Prevalence and effect of intramammary infection due to coagulase-negative staphylococcal (CNS) species in somatic cell counts in milk from Holstein dairy cows in Boyaca, Colombia / Prevalencia y efecto de la infección intramamaria debida a especies de estafilococos coagulasa negativo (ECN) en el conteo de células somáticas en leche de vacas Holstein en Boyacá, Colombia

ABSTRACT Mastitis is one of the most important illnesses in specialized dairy herds worldwide due to the effects on production and animal health. The types caused by CNS has a special importance in a production where the main pathogens are controlled. The objective of the present work is to determine the prevalence of CNS in a dairy herd in Boyaca and also quantify the effects of every species of CNS in SCC. 40 cows were selected and sampled during 6 months, CMT was performed, and results from 1 to trace were sampled. The routine bacteriological test was also performed for CNS identification, and the isolating of CNS was performed through rpoB gene identification and through the type of strain using the pulse gel electrophoresis procedure. Out of 960 samples, 619 were positive for CNS growth. The most prevalent species were Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. chromogenes, S. sciuri, S. simulaans, S. haemolyticus and S. capitis. The results that were found here are similar to the results observed in different parts of the world, which confirms that they are pathogens that must be constantly evaluated because they can go unnoticed in routine controls, especially in those farms where major pathogens are not a serious problem. The results determined in this study demonstrate that CNS generates a slight increase in somatic cells.

RESUMEN La mastitis es una de las enfermedades más importantes en los rebaños lecheros especializados alrededor de todo el mundo debido a los efectos sobre la producción y la salud animal. Los tipos ocasionados por estafilococos coagualasa negativo (ECN) tienen una importancia especial en una producción en la que los principales patógenos están controlados. El objetivo del presente trabajo es determinar la prevalência del ECN en un hato lechero en Boyacá y cuantificar los efectos de cada especie de ECN en el conteo de células somáticas (CCS). Se seleccionaron 40 vacas y se tomaron muestras durante 6 meses, se realizó california mastitis test (CMT) y se tomaron muestras de los resultados desde 1 hasta donde hubo trazas. También se realizó la prueba bacteriológica de rutina para la identificación del ECN y el aislamiento del ECN se realizó mediante la identificación del gen rpoB y del tipo de cepa, usando el procedimiento de electroforesis en gel de pulso. De 960 muestras, 619 fueron positivas para el crecimiento del ECN. Las especies más prevalentes fueron Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. chromogenes, S. sciuri, S. simulans, S. haemolyticus y S. capitis. Los resultados encontrados aquí son similares a resultados en diferentes partes del mundo, lo que confirma que son patógenos que deben ser evaluados constantemente porque pueden pasar desapercibidos en los controles de rutina, especialmente en aquellas fincas donde los patógenos mayores no son un problema grave. Los resultados determinados en este estudio demuestran que el SNC genera un ligero aumento de células somáticas.

Effect of the type of milking on mammary gland examination in Saanen goats / Efeito do tipo de ordenha sobre o exame da glândula mamária de cabras Saanen

This research evaluated the effect of milking on the physical exam of the mammary gland (MG) and milk examination in Saanen goats. Six properties were selected, four farms were used after evaluation of criteria selection and distributed in two groups according to the milking method: manual or mechanical. The physical examination of MG was performed using the techniques of inspection and palpation, in addition to the examination of the milk by strip cup, California Mastitis Test, somatic cell count, and bacteriological exam. It was possible to detect an association between the milking method with the most of physical exam of the MG: inspection of the MG (p = 0.001), inspection of the teat (p = 0.002), palpation of the MG (p = 0.054) and palpation of the teat (p = 0.036). The machine milking had an association with the reduction of the volume of MG (OR = 6.00), reduction of the teat size (OR = 16.19), and firm consistency of mammary parenchyma (OR = 2.39). The use of machine milking represented a less risk for an increase of the volume of the MG volume (OR = 0.288) and the presence of cisternitis (OR = 0.490). The association between the SCC and the type of milking was also detected (p = 0.002). Machine milking was associated with changesin the physical exam of MG and milk examination compatible with traumatic lesions. This information indicates inappropriate use of milking equipment in the dairy goat's properties.(AU)

Esta pesquisa avaliou o efeito da ordenha sobre o exame físico da glândula mamária (GM) e do leite em cabras Saanen. Seis propriedades foram selecionadas, quatro fazendas foram utilizadas após avaliação da seleção dos critérios e distribuídas em dois grupos de acordo com o método de ordenha: manual ou mecânico. O exame físico da GM foi realizado utilizando as técnicas de inspeção e palpação, além do exame do leite pelo teste da caneca de fundo escuro, California Mastitis Test, contagem de células somáticas e exame bacteriológico. Foi possível detectar uma associação entre o método de ordenha com a maioria dos exames físicos da GM: inspeção da GM (p = 0,001), inspeção do teto (p = 0,002), palpação da GM (p = 0,054) e palpação do teto (p = 0,036). A ordenha mecânica associou-se com a redução do volume de GM (OR = 6,00), redução do tamanho do teto (OR = 16,19) e consistência firme do parênquima mamário (OR = 2,39). O uso da ordenha mecânica representou menor risco para o aumento do volume do volume da GM (OR = 0,288) e presença da cisternite (OR = 0,490). Também foi detectada a associação entre a CCS e o tipo de ordenha (p = 0,002). A ordenha mecânica foi associada com as alterações no exame físico de GM e do leite compatíveis com lesões traumáticas. Essas informações indicam o uso inadequado do equipamento de ordenha na criação de cabras leiteiras.(AU)

Effect of the type of milking on mammary gland examination in Saanen goats / Efeito do tipo de ordenha sobre o exame da glândula mamária de cabras Saanen

This research evaluated the effect of milking on the physical exam of the mammary gland (MG) and milk examination in Saanen goats. Six properties were selected, four farms were used after evaluation of criteria selection and distributed in two groups according to the milking method: manual or mechanical. The physical examination of MG was performed using the techniques of inspection and palpation, in addition to the examination of the milk by strip cup, California Mastitis Test, somatic cell count, and bacteriological exam. It was possible to detect an association between the milking method with the most of physical exam of the MG: inspection of the MG (p = 0.001), inspection of the teat (p = 0.002), palpation of the MG (p = 0.054) and palpation of the teat (p = 0.036). The machine milking had an association with the reduction of the volume of MG (OR = 6.00), reduction of the teat size (OR = 16.19), and firm consistency of mammary parenchyma (OR = 2.39). The use of machine milking represented a less risk for an increase of the volume of the MG volume (OR = 0.288) and the presence of cisternitis (OR = 0.490). The association between the SCC and the type of milking was also detected (p = 0.002). Machine milking was associated with changesin the physical exam of MG and milk examination compatible with traumatic lesions. This information indicates inappropriate use of milking equipment in the dairy goat's properties.(AU)

Esta pesquisa avaliou o efeito da ordenha sobre o exame físico da glândula mamária (GM) e do leite em cabras Saanen. Seis propriedades foram selecionadas, quatro fazendas foram utilizadas após avaliação da seleção dos critérios e distribuídas em dois grupos de acordo com o método de ordenha: manual ou mecânico. O exame físico da GM foi realizado utilizando as técnicas de inspeção e palpação, além do exame do leite pelo teste da caneca de fundo escuro, California Mastitis Test, contagem de células somáticas e exame bacteriológico. Foi possível detectar uma associação entre o método de ordenha com a maioria dos exames físicos da GM: inspeção da GM (p = 0,001), inspeção do teto (p = 0,002), palpação da GM (p = 0,054) e palpação do teto (p = 0,036). A ordenha mecânica associou-se com a redução do volume de GM (OR = 6,00), redução do tamanho do teto (OR = 16,19) e consistência firme do parênquima mamário (OR = 2,39). O uso da ordenha mecânica representou menor risco para o aumento do volume do volume da GM (OR = 0,288) e presença da cisternite (OR = 0,490). Também foi detectada a associação entre a CCS e o tipo de ordenha (p = 0,002). A ordenha mecânica foi associada com as alterações no exame físico de GM e do leite compatíveis com lesões traumáticas. Essas informações indicam o uso inadequado do equipamento de ordenha na criação de cabras leiteiras.(AU)

Bacterial and fungal infectious etiology causing mastitis in dairy cows in the highlands of Boyacá (Colombia) / Etiología bacteriana y micótica infecciosa causante de mastitis en vacas lecheras en el altiplano boyacense (Colombia)

ABSTRACT Mastitis is one of the most important diseases for the dairy industry worldwide due to the great economic losses it causes, and the bacterial agents that cause it vary from one herd to another. The objective of the investigation was to determine the infectious agents involved in the development of mastitis in specialized dairies herds in the Highlands of Boyacá, Colombia. Was performed CMT tests in 4432 teats to determine the positive results for inflammation (CMT + 2), sampling in aseptic material of positives quarters, identification and differentiation through microbiological cultures, Gram staining, and biochemical tests of bacterial and fungal agents present in milk samples. It was determined that the total prevalence varied in the three years of the study as follows: in 2016, 45.19%; in 2017, 51.06% and in 2018, 39.76%. The months of April, May, and September, October presented the highest number of teats affected with mastitis during the three years of study. Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus were the most prevalent microorganisms that cause mastitis in the three study years. There was an increase in the prevalence of infected teats corresponding to the months (April, May, September, and October) due to rainfall increases. The contagious pathogens were most prevalent that environmental pathogens.

RESUMEN La mastitis es una de las enfermedades más importantes para la industria lechera a nivel mundial debido a las grandes pérdidas económicas que genera; además, los agentes que la generan varían de un rebaño a otro. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar los agentes infecciosos involucrados en el desarrollo de mastitis en lecherías especializadas del departamento de Boyacá (Colombia). Se realizaron pruebas de CMT a 4432 cuartos para determinar los positivos a inflamación (CMT+2), toma de muestras en material aséptico de cuartos positivos, identificación y diferenciación a través de cultivos microbiológicos, tinción de Gram y pruebas bioquímicas de los agentes bacterianos y micóticos presentes en las muestras de leche. Se determinó que la prevalencia total varió en los tres años de estudio así: en el año 2016, 45,19%; en el 2017, 51,06%, y en el 2018, 39,76%. Los meses de abril-mayo y septiembre-octubre presentaron la mayor cantidad de cuartos afectados con mastitis a lo largo de los tres años de estudio. Finalmente, se determinó que Streptococcus agalactiae y Staphylococcus aureus, microorganismos que generan mastitis, fueron los de mayor prevalencia durante los tres años de estudio debido a un aumento en las lluvias. Los patógenos contagiosos causantes de mastitis fueron los más prevalentes, por encima de los medioambientales.

Uso de modelos de regressão logística para avaliar a composição físico-química do leite bovino in natura / Logistic regression models for evaluation of physico-chemical composition of bovine milk in natura

This study aimed to evaluation, through logistic regression model, the relationship between physical-chemistry composition of bovine milk in natura and probability of occurrence of mastitis in crossbred female cattle from Hostein, Gyr and Jersey breed. The result of the CMT (positive =1 and negative = 0) was used to study the probability of occurrence of mastitis that was modeled using logistic regression. The final model consists of fat, lactose and somatic cell count (SCC) was selected by the Stepwise procedure available in SAS® , from the regressive variables farm, protein, degreased dry extract, fat, lactose, and SCC. It was observed that 53.86% of the animals had subclinical mastitis. The CCS, fat and lactose influenced the probability of incidence of mastitis and an increase in one unit of these variables is associated with an increase of 0.4% and 52.8% and reduction of 96.5%, respectively in the probability of incidence of mastitis. The CCS is the variable with the greatest impact on probability of mastitis, and the count of 600.000 cells/mL result in the 28% of probability of incidence of mastitis. The logistic regression model to quantify the impact from mastitis in the physical-chemistry composition of milk in natura in the dairy herd.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar, por meio de regressão logística, a relação entre composição físico-química do leite in natura e probabilidade de ocorrência de mastite em fêmeas mestiças Holandês, Gir e Jersey. O resultado do teste de CMT (positivo=1 e negativo=0) foi utilizado para estudo da probabilidade de ocorrência de mastite que foi modelada por meio de regressão logística. O modelo final composto por teor de gordura, lactose e contagem de células somáticas (CCS) foi escolhido por meio do procedimento Stepwise, disponível em SAS® , a partir das variáveis regressoras fazenda, teores de proteína, extrato seco desengordurado (ESD), gordura, lactose, e CCS. Observou-se que 53,86% dos animais apresentaram mastite subclínica. As variáveis CCS e teores de gordura e lactose influenciaram a probabilidade de ocorrência de mastite e incrementos de uma unidade de CCS, gordura e lactose possibilitam aumento de 0,4% e 52,8% e redução de 96,5%, respectivamente na probabilidade de ocorrência de mastite. A contagem de célula somática é a variável de maior impacto sendo que 600.000 células/mL resulta em 28% de probabilidade de ocorrência de mastite. O modelo de regressão logística permitiu quantificar o impacto da presença de mastite no rebanho e a composição físico-química do leite in natura.(AU)

Uso de modelos de regressão logística para avaliar a composição físico-química do leite bovino in natura / Logistic regression models for evaluation of physico-chemical composition of bovine milk in natura

This study aimed to evaluation, through logistic regression model, the relationship between physical-chemistry composition of bovine milk in natura and probability of occurrence of mastitis in crossbred female cattle from Hostein, Gyr and Jersey breed. The result of the CMT (positive =1 and negative = 0) was used to study the probability of occurrence of mastitis that was modeled using logistic regression. The final model consists of fat, lactose and somatic cell count (SCC) was selected by the Stepwise procedure available in SAS® , from the regressive variables farm, protein, degreased dry extract, fat, lactose, and SCC. It was observed that 53.86% of the animals had subclinical mastitis. The CCS, fat and lactose influenced the probability of incidence of mastitis and an increase in one unit of these variables is associated with an increase of 0.4% and 52.8% and reduction of 96.5%, respectively in the probability of incidence of mastitis. The CCS is the variable with the greatest impact on probability of mastitis, and the count of 600.000 cells/mL result in the 28% of probability of incidence of mastitis. The logistic regression model to quantify the impact from mastitis in the physical-chemistry composition of milk in natura in the dairy herd.

Objetivou-se avaliar, por meio de regressão logística, a relação entre composição físico-química do leite in natura e probabilidade de ocorrência de mastite em fêmeas mestiças Holandês, Gir e Jersey. O resultado do teste de CMT (positivo=1 e negativo=0) foi utilizado para estudo da probabilidade de ocorrência de mastite que foi modelada por meio de regressão logística. O modelo final composto por teor de gordura, lactose e contagem de células somáticas (CCS) foi escolhido por meio do procedimento Stepwise, disponível em SAS® , a partir das variáveis regressoras fazenda, teores de proteína, extrato seco desengordurado (ESD), gordura, lactose, e CCS. Observou-se que 53,86% dos animais apresentaram mastite subclínica. As variáveis CCS e teores de gordura e lactose influenciaram a probabilidade de ocorrência de mastite e incrementos de uma unidade de CCS, gordura e lactose possibilitam aumento de 0,4% e 52,8% e redução de 96,5%, respectivamente na probabilidade de ocorrência de mastite. A contagem de célula somática é a variável de maior impacto sendo que 600.000 células/mL resulta em 28% de probabilidade de ocorrência de mastite. O modelo de regressão logística permitiu quantificar o impacto da presença de mastite no rebanho e a composição físico-química do leite in natura.

Uso de modelos de regressão logística para avaliar a composição físico-química do leite bovino in natura

SUMMARY This study aimed to evaluation, through logistic regression model, the relationship between physical-chemistry composition of bovine milk in natura and probability of occurrence of mastitis in crossbred female cattle from Hostein, Gyr and Jersey breed. The result of the CMT (positive =1 and negative = 0) was used to study the probability of occurrence of mastitis that was modeled using logistic regression. The final model consists of fat, lactose and somatic cell count (SCC) was selected by the Stepwise procedure available in SAS®, from the regressive variables farm, protein, degreased dry extract, fat, lactose, and SCC. It was observed that 53.86% of the animals had subclinical mastitis. The CCS, fat and lactose influenced the probability of incidence of mastitis and an increase in one unit of these variables is associated with an increase of 0.4% and 52.8% and reduction of 96.5%, respectively in the probability of incidence of mastitis. The CCS is the variable with the greatest impact on probability of mastitis, and the count of 600.000 cells/mL result in the 28% of probability of incidence of mastitis. The logistic regression model to quantify the impact from mastitis in the physical-chemistry composition of milk in natura in the dairy herd.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar, por meio de regressão logística, a relação entre composição físico-química do leite in natura e probabilidade de ocorrência de mastite em fêmeas mestiças Holandês, Gir e Jersey. O resultado do teste de CMT (positivo=1 e negativo=0) foi utilizado para estudo da probabilidade de ocorrência de mastite que foi modelada por meio de regressão logística. O modelo final composto por teor de gordura, lactose e contagem de células somáticas (CCS) foi escolhido por meio do procedimento Stepwise, disponível em SAS®, a partir das variáveis regressoras fazenda, teores de proteína, extrato seco desengordurado (ESD), gordura, lactose, e CCS. Observou-se que 53,86% dos animais apresentaram mastite subclínica. As variáveis CCS e teores de gordura e lactose influenciaram a probabilidade de ocorrência de mastite e incrementos de uma unidade de CCS, gordura e lactose possibilitam aumento de 0,4% e 52,8% e redução de 96,5%, respectivamente na probabilidade de ocorrência de mastite. A contagem de célula somática é a variável de maior impacto sendo que 600.000 células/mL resulta em 28% de probabilidade de ocorrência de mastite. O modelo de regressão logística permitiu quantificar o impacto da presença de mastite no rebanho e a composição físico-química do leite in natura.

Uso de modelos de regressão logística para avaliar a composição físico-química do leite bovino in natura

SUMMARY This study aimed to evaluation, through logistic regression model, the relationship between physical-chemistry composition of bovine milk in natura and probability of occurrence of mastitis in crossbred female cattle from Hostein, Gyr and Jersey breed. The result of the CMT (positive =1 and negative = 0) was used to study the probability of occurrence of mastitis that was modeled using logistic regression. The final model consists of fat, lactose and somatic cell count (SCC) was selected by the Stepwise procedure available in SAS®, from the regressive variables farm, protein, degreased dry extract, fat, lactose, and SCC. It was observed that 53.86% of the animals had subclinical mastitis. The CCS, fat and lactose influenced the probability of incidence of mastitis and an increase in one unit of these variables is associated with an increase of 0.4% and 52.8% and reduction of 96.5%, respectively in the probability of incidence of mastitis. The CCS is the variable with the greatest impact on probability of mastitis, and the count of 600.000 cells/mL result in the 28% of probability of incidence of mastitis. The logistic regression model to quantify the impact from mastitis in the physical-chemistry composition of milk in natura in the dairy herd.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar, por meio de regressão logística, a relação entre composição físico-química do leite in natura e probabilidade de ocorrência de mastite em fêmeas mestiças Holandês, Gir e Jersey. O resultado do teste de CMT (positivo=1 e negativo=0) foi utilizado para estudo da probabilidade de ocorrência de mastite que foi modelada por meio de regressão logística. O modelo final composto por teor de gordura, lactose e contagem de células somáticas (CCS) foi escolhido por meio do procedimento Stepwise, disponível em SAS®, a partir das variáveis regressoras fazenda, teores de proteína, extrato seco desengordurado (ESD), gordura, lactose, e CCS. Observou-se que 53,86% dos animais apresentaram mastite subclínica. As variáveis CCS e teores de gordura e lactose influenciaram a probabilidade de ocorrência de mastite e incrementos de uma unidade de CCS, gordura e lactose possibilitam aumento de 0,4% e 52,8% e redução de 96,5%, respectivamente na probabilidade de ocorrência de mastite. A contagem de célula somática é a variável de maior impacto sendo que 600.000 células/mL resulta em 28% de probabilidade de ocorrência de mastite. O modelo de regressão logística permitiu quantificar o impacto da presença de mastite no rebanho e a composição físico-química do leite in natura.

Frecuencia y susceptibilidad antimicrobiana del estafilococo coagulasa negativo aislado de mastitis bovina en fincas lecheras del Tolima, Colombia / Frequency and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Coagulase-negative Staphylococci Isolated from Bovine Mastitis in Dairy Farms from Tolima, Colombia / Frequência e susceptibilidade antimicrobiana do estafilococo coagulase negativo isolado de mastite bovina em fazendas produtoras de leite do Tolima, na Colômbia

Objetivo: Determinar la presencia y susceptibilidad antimicrobiana del grupo estafilococo coagulasa negativo (ECN) en algunas fincas ganaderas de Tolima, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Mediante la prueba de California para el diagnóstico de mastitis (CMT), se evaluaron 484 cuartos pertenecientes a 121 vacas de cinco fincas ganaderas de pequeña producción de una región del centro de Tolima. Las muestras positivas al CMT se cultivaron para aislamiento bacteriológico. A los ECN encontrados se les realizaron pruebas de susceptibilidad frente a los antibióticos. Los resultados se analizaron con estadística descriptiva. Resultados: 252 (52%) cuartos no presentaron ningún tipo de reacción al CMT, ni signos clínicos de mastitis, por lo cual se consideraron libres de la enfermedad. De los cuartos, 73 (15%) fueron positivos para CMT y cultivo bacteriológico. De estos se aislaron 36 cepas de ECN (7,4% del total de cuartos); S. aureus-ECP, 28 (5,8%); Streptococcus spp., 6 ( 1,2%); Escherichia coli, 2 (0,4%), y Klebsiella pneumoniae, 2 (0,2%). La mastitis clínica y subclínica en el cuarto se presentó en 1,4% y 13,6%, respectivamente. En 5 (1,0%) de los cuartos se encontró mastitis clínica causada por ECN y mastitis subclínica en 31 (6,4%). El 61% de las cepas de ECN fue resistente a penicilina, y el 58%, a tetraciclina; el 97% fue sensible a cefoperazona. Conclusión: El grupo ECN, considerado un emergente mundial de mastitis, es evidenciado con alta frecuencia en fincas ganaderas de Tolima, Colombia, lo que causa mastitis clínica y subclínica con variada respuesta a los antimicrobianos.

Objective: To determine the antimicrobial presence and susceptibility of the coagulase-negative staphylococci group (ECN, for its initials in Spanish) in some cattle farms from Tolima, Colombia. Materials and methods: Using the California test for the diagnosis of mastitis (CMT, for its initials in Spanish), 484 quarters belonging to 121 cows from five small production ranches from a region of central Tolima were evaluated. CMT positive samples were cultivated for bacterial isolation. The ECN found were tested for susceptibility to the antibiotics. The results were analyzed with descriptive statistics. Results: 252 (52%) quarters did not show any type of reaction to the CMT, nor did they show any clinical signs of mastitis, therefore they were considered free of the disease. From the quarters, 73 (15%) turned positive for CMT and bacteriological culture. From these, 36 strains of ECN were isolated (7.4% of the total of quarters); S. aureus-ECP, 28 (5.8%); Streptococcus spp., 6 (1.2%).; Escherichia coli, 2 (0.4%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae, 2 (0.2%). The clinical and subclinical mastitis in the quarter occurred in 1.4% and 13.6%, respectively. In 5 (1.0%) of the quarters, clinical mastitis caused by ECN was found and subclinical mastitis in 31 (6.4%). 61% of the ECN strains were resistant to penicillin, and 58%, to tetracycline; 97% were sensitive to cefoperazone. Conclusion: The ECN group, considered a global emergent of mastitis, is evidenced with high frequency in ranches from Tolima, Colombia, causing clinical and sub-clinical mastitis with varied response to antimicrobials.

Objetivo: Determinar a presença e susceptibilidade antimicrobiana do grupo estafilococo coagulase negativo (ECN) em algumas fazendas de gado do Tolima, na Colômbia. Materiais e métodos: Mediante a prova de Califórnia para o diagnóstico de mastite (CMT), se avaliaram 484 quartos pertencentes a 121 vacas de cinco fazendas de gado de pequena produção de uma região do centro do Tolima. As amostras positivas ao CMT se cultivaram para isolamento bacteriológico. Aos ECN encontrados foram-lhes realizadas provas de susceptibilidade diante dos antibióticos. Os resultados se analisaram com estatística descritiva. Resultados: 252 (52%) quartos não apresentaram nenhum tipo de reação ao CMT, nem signos clínicos de mastite, razão pela qual foram considerados livres da doença. Dos quartos, 73 (15%) foram positivos para CMT e cultivo bacteriológico. Destes se isolaram 36 cepas de ECN (7,4% do total de quartos); S. aureus-ECP, 28 (5,8%); Streptococcus spp., 6 (1,2%); Escherichia coli, 2 (0,4%), e Klebsiella pneumoniae, 2 (0,2%). A mastite clínica e subclínica no quarto se apresentaram em 1,4% e 13,6%, respectivamente. Em 5 (1,0%) dos quartos se encontrou mastite clínica causada por ECN e mastite subclínica em 31 (6,4%). Em 61% das cepas de ECN foram resistentes à penicilina, e o 58%, à tetraciclina; o 97% foram sensíveis à cefoperazona. Conclusão: o grupo ECN, considerado um emergente mundial de mastite, é evidenciado com alta frequência em fazendas de gado do Tolima, na Colômbia, o que causa mastite clínica e subclínica com variada resposta aos antimicrobianos.

Prevalence and etiology of bovine mastitis in the Nova Tebas, Parana / Prevalência e etiologia da mastite bovina na região de Nova Tebas, Paraná

Mastitis is an infection which often commits animals assigned for milk production. It has been the major price raise factor for dairy cattle breeding. Economical losses impact on professional fees, drugs, death and early discard of the animal as well as dairy companies as a result of the downturn in product end-quality, decrease of industrial procedure regarding dairy product manufacturing and changes in mastitic milk composition. Considering the relevance of such disease, this study verifies mastitis prevalence and etiology in the region of Nova Tebas, PR by analyzing 336 lactating dairy cows from 17 farms, totalizing 1324 mammary quarters through CMT, SCS and bacterial isolation. Negative (1120 mammary quarters 84.6%) and positive (204 mammary quarters 15.4%) results for CMT were verified. Among the positive quarters, 155 (75.9%) presented bacterial growth higher prevalence of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus SCN 51 (32.9%), Streptococcus sp. 49 (31.6%); Corynebacterium bovis 19 (12.3%), coagulase-positive Staphylococcus SCP 19 (12.3%), Gram-negative bacilli (BGN) 12 (7.7%), Corynebacterium sp. 3 (1.9%), and Candida sp. 2 (1.2%). Results show that mastitis in the region of Nova Tebas is compatible to those found all over Brazil together with the highest prevalent etiological agents. Such profile of animals with mastitis can be noticed from screening tests used for mastitis such as CMT and SCS.(AU)

A mastite é a infecção mais frequente dos animais destinados à produção de leite e que mais onera a pecuária leiteira. As perdas econômicas são causadas tanto pelos honorários profissionais, medicamentos, morte ou descarte precoce de animais, bem como em laticínios, pela queda na qualidade do produto final e diminuição no rendimento industrial para a fabricação dos seus derivados e pelas alterações na composição do leite mastítico. Considerando a relevância desta enfermidade, este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a prevalência e etiologia de mastite na região de Nova Tebas PR, analisando 336 vacas em lactação de 17 propriedades, totalizando 1324 quartos mamários através do CMT, CCS e isolamento bacteriano. Verificou-se 1120 quartos mamários (84,6%) negativos no teste de CMT e 204 (15,4%) positivos. Dentre os quartos positivos, 155 (75,9%) apresentaram crescimento bacteriano, verificando a maior prevalência Staphylococcus coagulase negativa - SCN 51 (32,9%), Streptococcus sp. 49 (31,6%), Corynebacterium bovis 19 (12,3%), Staphylococcus coagulase positiva - SCP 19 (12,3%), bacilo Gram negativo (BGN) 12 (7,7%), Corynebacterium sp. 3 (1,9%), e Candida sp. 2 (1,2%). Os resultados encontrados neste trabalho mostram que a prevalência de mastite na região de Nova Tebas é compatível aos encontrados nas demais regiões do Brasil, bem como os agentes etiológicos mais frequentes.(AU)

Applicability of on-farm testing methodologies for the detection of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows and their contribution for animal welfare / Aplicabilidade de testes ao pé da vaca para detecção de mastite subclínica em vacas leiteiras e sua contribuição para o bem-estar animal

Mastitis is an infection of mammary glands caused by microorganisms, which affects the dairy cattle worldwide. Subclinical mastitis are asymptomatic, but with decrease in production. Diagnosis is made through somatic cell count (SCC) in milk, and the greater the amount of these cells, the greater the productivity loss from the animal. In this research we tested the applicability of on-farm testing methodologies for the rapid diagnosis of Subclinical Mastitis, by the use of the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and a modified Wisconsin Mastitis Test (Somaticell®) at the time to perform manual milking. Forty five 45 lactating cows, belonging to three family dairy farms located at the following Regions of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil: Coastal Lowlands; Metropolitan; and Northwest, were analyzed. From 177 mammary quarters tested, 73 (41.2%) presented positive result at CMT (Figure 1), and 82 (46.3%) positive result at Somaticell® (Figure 2). There was a variation of 5.1% between one test and the other; 17 teats (7 animals) presented positive result at Somaticell® and negative at CMT, while 8 teats (2 animals) presented positive result at CMT and negative at Somaticell®. Three cows had already lost one mammary quarter. Both tests have a visual reading, although CMT is a qualitative test with subjective reading of positivity: negative (-), positive (+, ++, +++ e ++++), and Somaticell® h

O artigo não possui resumo em português.

Prevalence and etiology of bovine mastitis in the Nova Tebas, Parana / Prevalência e etiologia da mastite bovina na região de Nova Tebas, Paraná

Mastitis is an infection which often commits animals assigned for milk production. It has been the major price raise factor for dairy cattle breeding. Economical losses impact on professional fees, drugs, death and early discard of the animal as well as dairy companies as a result of the downturn in product end-quality, decrease of industrial procedure regarding dairy product manufacturing and changes in mastitic milk composition. Considering the relevance of such disease, this study verifies mastitis prevalence and etiology in the region of Nova Tebas, PR by analyzing 336 lactating dairy cows from 17 farms, totalizing 1324 mammary quarters through CMT, SCS and bacterial isolation. Negative (1120 mammary quarters 84.6%) and positive (204 mammary quarters 15.4%) results for CMT were verified. Among the positive quarters, 155 (75.9%) presented bacterial growth higher prevalence of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus SCN 51 (32.9%), Streptococcus sp. 49 (31.6%); Corynebacterium bovis 19 (12.3%), coagulase-positive Staphylococcus SCP 19 (12.3%), Gram-negative bacilli (BGN) 12 (7.7%), Corynebacterium sp. 3 (1.9%), and Candida sp. 2 (1.2%). Results show that mastitis in the region of Nova Tebas is compatible to those found all over Brazil together with the highest prevalent etiological agents. Such profile of animals with mastitis can be noticed from screening tests used for mastitis such as CMT and SCS.

A mastite é a infecção mais frequente dos animais destinados à produção de leite e que mais onera a pecuária leiteira. As perdas econômicas são causadas tanto pelos honorários profissionais, medicamentos, morte ou descarte precoce de animais, bem como em laticínios, pela queda na qualidade do produto final e diminuição no rendimento industrial para a fabricação dos seus derivados e pelas alterações na composição do leite mastítico. Considerando a relevância desta enfermidade, este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a prevalência e etiologia de mastite na região de Nova Tebas PR, analisando 336 vacas em lactação de 17 propriedades, totalizando 1324 quartos mamários através do CMT, CCS e isolamento bacteriano. Verificou-se 1120 quartos mamários (84,6%) negativos no teste de CMT e 204 (15,4%) positivos. Dentre os quartos positivos, 155 (75,9%) apresentaram crescimento bacteriano, verificando a maior prevalência Staphylococcus coagulase negativa - SCN 51 (32,9%), Streptococcus sp. 49 (31,6%), Corynebacterium bovis 19 (12,3%), Staphylococcus coagulase positiva - SCP 19 (12,3%), bacilo Gram negativo (BGN) 12 (7,7%), Corynebacterium sp. 3 (1,9%), e Candida sp. 2 (1,2%). Os resultados encontrados neste trabalho mostram que a prevalência de mastite na região de Nova Tebas é compatível aos encontrados nas demais regiões do Brasil, bem como os agentes etiológicos mais frequentes.

Ocorrência de mastite em búfalas (Bubalus bubalis) criadas em sistema extensivo no estado do Pará, Brasil / Mastitis occurrence in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) extensively farmed in the state of Para, Brazil

Descreveu-se a ocorrência de mastite em 87 búfalas do Estado do Pará, em diferentes fases de lactação, mantidas em sistema de criação extensivo. Foram realizados o exame clínico da glândula mamária, o California Mastitis Test, o exame bacteriológico do leite e o perfil de sensibilidade a antimicrobianos. Amostras de leite foram colhidas de todos os quartos mamários avaliados, assepticamente, exceto na ausência de secreção láctea. Dos 348 quartos mamários examinados, 89,37% não reagiram ao California Mastitis Test e 5,46% reagiram; 2,87% dos quartos mamários apresentavam mastite clínica e 2,3% não apresentavam secreção láctea. Nas amostras reagentes ao California Mastitis Test, Streptococcus spp. foi o agente isolado em maior percentual, seguido por Staphylococcus aureus e Staphylococcus intermedius. Das amostras não reagentes ao California Mastitis Test houve crescimento bacteriano em 24,8%, sendo Staphylococcus coagulase negativa o agente mais presente, seguido por S. intermedius, S. aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae e Streptococcus spp. No antibiograma, os isolados de estafilococos coagulase negativas foram sensíveis à gentamicina e resistentes à penicilina. Para os isolados de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, amoxicilina e cefalotina foram os antimicrobianos de eleição. Streptococcus spp. foram sensíveis à amoxicilina e sulfazotrim. Todos S. agalactiae foram sensíveis à amoxicilina e tetraciclina. Conclui-se que a ocorrência de mastite foi baixa nos rebanhos estudados; o California Mastitis Test não se mostrou eficiente no diagnóstico da infecção intramamária, devendo sempre ser associado ao exame microbiológico e houve baixa resistência dos agentes isolados aos antimicrobianos testados, exceto em relação à penicilina.

It was described the occurrence of mastitis in 87 buffaloes from the state of Para at different stages of lactation and kept in extensive farming system. The clinical examination of the mammary gland, California Mastitis Test, bacteriological examination of milk and the antimicrobial susceptibility profile were performed. Milk samples were taken aseptically from all mammary quarters, except in the absence of milk secretion. Among the 348 mammary quarters examined 89.37% did not react to the California Mastitis Test and 5.46% reacted, 2.87% presented clinical mastitis and 2.3% did not show milk secretion. Streptococcus spp. was isolated from mammary glands with clinical mastitis. In California Mastitis Test-reagent samples Streptococcus spp. was isolated with a high percentual, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus intermedius. There was bacterial growth in 24.8% of California Mastitis Test-non-reagent samples, mainly coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, followed by Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus spp. The antibiogram revealed effectiveness of gentamicin against coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolates and low effectiveness of penicillin. Amoxicillin and cephalotin were the antimicrobials agents of choice for coagulase-positive Staphylococcus. Streptococcus spp. revealed sensitivity to amoxicillin and sulfazotrim and all S. agalactiae isolated were sensitive to amoxicillin and tetraciclin. It was concluded that there was a low occurrence of mastitis among the herds studied, the California Mastitis Test was not efficient to diagnose intramammary infection, thus it should ever be associated with microbiological exam and that there was low levels of resistence to all antimicrobials tested except penicillin.

Applicability of on-farm testing methodologies for the detection of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows and their contribution for animal welfare / Aplicabilidade de testes ao pé da vaca para detecção de mastite subclínica em vacas leiteiras e sua contribuição para o bem-estar animal

Mastitis is an infection of mammary glands caused by microorganisms, which affects the dairy cattle worldwide. Subclinical mastitis are asymptomatic, but with decrease in production. Diagnosis is made through somatic cell count (SCC) in milk, and the greater the amount of these cells, the greater the productivity loss from the animal. In this research we tested the applicability of on-farm testing methodologies for the rapid diagnosis of Subclinical Mastitis, by the use of the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and a modified Wisconsin Mastitis Test (Somaticell®) at the time to perform manual milking. Forty five 45 lactating cows, belonging to three family dairy farms located at the following Regions of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil: Coastal Lowlands; Metropolitan; and Northwest, were analyzed. From 177 mammary quarters tested, 73 (41.2%) presented positive result at CMT (Figure 1), and 82 (46.3%) positive result at Somaticell® (Figure 2). There was a variation of 5.1% between one test and the other; 17 teats (7 animals) presented positive result at Somaticell® and negative at CMT, while 8 teats (2 animals) presented positive result at CMT and negative at Somaticell®. Three cows had already lost one mammary quarter. Both tests have a visual reading, although CMT is a qualitative test with subjective reading of positivity: negative (-), positive (+, ++, +++ e ++++), and Somaticell® h

O artigo não possui resumo em português.

Fatores de risco para mastite e qualidade do leite no município de Altônia-PR / Risk factors for mastitis and milk quality in the county of Altonia_PR / Factores de riesgo para mastitis y calidad de la leche en el municipio de Altonia-PR

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo determinar a incidência da mastite, fatores de risco associados à mastite e avaliar a qualidade do leite no município de Altônia. Foram avaliadas 24 propriedades em um total de 248 vacas, nas quais se realizaram procedimentos nas propriedades, o teste da caneca telada, o California Mastitis Test, a coleta para exames laboratoriais e aplicação do questionário. Desse modo, 82 animais apresentaram reações positivas ao Califórnia Mastitis Test e destes 54 foram positivos ao exame microbiológico, perfazendo um índice de 21,80% de mastite. No exame microbiológico a maior prevalência foi de Staphylococcus aureus com 51,85%, seguida por Staphylococcus coagulase negativo (29,63%), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (5,56%); acompanhado de Staphylococcus coagulase positivo VP negativo (5,56%) e Corynebacterium sp. (5,56%). A mediana da contagem de células somáticas relacionado ao exame microbiológico para o Staphylococcus aureus foi 1.650 (CCS x 10³), e para o Staphylococcus coagulase negativo 1.324,5 (CCS x 10³). Em se tratando dos constituintes do leite, também não foram encontradas diferenças significativas em relação aos exames positivos dos principais isolados e negativos no exame microbiológico. Os fatores de risco com resultado estatisticamente significativo foi a não realização do pós-dipping; descarte de animais por mastite e a lavagem dos tetos com água. Considerando a detecção das falhas produtivas, medidas de controle estão sendo desenvolvidas para a melhoria da qualidade do leite no município e sanidade do rebanho.

This research aimed to determine the incidence of mastitis risk factors associated with mastitis and evaluate the quality of milk in the city of Altonia. We evaluated 24 properties for a total of 248 cows, which were performed procedures in the properties, the test mug screened, the California Mastitis Test, collection for laboratory tests and the questionnaire. 82 animals showed positive reactions to the California Mastitis Test and of these 54 were positive for microbiological examination, for a rate of 21.80% of mastitis. Microbiological examination was a higher prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus with 51.85%, followed by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (29.63%), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (5.56%), followed by Staphylococcus coagulase positive VP negative (5.56%) and Corynebacterium sp. (5.56%). The median somatic cell counts related to microbiological test for Staphylococcus aureus was 1.650 (CCS x 10 ³), and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus 1324.5 (CCS x 10 ³). In the case of milk constituents, also found no significant differences in relation to the examination of the main positive and negative isolates microbiological examination. Risk factors with a statistically significant result was not performing post-dipping; disposal of animal by mastitis and washing and washing of roofs with water. Considering the detection of failures productive, control measures are being developed to improve the quality of milk in the city and health of the herd.

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar la incidencia de mastitis, factores de riesgo asociados a la mastitis y evaluar la calidad de la leche en el municipio de Altônia. Se evaluó 24 propiedades con un total de 248 vacas, en las cuales se realizaron procedimientos en las propiedades, el test de la jarra con tela, el California Mastitis Test, la recopilación para exámenes de laboratorio y aplicación del cuestionario. Así, 82 animales mostraron reacciones positivas al California Mastitis Test y de estos 54 fueron positivos al examen microbiológico, con una tasa de 21,80% de mastitis. En el examen microbiológico la mayor prevalencia fue de Staphylococcus aureus con 51,85%, seguido por Staphylococcus coagulase negativo (29.63%), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (5,56%); seguido de Staphylococcus coagulase positivo VP negativo (5.56%) y Corynebacterium sp. (5,56%). La mediana del contaje de células somáticas relacionado al examen microbiológico para Staphylococcus aureus fue 1,650 (CCS x 10 ³), y para Staphylococcus coagulase negativo 1324.5 (CCS x 10 ³). En el caso de los componentes de la leche, también no se encontraron diferencias significativas en relación a los exámenes positivos de los principales aislados y negativos en el análisis microbiológico. Los factores de riesgo con resultado estadísticamente significativo fue la no realización del pós-dipping, descarte de animales por mastitis y el lavaje de los techos con agua. Considerando la detección de fallos productivos, medidas de control están siendo desarrolladas para mejorar la calidad de la leche en el municipio y la salud del rebaño.

California mastitis test in the diagnostic of subclinical mastitis / California mastitis test no diagnóstico da mastite subclínica

Milk production in Brazil is undoubtedly one of the most important Brazilian agroindustrial complex. Moves large sums of money, the dairy industry employs millions of the people, having potential to provide the domestic and foreign markets. Besides surpassing year by year the index production. The quality of milk is increasingly demanded by consumers and there are bonus programs for milk with low somatic cell counts, which reveal, indirectely, the udder sanity. Mastitis, the udder inflamation, is the main factor that substantially compromises the milk quality. Several methods can diagnose the incidence of subclinical mastitis in dairy herds. One these methods, the California Mastitis Test (CMT) has as advantages being practical, low cost and the results are immediately available. The CMT method consists of adding the anionic neutral detergent to a milk sample in order to disrupt milk somatic cell membranes and release nucleic material. The viscousity formed by this reaction allows estimating the number of somatic cells (immunity cells) presents in the milk. According to the degree of gelatinization obtained in this reaction, the interpretation of the scores varies from zero, no viscosity, to three crosses, highly viscous. This study was aimed to evaluate the CMT of eight dairy herds of different farms in Sao Paulo state, described by the letters A to H. The scores 1, 2 and 3 we

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Prevalence of Corynebacterium sp. in the milk of cows, their relationship with milking practices and the California Mastitis Test / Prevalência de Corynebacterium sp. no leite de vacas, sua relação com o manejo de ordenha e California Mastitis Test

Background: Corynebacterium bovis is the species among the Corynebacterium spp. more often isolated from mammary glands and despite being classified as a secondary pathogen, its role in intramammary infection is not yet defined. Some studies have shown that this agent causes no change in production and milk composition, while others noted the ability of Corynebacterium sp. in causing mastitis, considering it as a limiting factor for production of quality milk. This study aims were to determine the prevalence of Corynebacterium sp. in herds of five Brazilian States and assess the risk factors associated with the presence of this agent in milk samples. It was also analyzed the influence of Corynebacterium sp. on the California Mastitis Test of each cow in the dairy herds in Santa Catarina State (SC), Brazil. Materials, Methods & Results: It was conducted a longitudinal study in dairy herds in the States of Pernambuco (PE), Minas Gerais (MG), Paraná (PR), Santa Catarina (SC) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Herds were sampled four times in the period from January 2010 to July 2011, at six months intervals. Milk samples were collected from each animal, composed of the mixture of the four mammary quarters, packed in ice and sent to laboratories responsible for each State for microbiological analysis. Bacteria examination was performed by inoculation 10 µL of each milk sample, using a

A mastite bovina é a enfermidade que mais causa prejuízos na pecuária leiteira tendo como principal causa as bactérias, divididas em agentes ambientais e contagiosos. [...]

Prevalência de Corynebacterium sp no leite de vacas, sua relação com o manejo de ordenha e California Mastitis Test / Prevalence of Corynebacterium sp in the Milk of Cows, their Relationship with Milking Practices and the California Mastitis Test

Background: Corynebacterium bovis is the species among the Corynebacterium spp. more often isolated from mammary glands and despite being classified as a secondary pathogen, its role in intramammary infection is not yet defined. Some studies have shown that this agent causes no change in production and milk composition, while others noted the ability of Corynebacterium sp. in causing mastitis, considering it as a limiting factor for production of quality milk. This study aims were to determine the prevalence of Corynebacterium sp. in herds of five Brazilian States and assess the risk factors associated with the presence of this agent in milk samples. It was also analyzed the influence of Corynebacterium sp. on the California Mastitis Test of each cow in the dairy herds in Santa Catarina State (SC), Brazil. Materials, Methods & Results: It was conducted a longitudinal study in dairy herds in the States of Pernambuco (PE), Minas Gerais (MG), Paraná (PR), Santa Catarina (SC) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Herds were sampled four times in the period from January 2010 to July 2011, at six months intervals. Milk samples were collected from each animal, composed of the mixture of the four mammary quarters, packed in ice and sent to laboratories responsible for each State for microbiological analysis. Bacteria examination was performed by inoculation 10 µL of each milk sample, using a calibrated disposable loop on blood Agar plates with 5% sheep blood and incubated at 37ºC for 24 - 48 h. The microorganisms were identified following the recomendations of National Mastitis Council (NMC). From the total of 4949 milk samples, 666 (13,46%) were positive for Corynebacterium sp. The results of bacterial isolation and identification, and questionnaire data from herds in the States of Minas Gerais (MG), Pernambuco (PE), Paraná (PR) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS) were sent to the CAV/UDESC - Lages, SC. A questionnaire was applied to the farmers for information on management practices for milking and mastitis control including questions about foremilk stripping, washing and drying udders before milking, teat disinfection before and after milking, and treatment of clinical cases and of dry cows. Only in herds from Santa Catarina State California Mastitis Test (CMT) was performed in the milk of animals sampled as an indirect measure of somatic cell count (SCC). The prevalence of Corynebacterium sp. in herds from Minas Gerais State showed a significant higher difference in relation to the herds in other States, with a percentage of isolation of 21,07%. Discussion: Although Corynebacterium sp. is considered a secondary pathogen, the isolation of this agent was comparable to the observed for Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae, which are considered major pathogens. Corynebacterium sp. was isolated in all dairy herds of Minas Gerais and Pernambuco States. The risk factors evaluated through the questionnaire showed no significant influence on the isolation of Corynebacterium sp. of milk samples from herds in all five States. The isolation of Corynebacterium sp. was related to changes in California Mastitis Test of milk samples from herds in Santa Catarina State, not only in the number of positive mammary quarters, but also in the California Mastitis Test score.