animal behavior for many years, connections between these practical applications and the basic science that supports them have weakened over time. There is a need for replications and extensions of technologies derived from basic research to applied animal settings, and for practical questions to be taken back to the lab where they can be modeled and studied under controlled conditions before incorporating the results in applied behavior-change research and practice. This special issue highlights ways that behavior analysis can contribute to and support the development of evidence-based applications with animals. Articles in this issue provide context for the relationship between basic research and practice in animal behavior, apply basic principles to animal behavior practice, and investigate practical problems using basic research techniques. Each of these is important for a robust interchange between basic science and practice. Here we comment on the contributions of each article to the literature and identify directions for future research.

Grounding applied animal behavior practices in the experimental analysis of behavior.

Some of the earliest applications outside the laboratory of principles derived from the experimental analysis of behavior (EAB), such as the pioneering work of Keller and Marian Breland, involved animals. This translational tradition continues to the present as EAB-related behavior principles are applied with increasing frequency to behavior management and training practices with animals in nonlaboratory settings. Such translations, and those populations to which they are applied, benefit from a rigorous experimental analysis of practices that are promulgated in popular outlets. These translations both affirm the generality of those principles and serve as goads for laboratory and field research that can further articulate extant principles, develop new ones, and refine methods of application and assessment. This review considered several areas of basic EAB research and contemporary applied animal behavior (AAB) practices in relation to one another: (1) response establishment and maintenance, (2) response reduction and elimination, (3) chaining and conditioned reinforcement, and (4) discriminative stimulus control. Within each topic, a selection of processes and procedures in both EAB and AAB work were reviewed in relation to one another.

Confluence of Science and History in the Experimental Analysis of Behavior Course.

This is a review of content and method for incorporating the history of the experimental analysis of behavior (EAB) into the EAB course, although the material also could be adapted for any course related to the topics of learning and behavior change, or the history of psychology. Six elements associated with establishing a new discipline are considered as a framework for introducing the history of EAB: the intellectual leader/founding scientist(s), early proponents of the new area who advance and elaborate on the founder's ideas, the cultural context in which the discipline develops, a set of methods, a textbook, and means of communicating with other, similarly inclined scientists. The historical ebb and flow of research and some of the reasons for these shifts are discussed next, with examples of EAB research themes that have shifted over time. Illustrating the history of EAB with specific milestone experiments seems a useful way to both introduce substantive research and its history. To that end, milestone experiments in EAB are discussed. The review ends with considerations about locating historical material within the EAB course.

Applied Quantitative Analysis of Behavior: What It Is, and Why We Care-Introduction to the Special Section.

Science evolves from prior approximations of its current form. Interest in changes in species over time was not a new concept when Darwin made his famous voyage to the Galapagos Islands; concern with speciation stretches back throughout the history of modern thought. Behavioral science also does and must evolve. Such change can be difficult, but it can also yield great dividends. The focus of the current special section is on a common mutation that appears to have emerged across these areas and the critical features that define an emerging research area-applied quantitative analysis of behavior (AQAB). In this introduction to the "Special Issue on Applications of Quantitative Methods," we will outline some of the common characteristics of research in this area, an exercise that will surely be outdated as the research area continues to progress. In doing so, we also describe how AQAB is relevant to theory, behavioral pharmacology, applied behavior analysis, and health behaviors. Finally, we provide a summary for the articles that appear in this special issue. The authors of these papers are all thinking outside the Skinner box, creating new tools and approaches, and testing them against relevant data. If we can keep up this evolution of methods and ideas, behavior analysis will regain its place at the head of the table!

Collaborative Research Project: Developing and Testing a Robot-Assisted Intervention for Children With Autism.

The present work is a collaborative research aimed at testing the effectiveness of the robot-assisted intervention administered in real clinical settings by real educators. Social robots dedicated to assisting persons with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are rarely used in clinics. In a collaborative effort to bridge the gap between innovation in research and clinical practice, a team of engineers, clinicians and researchers working in the field of psychology developed and tested a robot-assisted educational intervention for children with low-functioning ASD (N = 20) A total of 14 lessons targeting requesting and turn-taking were elaborated, based on the Pivotal Training Method and principles of Applied Analysis of Behavior. Results showed that sensory rewards provided by the robot elicited more positive reactions than verbal praises from humans. The robot was of greatest benefit to children with a low level of disability. The educators were quite enthusiastic about children's progress in learning basic psychosocial skills from interactions with the robot. The robot nonetheless failed to act as a social mediator, as more prosocial behaviors were observed in the control condition, where instead of interacting with the robot children played with a ball. We discuss how to program robots to the distinct needs of individuals with ASD, how to harness robots' likability in order to enhance social skill learning, and how to arrive at a consensus about the standards of excellence that need to be met in interdisciplinary co-creation research. Our intuition is that robotic assistance, obviously judged as to be positive by educators, may contribute to the dissemination of innovative evidence-based practice for individuals with ASD.

A análise do comportamento e a intersexualidade / Behavior analysis and intersexuality / El análisis del comportamiento y la intersexualidad

Há várias teorias para explicar a sexualidade humana e são várias as ciências que também tentam explicá-la. Nesse sentido, a Análise do Comportamento entende a sexualidade como um comportamento, e a intersexualidade como uma metacontigência, isto é, contingências de reforçamento em que um organismo depende do outro para obter reforçamento e que produz um produto agregado. Então, o presente artigo está embasado teoricamente no Bahaviorismo Radical de B.F. Skinner e tem como objetivo analisar a intersexualidade à luz da Análise do Comportamento...(AU)

There are several theories to explain human sexuality and there are several sciences that try to explain it. In this sense, for some years now, the Behavior Analysis has been concerned with issues of macrocontamination and metacontingency. In this sense, the Behavior Analysis understands sexuality as a behavior, and intersexuality as a metacontigence, that is, contingencies of reinforcement in which an organism depends on the other to obtain reinforcement and produces an aggregate product. Thus, the present paper is based theoretically on the Radical Bahaviorism of B.F. Skinner and aims to analyze the intersexuality in the light of the Analysis of the Behavior...(AU)

Existen varias teorías para explicar la sexualidad humana, y muchas ciencias también intentan explicarla. En este sentido, el Análisis del Comportamiento entiende la sexualidad como un comportamiento, y la intersexualidad como metacontingencia, es decir, contingencias de refuerzo en las que un organismo depende del otro para el refuerzo y produce un producto agregado. Por lo tanto, el presente trabajo se basa teóricamente en el Behaviorismo Radical de B.F. Skinner y tiene como objetivo analizar la intersexualidad a la luz del Análisis del Comportamiento...(AU)

Self- and cross-citations in the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis and the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior: 2004-2018.

We examined self- and cross-citations in the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA) and the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior (JEAB) from 2004 through 2018. Mean annual levels of self-citations for JABA and JEAB were 40.1% and 28.7%, respectively. Overall, 5.1% of JABA citations were JEAB articles, and 2.3% of JEAB citations were JABA articles. Although overall cross-citation levels were relatively low, 28.7% of the JABA articles reviewed had at least one JEAB citation, and 27.5% of the JEAB articles reviewed had at least one JABA citation. Authors in both journals cited articles addressing the topics of matching and motivating operations. The extent to which the basic and applied sectors of behavior analysis interact depends on how the interaction is measured. Nonetheless, the degree of interaction is growing, which is a good thing for the discipline.

Experimental Analysis of Behavior Readings Assigned by Accredited Master's Degree Programs in Behavior Analysis.

Although a foundation in the basic science of behavior represents a common goal of practitioners and educators of behavior analysis, the content covered in master's degree-level courses on the experimental analysis of behavior (EAB) can vary widely across university programs. The purpose of our study was to analyze the syllabi of master's degree programs accredited by the Association for Behavior Analysis International to develop a list of common readings and topics in EAB coursework that might be useful for curricular development. We identified the most frequently cited references, journals, and participant characteristics. We found commonalities among the syllabi with regard to the types of readings assigned and the topics covered. We discussed our findings in terms of current trends in EAB and quality graduate training in behavior analysis.

Translating Behavior Analysis: a Spectrum Rather than a Road Map.

Much has been written about the potential benefits of translational research in behavior analysis, but a lack of consensus about what constitutes "translational" creates a barrier to effective knowledge-practice innovation within the discipline and across other sciences. We propose a tiered system, adapted from a biomedical translational pathway, for classifying behavior analysis research on a basic-applied spectrum. Tier 0 is blue sky basic science in which the subjects, behaviors, stimuli, and settings are selected for convenience. Tier 1 is use-inspired basic science with a socially important end game and research subject. Tier 2 is solution-oriented research that attempts to solve a specific problem in a socially important subject, but 1 or more aspects of the research are selected for purposes of experimental control rather than social importance. Tier 3 is applied behavior analysis research that studies a problem of social significance for the subject and involves behaviors, stimuli, and settings that are socially important. Tier 4 is impact assessment in which behavioral technology is applied with a direct benefit to society. We provide examples of behavior-analytic research in each tier and evaluate the potential benefits of organizing behavior analysis in this way.

Terapia comportamental dialética: um protocolo comportamental ou cognitivo? / Dialectical behavior therapy: a behavioral or cognitive protocol?

A terapia comportamental dialética (DBT) é um protocolo clínico inicialmente desenvolvido para o tratamento de comportamentos suicidas e parassuicidas, e posteriormente estendido para algumas psicopatologias, como o transtorno da personalidade borderline. O tratamento envolve a aprendizagem de comportamentos pré-requisitos, divididos nos estágios (1) “alcançando as habilidades básicas”, (2) “redução do estresse pós-traumático” e (3) “resolvendo problemas de vida e aumentando o respeito próprio”. O presente artigo analisa se, e em que medida, a DBT preenche os critérios filosófico-aplicados de inclusão nas terapias baseadas na análise do comportamento. Para isso analisou sua concepção filosófica de base, bem como as estratégias de avaliação e intervenção. Argumentou-se que o embasamento filosófico adotado se aproxima do behaviorismo, devido a sua definição de comportamento, concepção de causas e de seleção. Foram identificadas também estratégias de avaliação e intervenção, com foco na aceitação e na mudança, baseadas em análises funcionais, no reforçamento e na modelagem para a aprendizagem de novas habilidades...

The dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is a clinical protocol originally developed for the treatment of suicidal and parasuicidal behaviors, and later extended to psychopathology as the borderline personality disorder. Treatment involves learning prerequisites behaviors, divided in stages (1) “attaining basic capacities” (2) “reducing postttraumatic stress” and (3) “increasing self-respect and achieving individual goals”. This article examines whether and how DBT meet the philosophical and applied criteria for inclusion in therapies based on behavior analysis. We revised philosophical conception basis as well as the assessment and intervention strategies. It is argued that the philosophical foundation approaches behaviorism, due to its behavior definition, conceptions of causes and selection. We also identified assessment and intervention strategies, focusing on acceptance and change, based on functional analysis, reinforcement and shaping for learning new skills...

Terapia comportamental dialética: um protocolo comportamental ou cognitivo? / Dialectical behavior therapy: a behavioral or cognitive protocol?

A terapia comportamental dialética (DBT) é um protocolo clínico inicialmente desenvolvido para o tratamento de comportamentos suicidas e parassuicidas, e posteriormente estendido para algumas psicopatologias, como o transtorno da personalidade borderline. O tratamento envolve a aprendizagem de comportamentos pré-requisitos, divididos nos estágios (1) “alcançando as habilidades básicas”, (2) “redução do estresse pós-traumático” e (3) “resolvendo problemas de vida e aumentando o respeito próprio”. O presente artigo analisa se, e em que medida, a DBT preenche os critérios filosófico-aplicados de inclusão nas terapias baseadas na análise do comportamento. Para isso analisou sua concepção filosófica de base, bem como as estratégias de avaliação e intervenção. Argumentou-se que o embasamento filosófico adotado se aproxima do behaviorismo, devido a sua definição de comportamento, concepção de causas e de seleção. Foram identificadas também estratégias de avaliação e intervenção, com foco na aceitação e na mudança, baseadas em análises funcionais, no reforçamento e na modelagem para a aprendizagem de novas habilidades. (AU)

The dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is a clinical protocol originally developed for the treatment of suicidal and parasuicidal behaviors, and later extended to psychopathology as the borderline personality disorder. Treatment involves learning prerequisites behaviors, divided in stages (1) “attaining basic capacities” (2) “reducing postttraumatic stress” and (3) “increasing self-respect and achieving individual goals”. This article examines whether and how DBT meet the philosophical and applied criteria for inclusion in therapies based on behavior analysis. We revised philosophical conception basis as well as the assessment and intervention strategies. It is argued that the philosophical foundation approaches behaviorism, due to its behavior definition, conceptions of causes and selection. We also identified assessment and intervention strategies, focusing on acceptance and change, based on functional analysis, reinforcement and shaping for learning new skills. (AU)

Formação de professores e análise do comportamento: caracterização de necessidades formativas para a docência em matemática na educação básica / Teacher education and behavior analysis: characterization of formative needs in teaching mathematics at basic education level / La formación del profesorado y el análisis de la conducta: caracterización de las necesidades de capacitación en la enseñanza de matemáticas a nivel de educación básica

No Estado de São Paulo, a implantação do Currículo de Matemática para a Educação Básica e das Matrizes Curriculares de Referência para o Sistema de Avaliação do Rendimento Escolar determinou a prioridade de práticas de ensino diretamente voltadas para o desenvolvimento de competências e de habilidades. O objetivo deste artigo foi expor e discutir possíveis efeitos da implantação sobre a atuação profissional de professores que ensinam Matemática, bem como apresentar proposta de programas de investigação e de intervenção sobre os efeitos da mesma. A partir de análises documentais, verificou-se que um denso e variado conjunto de ações que definiu a implantação da atual política pública de avaliação de desempenho escolar prescindiu da investigação do impacto das medidas sobre os repertórios comportamentais predominantes dos professores responsáveis pela efetivação das mesmas. Foi caracterizada a necessidade formativa dos professores de derivar ou de transformar as diretrizes, as informações e as atividades propostas em classes de comportamentos ou de relações entre eventos (ações dos alunos e fatores do contexto diante dos quais tais ações são importantes) esperadas como resultado da exposição dos alunos às práticas de ensino. Respaldado em literatura recente da Análise do Comportamento que descreve procedimentos metodológicos para efetuar tal derivação no contexto das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais da Psicologia para demarcação da atuação do futuro psicólogo, há a proposição da extensão de tais procedimentos em investigações e intervenções colaborativas com professores como estratégia de desenvolvimento das aprendizagens profissionais correspondentes com as necessidades formativas assinaladas.

In São Paulo, the implementation of the Mathematics Curriculum for Basic Education and Reference System for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement has determined the priority of teaching practices directly related to the development of skills and abilities. The aim of this paper was to present and discuss possible effects of deployment on the professional performance of teachers who teach mathematics and to present proposed research and intervention programs on the effects of it. From documentary analyzes, we found that a dense and varied set of actions that define the implementation of current public policy evaluation of school performance waived the investigation of the impact of measures on the prevailing behavioral repertoires of teachers responsible for effecting the same. It characterized the need to derive training of teachers or change the guidelines, information and activities proposed to conduct classes or relationships between events (actions of the students of the context and factors before whom such actions are important) expected as a result of exposure of students to teaching practices. Supported in recent literature of behavior analysis that describes the methodological procedures for making such derivation in the context of the National Curriculum Guidelines for demarcation of the Psychology about the future performance psychologist, is proposing the extension of such procedures in collaborative research and interventions with teachers as a strategy for learning development professionals with corresponding training needs indicated.

En São Paulo, la implementación del currículo de matemáticas para la Educación Básica y la Matriz de Referencia Curricular para Evaluación de Rendimiento Escolar ha determinado la prioridad de enseñar destrezas y habilidades. El objetivo de este trabajo fue presentar y discutir los posibles efectos de la implementación en el desempeño profesional de los maestros que enseñan las matemáticas y de presentar propuestas de programas de investigación e intervención sobre los efectos de la misma. Los exámenes documentales testificaron que la aplicación de la evaluación del rendimiento escolar prescindió de la investigación del impacto de las medidas en los comportamientos de los profesores encargados de efectuar la misma. Se caracterizó las necesidades de formación de los profesores para derivar o transformar las directrices, información y actividades propuestas en los comportamientos o en las relaciones entre clases de eventos que se esperan como resultado de la exposición de los alumnos a las prácticas de enseñanza. Compatible con la literatura reciente de Análisis de la Conducta que describe los procedimientos metodológicos para realizar la derivación en el contexto de las Directrices Curriculares Nacionales, se propone la ampliación de tales procedimientos en la investigación colaborativa y las intervenciones con los profesores como una estrategia de desarrollo de los aprendizajes correspondientes a las necessidades de formación que se indican.

Formação de professores e análise do comportamento: caracterização de necessidades formativas para a docência em matemática na educação básica / Teacher education and behavior analysis: characterization of formative needs in teaching mathematics at basic education level / La formación del profesorado y el análisis de la conducta: caracterización de las necesidades de capacitación en la enseñanza de matemáticas a nivel de educación básica

No Estado de São Paulo, a implantação do Currículo de Matemática para a Educação Básica e das Matrizes Curriculares de Referência para o Sistema de Avaliação do Rendimento Escolar determinou a prioridade de práticas de ensino diretamente voltadas para o desenvolvimento de competências e de habilidades. O objetivo deste artigo foi expor e discutir possíveis efeitos da implantação sobre a atuação profissional de professores que ensinam Matemática, bem como apresentar proposta de programas de investigação e de intervenção sobre os efeitos da mesma. A partir de análises documentais, verificou-se que um denso e variado conjunto de ações que definiu a implantação da atual política pública de avaliação de desempenho escolar prescindiu da investigação do impacto das medidas sobre os repertórios comportamentais predominantes dos professores responsáveis pela efetivação das mesmas. Foi caracterizada a necessidade formativa dos professores de derivar ou de transformar as diretrizes, as informações e as atividades propostas em classes de comportamentos ou de relações entre eventos (ações dos alunos e fatores do contexto diante dos quais tais ações são importantes) esperadas como resultado da exposição dos alunos às práticas de ensino. Respaldado em literatura recente da Análise do Comportamento que descreve procedimentos metodológicos para efetuar tal derivação no contexto das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais da Psicologia para demarcação da atuação do futuro psicólogo, há a proposição da extensão de tais procedimentos em investigações e intervenções colaborativas com professores como estratégia de desenvolvimento das aprendizagens profissionais correspondentes com as necessidades formativas assinaladas.(AU)

In São Paulo, the implementation of the Mathematics Curriculum for Basic Education and Reference System for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement has determined the priority of teaching practices directly related to the development of skills and abilities. The aim of this paper was to present and discuss possible effects of deployment on the professional performance of teachers who teach mathematics and to present proposed research and intervention programs on the effects of it. From documentary analyzes, we found that a dense and varied set of actions that define the implementation of current public policy evaluation of school performance waived the investigation of the impact of measures on the prevailing behavioral repertoires of teachers responsible for effecting the same. It characterized the need to derive training of teachers or change the guidelines, information and activities proposed to conduct classes or relationships between events (actions of the students of the context and factors before whom such actions are important) expected as a result of exposure of students to teaching practices. Supported in recent literature of behavior analysis that describes the methodological procedures for making such derivation in the context of the National Curriculum Guidelines for demarcation of the Psychology about the future performance psychologist, is proposing the extension of such procedures in collaborative research and interventions with teachers as a strategy for learning development professionals with corresponding training needs indicated.(AU)

En São Paulo, la implementación del currículo de matemáticas para la Educación Básica y la Matriz de Referencia Curricular para Evaluación de Rendimiento Escolar ha determinado la prioridad de enseñar destrezas y habilidades. El objetivo de este trabajo fue presentar y discutir los posibles efectos de la implementación en el desempeño profesional de los maestros que enseñan las matemáticas y de presentar propuestas de programas de investigación e intervención sobre los efectos de la misma. Los exámenes documentales testificaron que la aplicación de la evaluación del rendimiento escolar prescindió de la investigación del impacto de las medidas en los comportamientos de los profesores encargados de efectuar la misma. Se caracterizó las necesidades de formación de los profesores para derivar o transformar las directrices, información y actividades propuestas en los comportamientos o en las relaciones entre clases de eventos que se esperan como resultado de la exposición de los alumnos a las prácticas de enseñanza. Compatible con la literatura reciente de Análisis de la Conducta que describe los procedimientos metodológicos para realizar la derivación en el contexto de las Directrices Curriculares Nacionales, se propone la ampliación de tales procedimientos en la investigación colaborativa y las intervenciones con los profesores como una estrategia de desarrollo de los aprendizajes correspondientes a las necessidades de formación que se indican.(AU)

Pragmatism, mathematical models, and the scientific ideal of prediction and control.

Mathematical models are often held to be valuable, if not necessary, for theories and explanations in the quantitative analysis of behavior. The present review suggests that mathematical models primarily derived from the observation of functional relations do indeed contribute to the scientific value of theories and explanations, even though the final form of the models appears to be highly abstract. However, mathematical models not primarily so derived risk being essentialist in character, based on a particular view of formal causation. Such models invite less effective and frequently mentalistic theories and explanations of behavior. Models may be evaluated in terms of both (a) the verbal processes responsible for their origin and development and (b) the prediction and control engendered by the theories and explanations that incorporate the models, however indirect or abstract that prediction and control may be. Overall, the present review suggests that technological application and theoretical contemplation may be usefully viewed as continuous and overlapping forms of scientific activity, rather than dichotomous and mutually exclusive.

Contribuições dos manuais diagnósticos para a avaliação e o tratamento do transtorno desafiador-opositor na infância: a importância da topografia através de um estudo de caso / Contributions of diagnostic manuals for the assessment and treatment of oppositional-defiant disorder in childhood: the importance of topography through a case study

Tópico: a aproximação da Psiquiatria à Terapia Analítico-comportamental através da utilização do Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico dos Transtornos Mentais 5ª edição (DSM-V). Objetivo: discorrer sobre a utilização de critérios diagnósticos à luz da teoria behaviorista. Tese sob análise: os princípios analítico-comportamentais orientam não focar apenas na topografia dos comportamentos. Os manuais diagnósticos e estatísticos focam apenas na topografia dos sintomas, utilizando uma abordagem não baseada em teoria específica. Apesar de aparentemente discrepantes, é possível aproximar conceitos da teoria comportamental com conceitos de nosologia psiquiátrica. Fontes usadas: bibliografia publicada e estudo de um caso clínico de uma criança de 9 anos com o diagnóstico de transtorno desafiador-opositor segundo o DSM-V. Conclusões: a utilização de manuais diagnósticos pode ser uma estratégia para o terapeuta que utiliza os princípios da Análise do Comportamento para nortear sua prática. Esta utilização pode ter impactos positivos na avaliação, na programação e na eficácia do tratamento.

Topic: the link of Psychiatry and the Analytical Behavioral Therapy using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-V). Aim: explore the use of a diagnostic manual based on the behavioral theory. Thesis under analysis: behavior analytic principles recommend does not focus only on the topography of behaviors. The diagnostic and statistical manual focuses only on the topography of symptoms, using an approach not based on a specific theory. Although seemingly conflicting, it is possible to connect the concepts of behavioral theory to psychiatric nosology. Sources used: published literature and study of a clinical case of a 9 year old children diagnosed with oppositional-defiant disorder according to DSM-V. Conclusion: the use of diagnostic manuals can be a strategy for the therapist who uses the Behavior Analysis as a principle in his practice. This use can influence in the assessment, planning and treatment efficacy.

O estudo do comportamento psicótico: contribuições analítico-comportamentais / The study of psychotic behavior: behavior-analytic contributions

Esta análise teórica objetivou discorrer sobre a postura do analista do comportamento frente ao comportamento do indivíduo que possui o diagnóstico psiquiátrico de esquizofrenia, apresentando uma possibilidade de estudo desse fenômeno comportamental e de explicação do mesmo pautadas na ciência da análise do comportamento. Essa ciência possui uma abordagem empírica para entender e influenciar o comportamento do indivíduo. Uma breve análise crítica da atribuição causal às variáveis biológicas comumente usadas para explicação do quadro esquizofrênico é levantada, sem contudo desconsiderar a importância de tais variáveis para uma ciência do comportamento. Não se pretende com esta apresentação esgotar os temas. O aprofundamento das questões postas pode ser feito percorrendo-se a literatura citada.

This theoretical analysis aimed to discuss the stance of the behavior analyst regarding to a behavior of the individual who owns the psychiatric diagnosis of schizophrenia, presenting a possibility to study this behavioral phenomenon and explanation of it, guided by focused on the science of behavior analysis. This science has an empirical approach to understanding and influencing the behavior of the individual. A brief critical analysis of causal attribution to biological variables commonly used to explain the schizophrenic is lifted without disregarding the importance of these variables for a science of behavior. It is not intended by this presentation, exhaust the topics. The deepening of the questions posed can be done by scrolling to the literature cited.

Contribuições dos manuais diagnósticos para a avaliação e o tratamento do transtorno desafiador-opositor na infância: a importância da topografia através de um estudo de caso / Contributions of diagnostic manuals for the assessment and treatmentof oppositional-defiant disorder in childhood: the importance oftopography through a case study

Tópico: A aproximação da Psiquiatria à Terapia Analítico-comportamental através da utilização do Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico dos Transtornos Mentais 5ª edição (DSM-V). Objetivo: discorrer sobre a utilização de critérios diagnósticos à luz da teoria behaviorista. Tese sob análise: os princípios analítico-comportamentais orientam não focar apenas na topografia dos comportamentos. Os manuais diagnósticos e estatísticos focam apenas na topografia dos sintomas, utilizando uma abordagem não baseada em teoria específica. Apesar de aparentemente discrepantes, é possível aproximar conceitos da teoria comportamental com conceitos de nosologia psiquiátrica. Fontes usadas: bibliografia publicada e estudo de um caso clínico de uma criança de 9 anos com o diagnóstico de transtorno desafiador-opositor segundo o DSM-V. Conclusões: a utilização de manuais diagnósticos pode ser uma estratégia para o terapeuta que utiliza os princípios da Análise do Comportamento para nortear sua prática. Esta utilização pode ter impactos positivos na avaliação, na programação e na eficácia do tratamento.(AU)

Topic: The link of Psychiatry and the Analytical Behavioral Therapy using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-V). Aim: explore the use of a diagnostic manual based on the behavioral theory. Thesis under analysis: behavior analytic principles recommend does not focus only on the topography of behaviors. The diagnostic and statistical manual focuses only on the topography of symptoms, using an approach not based on a specific theory. Although seemingly conflicting, it is possible to connect the concepts of behavioral theory to psychiatric nosology. Sources used: published literature and study of a clinical case of a 9 year old children diagnosed with oppositional-defiant disorder according to DSM-V. Conclusion: the use of diagnostic manuals can be a strategy for the therapist who uses the Behavior Analysis as a principle in his practice. This use can influence in the assessment, planning and treatment efficacy.(AU)

O estudo do comportamento psicótico: contribuições analítico-comportamentais / The study of psychotic behavior: behavior-analytic contributions

Esta análise teórica objetivou discorrer sobre a postura do analista do comportamento frente ao comportamento do indivíduo que possui o diagnóstico psiquiátrico de esquizofrenia, apresentando uma possibilidade de estudo desse fenômeno comportamental e de explicação do mesmo pautadas na ciência da análise do comportamento. Essa ciência possui uma abordagem empírica para entender e influenciar o comportamento do indivíduo. Uma breve análise crítica da atribuição causal às variáveis biológicas comumente usadas para explicação do quadro esquizofrênico é levantada, sem contudo desconsiderar a importância de tais variáveis para uma ciência do comportamento. Não se pretende com esta apresentação esgotar os temas. O aprofundamento das questões postas pode ser feito percorrendo-se a literatura citada.(AU)

This theoretical analysis aimed to discuss the stance of the behavior analyst regarding to a behavior of the individual who owns the psychiatric diagnosis of schizophrenia, presenting a possibility to study this behavioral phenomenon and explanation of it, guided by focused on the science of behavior analysis. This science has an empirical approach to understanding and influencing the behavior of the individual. A brief critical analysis of causal attribution to biological variables commonly used to explain the schizophrenic is lifted without disregarding the importance of these variables for a science of behavior. It is not intended by this presentation, exhaust the topics. The deepening of the questions posed can be done by scrolling to the literature cited.(AU)

Analysis of the interaction between experimental and applied behavior analysis.

To study the influences between basic and applied research in behavior analysis, we analyzed the coauthorship interactions of authors who published in JABA and JEAB from 1980 to 2010. We paid particular attention to authors who published in both JABA and JEAB (dual authors) as potential agents of cross-field interactions. We present a comprehensive analysis of dual authors' coauthorship interactions using social networks methodology and key word analysis. The number of dual authors more than doubled (26 to 67) and their productivity tripled (7% to 26% of JABA and JEAB articles) between 1980 and 2010. Dual authors stood out in terms of number of collaborators, number of publications, and ability to interact with multiple groups within the field. The steady increase in JEAB and JABA interactions through coauthors and the increasing range of topics covered by dual authors provide a basis for optimism regarding the progressive integration of basic and applied behavior analysis.

It has been said that, "There are three degrees of falsehoods: lies, damn lies, and statistics".

Applied behavior analysis (ABA) researchers have historically eschewed population-based, inferential statistics, preferring to conduct and analyze repeated observations of each participant's responding under carefully controlled and manipulated experimental conditions using single-case designs (SCDs). In addition, early attempts to adapt traditional statistical procedures for use with SCDs often involved trade-offs between experimental and statistical control that most ABA researchers have found undesirable. The statistical methods recommended for use with SCDs in the current special issue represent a welcome departure from such prior suggestions in that the current authors are proposing that SCD researchers add statistical methods to their current practices in ways that do not alter traditional SCD practices. Further refinement and use of such methods would (a) facilitate the inclusion of research using SCDs in meta-analyses and (b) aid in the development and planning of grant-funded research using SCD methods. Collaboration between SCD researchers and statisticians, particularly on research that demonstrates the benefit of these methods, may help promote their acceptance and use in ABA.