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Abstract Background In patients with atrial fibrillation, the CHA2DS2-VASC score guides stroke prevention using anticoagulants, but it is an imperfect score. Other potential risk factors such as renal failure, the type of atrial fibrillation, active smoking, cancer, sleep apnea or systemic inflammation have less well been investigated. Objective To assess the impact of these factors on ischemic stroke risk in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Methods On a population of 248 patients (124 patients with acute ischemic stroke and 124 controls), we performed a logistic regression to assess the impact of multiple non-classic risk factors for the prediction of acute ischemic stroke. Their impact on mortality was assessed by performing a survival analysis. Results A high CHA2DS2-VASc score (OR 1.75; 95% CI 1.13-2.70; p = 0.032), treatment with anticoagulants (OR 0.19; 95% CI 0.07-0.51; p < 0.001) and permanent atrial fibrillation (OR 6.31; 95% CI 2.46-16.19; p < 0.001) were independently associated with acute ischemic stroke. Renal failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease predicted a higher mortality. After adjusting for age, sex, the CHA2DS2-VASc score and the use of anticoagulants, the only risk factor predictive for acute ischemic stroke was the permanent type of AF (OR: 8.0 [95% CI 2.5-25.5], p < 0.001). Conclusions The CHA2DS2-VASc score, the absence of anticoagulants and the permanent type of atrial fibrillation were the main predictive factors for the occurrence of acute ischemic stroke. Larger studies are necessary for conclusive results about other factors.
Resumo Antecedentes Em pacientes com fibrilação atrial, o escore CHA2DS2-VASC orienta a prevenção de AVC com anticoagulantes, mas é um escore imperfeito. Outros fatores de risco potenciais, como insuficiência renal, o tipo de fibrilação atrial, tabagismo ativo, câncer, apnéia do sono ou inflamação sistêmica foram menos bem investigados. Objetivo Avaliar o impacto desses fatores no risco de AVC isquêmico em pacientes com fibrilação atrial não valvular. Métodos Em uma população de 248 pacientes (124 pacientes com AVC isquêmico agudo e 124 controles), realizamos uma regressão logística para avaliar o impacto de múltiplos fatores de risco não clássicos na predição de AVC isquêmico agudo. O seu impacto na mortalidade foi avaliado através da realização de uma análise de sobrevivência. Resultados Escore CHA2DS2-VASc alto (OR 1,75; IC 95% 1,13-2,70; p = 0,032), tratamento com anticoagulantes (OR 0,19; IC 95% 0,07-0,51; p < 0,001) e fibrilação atrial permanente (OR 6,31; 95% CI 2,46-16,19; p < 0,001) foram independentemente associados ao AVC isquêmico agudo. Insuficiência renal e doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica previram maior mortalidade. Após ajuste para idade, sexo, pontuação CHA2DS2-VASc e uso de anticoagulantes, o único fator de risco preditivo para AVC isquêmico agudo foi o tipo permanente de FA (OR: 8,0 [IC 95% 2,5-25,5], p < 0,001). Conclusões O escore CHA2DS2-VASc, a ausência de anticoagulantes e o tipo permanente de fibrilação atrial foram os principais fatores preditivos para a ocorrência de AVC isquêmico agudo. Estudos maiores são necessários para resultados conclusivos sobre outros fatores.
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SUMMARY BACKGROUND: The CHA2DS2-VASc score is used to determine thromboembolic risk in cases of atrial fibrillation. The predictive value of this score in predicting coronary collateral circulation in chronic total occlusion is unknown. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the CHA2DS2-VASc score and coronary collateral circulation in patients with chronic total occlusion. METHODS: A total of 189 patients, who underwent coronary angiography and had a chronic total occlusion in at least one coronary artery, were enrolled in this study. The Rentrop scoring system was used for grouping the patients, and patients were classified as having poorly developed coronary collateral circulation (Rentrop grade 0 or 1) or well-developed coronary collateral circulation (Rentrop grade 2 or 3). RESULTS: The CHA2DS2-VASc score of the good coronary collateral circulation group was significantly lower than the other group (3.1±1.7 vs. 3.7±1.7, p=0.021). During the follow-up period, 30 (32.2%) patients in the poorly developed coronary collateral circulation group and 16 (16.7%) patients in the well-developed coronary collateral circulation group died (p=0.028). According to the multivariable Cox regression model, the CHA2DS2-VASc score [hazard ratio (HR): 1.262, p=0.009], heart rate (HR: 1.049, p=0.003), LVEF (HR: 0.975, p=0.039), mean platelet volume (HR: 1.414, p=0.028), and not taking acetylsalicylic acid during admission (HR: 0.514, p=0.042) were independently associated with a higher risk of mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The CHA2DS2-VASc score is closely related to coronary collateral development and predicts mortality in patients with chronic total occlusion.
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BACKGROUND: Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 has been associated with long-term cardiovascular mortality in patients with stable coronary artery disease and to the development of new atrial fibrillation in subjects with cardiovascular risk factors but no evidence of cardiac disease. HYPOTHESIS: Preoperative soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 predicts the risk of future all-cause death and cardiovascular death among patients submitted to elective coronary artery bypass surgery. METHODS: From a cohort of 312 patients who underwent elective coronary artery bypass surgery prospectively followed for a median of 6.7 years, we evaluated the prognostic role of preoperative soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, inflammatory markers, CHA2DS2-VASc score and development of postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF). Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses were performed to establish an association of these parameters with long term all-cause death and cardiovascular death. RESULTS: During 2112 person-years of follow-up, we observed 41 deaths, 10 were cardiovascular deaths. Independently increased levels of preoperative soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, POAF, and CHA2DS2-VASc score were associated with all-cause mortality. After multivariate adjustment, elevated preoperative soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and POAF were the only independent predictors of all-cause death. Also, preoperative soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, POAF, and CHA2DS2-VASc score resulted in being independent predictors of cardiovascular mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Increased circulating levels of preoperative soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, together with POAF and CHA2DS2-VASc score, were significantly associated with future all-cause death and cardiovascular death among patients submitted to coronary artery bypass surgery.
Subject(s)
Coronary Artery Bypass/mortality , Coronary Artery Disease/surgery , Postoperative Complications , Risk Assessment/methods , Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/blood , Biomarkers/blood , Chile/epidemiology , Coronary Artery Disease/blood , Coronary Artery Disease/mortality , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Predictive Value of Tests , Preoperative Period , Prospective Studies , ROC Curve , Survival Rate/trends , Time FactorsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Anticoagulation remains a controversial issue among hyperthyroid patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of the thrombogenic milieu (TM), detected using transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), among patients with AF related to hyperthyroidism, and to correlate these findings with the clinical embolic risk classification (CHA2DS2-VASc). METHODS: CHA2DS2-VASc score, thyroid hormonal status, time since hyperthyroidism diagnosis, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and TEE were assessed in 47 consecutive patients aged between 18 and 65years with AF related to hyperthyroidism. The following TEE parameters defined TM: dense spontaneous echo contrast, thrombi, or left atrial appendage (LAA) blood flow velocities <0.20m/s. Non-classic TM was defined as non-dense SEC plus LAA flow velocity 0.20-0.40m/s. RESULTS: Pulmonary hypertension was present in 39/47 (81.4%) and TM in 22/47 (46.8%) patients. Despite a low CHA2DS2-VASc score of 0/1, 10 of 19 (52.6%) patients had a TM, whereas 16 of 28 (57.1%) patients with score ≥2 had none. The probability of having a TM did not correlate with CHA2DS2-VASc scores. On regression binary analysis, hyperthyroidism diagnosed more than 12months previous was independently associated with non-classic TM (p=0.031). CONCLUSION: Among patients younger than 65years of age with AF related to hyperthyroidism, pulmonary hypertension and TM on TEE were highly prevalent. There was no association between CHA2DS2-VASc with TEE markers of TM. Thyroid status, especially longer duration of hyperthyroidism might influence thrombogenic abnormalities. TEE adds useful information that may change antithrombotic therapy if otherwise guided solely by clinical risk classification.
Subject(s)
Atrial Fibrillation/diagnostic imaging , Atrial Fibrillation/epidemiology , Echocardiography, Transesophageal/statistics & numerical data , Hyperthyroidism/epidemiology , Severity of Illness Index , Thromboembolism/prevention & control , Adult , Anticoagulants/therapeutic use , Atrial Fibrillation/drug therapy , Brazil , Cohort Studies , Comorbidity , Female , Hospitals, University , Humans , Hyperthyroidism/diagnosis , Hyperthyroidism/drug therapy , Male , Middle Aged , Multivariate Analysis , Patient Safety/statistics & numerical data , Prognosis , Retrospective Studies , Risk Assessment , Statistics, Nonparametric , Survival Rate , Thyroid Function TestsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: New evidence suggests that the CHA(2)DS(2)VASc (congestive heart failure, hypertension [HTN], age, diabetes, stroke, vascular disease, and female gender) score may be a reliable tool to predict the risk of thromboembolic events in patients without documented atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS: We performed a prospective cohort study of outpatients without AF or flutter, who were not using oral anticoagulation. Clinical characteristics were assessed and patients were stratified according to the CHA(2)DS(2)VASc score. We evaluated the incidence of major adverse cardiac outcomes and its relation to the CHA(2)DS(2)VASc score during the follow-up. RESULTS: Four hundred sixty-eight patients without AF were enrolled with a mean follow-up of 12 ± 6 months. Age was 64.9 ± 11.3 years. The prevalence of HTN was 88.4%, diabetes 37.6%, heart failure 26.3%, and vascular disease 61.7%. Overall, CHA(2)DS(2)VASc score was 3.4 ± 1.4. There were 15 major adverse cardiac outcomes during 12.2 months of follow-up (overall incidence of 3.2 per 100 person-years). We found significant differences in relation to gender, age, previous stroke, and follow-up length in patients with and without adverse outcomes. The CHA(2)DS(2)VASc score was higher in those with adverse outcomes (4.2 ± 1.7 vs 3.4 ± 1.4; P = 0.035). Patients with a CHA(2)DS(2)VASc ≥6 had a relative risk for adverse outcomes of 4.2 (95% confidence interval: 1.27-13.90). CONCLUSIONS: In our population, CHA(2)DS(2)VASc score predicts major adverse cardiac outcomes, including stroke and death, in a cohort of patients without AF.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality , Diabetes Complications/mortality , Proportional Hazards Models , Risk Assessment/methods , Stroke/mortality , Age Distribution , Aged , Ambulatory Care , Atrial Fibrillation , Brazil/epidemiology , Comorbidity , Death, Sudden, Cardiac , Female , Humans , Incidence , Male , Prognosis , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and Specificity , Sex Distribution , Survival RateABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN: la fibrilación auricular es la arritmia cardiaca sostenida más frecuente. Se asocia con tasas aumentadas de morbilidad y mortalidad por accidente cerebrovascular y otros trastornos tromboembólicos, para lo que está indicado el uso profiláctico de tratamiento antitrombótico, según la valoración por escalas de riesgo (CHA2DS2VASc). OBJETIVO: determinar la frecuencia de utilización de la anticoagulación en la fibrilación auricular no reumática para profilaxis de trastornos tromboembólicos. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo en pacientes con fibrilación auricular atendidos en el Hospital "Hermanos Ameijeiras" aplicando la escala de riesgo para enfermedad tromboembólica CHA2DS2VASc. Se aplicaron pruebas estadísticas descriptivas. RESULTADOS: de 89 pacientes con fibrilación auricular, la edad promedio fue 77,1 ± 9,5 años, hubo predominio del sexo masculino (56,2 %). El factor de riesgo que más se asoció a la fibrilación fue la hipertensión arterial en 71,9 % de los casos. Al aplicar la escala de riesgo, se clasificaron como de alto riesgo 88 pacientes, de los que no recibió tratamiento el 69,3 %, con antiagregación simple el 15,7 %, con antiagregación doble el 1,1 % y solo en el 13,6 % se empleó la anticoagulación. Ningún paciente con fibrilación auricular de alto riesgo para trastornos tromboembólicos tuvo puntuación mayor de 3 y, por lo tanto, sin contraindicación para el uso de anticoagulantes, según la escala de riesgo de sangrado HAS-BLED. CONCLUSIÓN: es insuficiente el uso de la anticoagulación oral en los pacientes que ingresan en nuestro servicio con el diagnóstico de fibrilación auricular y alto riesgo de accidente cerebrovascular.
INTRODUCTION: atrial fibrillation is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia. It is associated with increased morbidity and mortality from stroke and other thromboembolic disorders. A antithrombotic treatment is indicated for prophylactic use, as assessed by risk scores (CHA2DS2-VASc). OBJECTIVE: determine the frequency of anticoagulation use in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation prophylaxis of thromboembolic disorders. METHODS: a retrospective observational study was conducted in patients with atrial fibrillation treated at Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital applying the risk scale for thromboembolism CHA2DS2-VASc. Descriptive statistics tests were applied. RESULTS: out of 89 patients with atrial fibrillation, the mean age was 77.1 ± 9.5 years, there was a predominance of males (56.2 %). The risk factor most frequently associated with atrial fibrillation was hypertension in 71.9 % of cases. In applying the risk scale, 88 patients were classified as high risk, 69.3 % of them received no treatment, 15.7 % had single antiplatelet therapy, 1.1 % had dual antiplatelet therapy, and only 13.6 % had anticoagulation. No patients with atrial fibrillation at high risk for thromboembolic disorders had a higher score of 3 and, therefore, there was no contraindication for the use of anticoagulants, according to the bleeding risk scale HAS-BLED. CONCLUSION: it is insufficient the use of oral anticoagulation in patients admitted to our service with a diagnosis of atrial fibrillation and high risk of stroke.