[Hegemonies, subalternities, and possible counter-hegemonies: The case of traditional medicine of Indigenous peoples in Mexico]. / De hegemonías, subalternidades y posibles contrahegemonías: El caso de la medicina tradicional de los pueblos indígenas de México.

A whole series of processes lead to the decrease in the use of traditional medicine by the indigenous peoples of Mexico, including the reduction in the number of traditional healers and the direct and indirect expansion of biomedicine. This essay addresses the central role these processes play in the relations of hegemony/subalternity that occur in different fields of reality, and especially in the health-illness-care-prevention processes, given that counter-hegemonic processes are not generated, or those that do arise have been ineffective in confronting social hegemony in general and biomedical hegemony in particular.

Toda una serie de procesos conducen a la disminución del uso de la medicina tradicional por los pueblos indígenas de México, incluyendo la reducción del número de curadores tradicionales y la expansión directa e indirecta de la biomedicina. En este ensayo se aborda el papel nuclear que tienen estos procesos en las relaciones de hegemonía/subaltenidad que se dan en los diferentes campos de la realidad y, especialmente, en los procesos de salud-enfermedad-atención-prevención, dado que no se generan procesos contrahegemónicos o, los que surgen, han sido ineficaces para enfrentar la hegemonía social en general y biomédica en particular.

De hegemonías, subalternidades y posibles contrahegemonías: El caso de la medicina tradicional de los pueblos indígenas de México / Hegemonies, subalternities, and possible counter-hegemonies: The case of traditional medicine of Indigenous peoples in Mexico

RESUMEN Toda una serie de procesos conducen a la disminución del uso de la medicina tradicional por los pueblos indígenas de México, incluyendo la reducción del número de curadores tradicionales y la expansión directa e indirecta de la biomedicina. En este ensayo se aborda el papel nuclear que tienen estos procesos en las relaciones de hegemonía/subaltenidad que se dan en los diferentes campos de la realidad y, especialmente, en los procesos de salud-enfermedad-atención-prevención, dado que no se generan procesos contrahegemónicos o, los que surgen, han sido ineficaces para enfrentar la hegemonía social en general y biomédica en particular.

ABSTRACT A whole series of processes lead to the decrease in the use of traditional medicine by the indigenous peoples of Mexico, including the reduction in the number of traditional healers and the direct and indirect expansion of biomedicine. This essay addresses the central role these processes play in the relations of hegemony/subalternity that occur in different fields of reality, and especially in the health-illness-care-prevention processes, given that counter-hegemonic processes are not generated, or those that do arise have been ineffective in confronting social hegemony in general and biomedical hegemony in particular.

PubMed's core clinical journals filter: redesigned for contemporary clinical impact and utility.

Objective: The Core Clinical Journals (CCJ) list, produced by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), has been used by clinicians and librarians for half a century for two main purposes: narrowing a literature search to clinically useful journals and identifying high priority titles for library collections. After documentation of low usage of the existing CCJ, a review was undertaken to assess current validity, followed by an update to current clinical needs. Methods: As the subject coverage of the 50-year-old list had never been evaluated, the CCJ committee began its innovative step-wise approach by analyzing the existing subject scope. To determine whether clinical subjects had changed over the last half-century, the committee collected data on journal usage in hospitals and medical facilities, adding journal usage from Morning Report blogs recording the journal article citations used by physicians and residents in response to clinical questions. Patient-driven high-frequency diagnoses and subjects added contextual data by depicting the clinical environment. Results: The analysis identified a total of 80 subjects and selected 241 journals for the updated Clinical Journals filter, based on actual clinical utility of each journal. Discussion: These data-driven methods created a different framework for evaluating the structure and content of this filter. It is the real-world evidence needed to highlight CCJ clinical impact and push clinically useful journals to first page results. Since the new process resulted in a new product, the name warrants a change from Core Clinical Journals (CCJ) to Clinically Useful Journals (CUJ). Therefore, the redesigned NLM Core Clinical Journals/AIM set from this point forward will be referred to as Clinically Useful Journals (CUJ). The evidence-based process used to reframe evaluation of the clinical impact and utility of biomedical journals is documented in this article.

Is the symptom of pain adequately addressed in hospitalization at Internal Medicine? Cross-sectional study / O sintoma dor é abordado adequadamente em internação hospitalar de Clínica Médica? Estudo transversal

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pain is one of the main reasons for seeking medical care. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the treatment of pain complaints in a medical clinic ward. METHODS: Cross-sectional and descriptive study at the Santa Lucinda Hospital (Hospital Santa Lucinda - HSL) and Sorocaba Hospital Complex (Conjunto Hospitalar de Sorocaba - CHS). Data was collected by: (1) interviewing the participants using a structured questionnaire drawn up by the researchers, and (2) accessing information such as pain records and drug prescriptions in the medical records. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 85 patients, 11.8% in the HSL and 88.2% in the CHS. More than 80% of patients had already experienced pain at some point in their lives, whether chronic or acute. Forty-one percent of patients had pain during hospitalization, regardless of the reason for admission. A minority of pain events had the complaint recorded in their medical records. Drugs were prescribed for 73.0% of the patients, mostly on demand. There was a mismatch between the type of drug prescribed and the intensity of the pain in 80% of prescriptions. CONCLUSION: The complaint of pain is prevalent in Internal Medicine hospitalizations. In this study, 41.2% of the pain was musculoskeletal, followed by abdominal pain, regardless of the reason for hospitalization. The complaint of pain was medicated in most of the patients' pain reports, but around 23% of the patients complaining of pain did not receive drugs. Most patients (80%) with pain received drugs that were inconsistent with the intensity of the pain; however, the recording of the complaint of pain in the medical records remains insufficient.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Dor é um dos principais motivos por assistência ao serviço médico-hospitalar. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o atendimento de queixas dolorosas em enfermaria de clínica médica. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal e descritivo nos hospitais Santa Lucinda (HSL) e Conjunto Hospitalar de Sorocaba (CHS). A coleta de dados foi realizada por: (1) entrevista com os participantes direcionada por um questionário estruturado elaborado pelos pesquisadores, e (2) acesso a informações como registro de dor e prescrição de fármacos no prontuário. RESULTADOS: A amostra foi composta por 85 pacientes, sendo 11.8% no HSL e 88,2% no CHS. Mais de 80% dos participantes relataram experiência prévia de dor aguda ou crônica em algum momento da vida. Quarenta e um por cento dos participantes relatou dor durante a internação independente da causa da internação. A minoria dos eventos de dor constava nos registros da queixa em seu prontuário. Houve fármaco prescrito para 73% dos pacientes, sendo em sua maioria, por demanda. Houve uma inadequação entre o tipo de fármaco prescrito e a intensidade da dor em 80% das prescrições. CONCLUSÃO: A queixa de dor é um sintoma prevalente entre pacientes internados de Clínica Médica. Neste estudo, 41,2%; das dores foram musculoesqueléticas, seguida de dores abdominais, independente do motivo da internação. A queixa de dor foi medicada na maior parte dos relatos de dor dos pacientes, porém cerca de 23% dos pacientes com queixa de dor não receberam fármacos. A maior parte dos pacientes (80%) com dor recebeu fármacos incoerentes à intensidade da dor; porém o registro da queixa de dor nas evoluções dos prontuários permanece insuficiente.

Homeopatía: una breve descripción de esta especialidad médica / Homeopathy: a brief description of this medical specialty

La homeopatía es una forma de medicina con 200 años de historia. A lo largo de este tiempo, ha demostrado su capacidad para resolver problemas, a bajo costo, con un amplio alcance y con una aceptación social incuestionable. Según las estimaciones, aproximadamente 500 millones de personas utilizan la homeopatía en todo el mundo, lo que corresponde a alrededor del 7% de la población mundial. Sin embargo, aún existen obstáculos para su integración en la medicina convencional, los cuales deben ser puestos en perspectiva y eliminados. El propósito del presente artículo es contextualizar la homeopatía como una ciencia y un arte tanto en Brasil como en el resto del mundo. Analizamos algunos aspectos relevantes, como el perfil de sus usuarios, las razones para elegir la homeopatía, así como los contextos históricos y sociales para su inclusión en los sistemas educativos y de atención médica. Concluimos que la homeopatía es un sistema medico ético que ofrece un tratamiento sistémico y seguro a los pacientes, con una optima relación costo-beneficio. La homeopatía debe incluirse en las universidades, escuelas de medicina, así como en todos los niveles del sistema de atención médica, asegurando así su naturaleza histórica como especialidad médica.

Homeopathy is a medical approach with 200 years of history. Along this time it demonstrated its ability to solve problems, with low cost, broad scope and unquestionable social acceptance. According to estimates, approximately 500 million people use homeopathy worldwide, corresponding to about 7% of the world population. However, there are still hindrances to its integration into conventional medicine which need to be put into perspective and removed. The aim of the present article is to contextualize homeopathy as a science and an art in Brazil and worldwide. We analyzed some relevant aspects, such as the profile of users, their reasons to choose homeopathy, and historical and social contexts for the inclusion of homeopathy into health care and educational systems. We conclude that homeopathy is an ethical medical system that provides systemic and safe treatment to patients with optimal costbenefit ratio. Homeopathy should be included in universities, schools of medicine and at all levels of the healthcare system, thus ensuring its historical nature as a medical specialty.

Fatal hepatotoxicity due to sevoflurane use in a paediatric patient after aortic repair: reality or fiction? A case of pharmacovigilance.

Hepatotoxicity secondary to exposure of volatile anaesthetics is an exceptional finding, but its clinical interest depends on their frequent use, unpredictable appearance and potential severity. Halothane is the volatile anaesthetic most frequently involved in the development of liver dysfunction, especially after re-exposure. Sevoflurane has rarely been related to this life-threatening complication. We present the case of a 1-year-old girl who had undergone previous surgery for closure of a patent ductus arteriosus, and who developed severe acute hepatitis and died after undergoing surgical repair of an aortic isthmus narrowing by means of general anaesthesia with sevoflurane. Other possible causes of liver failure were excluded. This adverse event was classified as serious and was included in the national and European pharmacovigilance network, with the aim of preventing dangerous effects on patient health in clinical practice, by contributing to the enrichment of the literature.

A comparison of pharmacokinetics software for therapeutic drug monitoring of piperacillin in patients with severe infections.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the predictive performance of population pharmacokinetic models for piperacillin (PIP) available in the software MwPharm, TDMx and ID-ODs for initial dosing selection and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) purposes. METHODS: This is a prospective observational study in adult patients with severe infections receiving PIP treatment. Plasma concentrations were quantified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The differences between predicted and observed PIP concentrations were evaluated with Bland-Altman plots; additionally, the relative and absolute bias and precision of the models were determined. RESULTS: A total of 145 PIP plasma concentrations from 42 patients were analysed. For population prediction, MwPharm showed the best predictive performance with a mean relative difference of 34.68% (95% CI -197% to 266%) and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 60.42 µg/mL; meanwhile TDMx and ID-ODs under-predicted PIP concentrations. For individual prediction, the TDMx model was found to be the most precise with a mean relative difference of 7.61% (95% CI -57.63 to 72.86%), and RMSE of 17.86 µg/mL. CONCLUSION: Current software for TDM is a valuable tool, but it may also include different population pharmacokinetic models in patients with severe infections, and should be evaluated before performing a model-based TDM in clinical practice. Considering the heterogeneous characteristics of patients with severe infections, this study demonstrates the need for therapy personalisation for PIP to improve pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic target attainment.

Formación Interprofesional en salud mental: un reto posible / Interprofessional training in mental health: a possible challenge

RESUMEN: Introducción: El abordaje de la salud mental requiere acciones interprofesionales, sin embargo, su enseñanza es tradicionalmente uniprofesional y en escenarios especializados, reforzando la creencia que la salud mental es cuestión de especialistas. Es por esto que se diseña la primera rotación interprofesional en salud mental de la que se tenga conocimiento en Colombia, en la cual rotan estudiantes de medicina y psicología. El objetivo del presente artículo es describir este proceso y la rotación. Material y método: Se describe cuáles fueron los pasos para el diseño y la implementación de la rotación interprofesional en salud mental. Resultados: Se describe la rotación, la cual cuenta con elementos clínicos y simulados y diversas metodologías de aprendizaje y evaluación. Conclusiones: La rotación interprofesional es una estrategia útil en el proceso de aprendizaje de competencias en salud mental y habilidades para el trabajo interprofesional.

ABSTRACT Background: Mental health approaches require interprofessional actions. However, education on mental health is traditionally uniprofessional and is performed in specialized scenarios which reinforces the belief that mental health is only a concern for specialists. This is the reason why the first interprofessional mental health rotation in Colombia was designed and launched. The aim of this paper is to describe that process and the rotation itself. Material and method: This work describes the steps for the design and implementation of an interprofessional rotation on mental health. which involve medicine and psychology students. Results: The structure of the rotation is detailed. It contains both a clinical component and a simulated one, and diverse methodologies for learning and assessment. Conclusions: This interprofessional rotation is a useful strategy in the learning process of specific competences in mental health, and it facilitates acquisition of skills for teamwork.

Clinical management of COVID-19: living guideline - 15 September 2022

The WHO COVID-19 Clinical management: living guidance contains the Organization's most up-to-date recommendations for the clinical management of people with COVID-19. Providing guidance that is comprehensive and holistic for the optimal care of COVID-19 patients throughout their entire illness is important. The latest version of this living guideline is available in pdf format (via the 'Download' button) and via an online platform, and is updated regularly as new evidence emerges. No further updates to the previous existing recommendations were made in this latest version. This updated (fifth) version contains 16 new recommendations for the rehabilitation of adults with post COVID-19 condition (see Chapter 24), which includes: strong recommendation that exertional desaturation and cardiac impairment following COVID-19 should be ruled out and managed before consideration of physical exercise training

Aspectos neurobiológicos en la toma de decisiones afectivas y sociales e influencia del estrés: posibles implicancias en la toma de decisiones clínicas / Neurobiological aspects in affective and social decision-making: possible implications on clinical decision-making

RESUMEN: La toma de decisiones está influenciada por múltiples factores muchas veces no conscientes. En este artículo se sintetizan algunos correlatos neurobiológicos del componente afectivo y social sobre la toma de decisiones, incluyendo el impacto del estrés agudo y crónico y la perspectiva cognitiva de las heurísticas y los sesgos en la práctica clínica. A nivel afectivo, la hipótesis del marcador somático ha asociado la respuesta corporal periférica con estructuras nerviosas centrales en la configuración de las decisiones; intervienen estructuras como la corteza orbitofrontal y el hipocampo. En la toma de decisiones sociales se involucran las dimensiones recompensa y motivación. En este tipo de decisiones es crucial la capacidad de mentalizar a otro e integrar su perspectiva en la toma de decisiones. Esta función se ha relacionado con el surco temporal posterosuperior, la unión temporoparietal, la corteza cingulada anterior y la corteza prefrontal medial. No obstante, en la toma de decisiones sociales también se integra el cumplimiento de normas socialmente establecidas. El estrés agudo o crónico puede afectar la toma de decisiones, positiva o negativamente. En estos procesos se han involucrado al eje hipotálamo-hipófiso-adrenal junto con circuitos corticoestriados, prefrontales, amigdalinos e hipocampales. En la toma de decisiones clínicas se conjugan factores "prerreflexivos" emocionales, sociales y cognitivos que influyen directamente en las conductas adoptadas con los pacientes. Recomendamos enfatizar la investigación en esta área y fortalecer su enseñanza para reconocerlos adecuadamente.

ABSTRACT Decision-making is influenced by multiple unaware factors. We synthesize some neurobiological correlates of the affective and social components on decision-making, including the impact of acute and chronic stress. We also address the impact of heuristics and biases on clinical practice from the cognitive perspective. At an affective level, the hypothesis of the somatic marker has associated the peripheral body response with central nervous structures in the configuration of decisions; structures such as the orbitofrontal cortex and the hippocampus intervene. The reward and motivation dimensions are involved in social decision-making. In these types of decisions, the ability to mentally engage others and integrate their perspective into decision making is crucial. This function has been related to the posterior superior temporal sulcus, the temporoparietal junction, the anterior cingulate cortex, and the medial prefrontal cortex. However, compliance with socially established norms is also integrated into social decision-making. Acute or chronic stress may affect decision-making, positively or negatively. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis has been involved in these processes together with corticostriatal, prefrontal, amygdala and hippocampal circuits. In clinical decision-making, "pre-reflective" emotional, social and cognitive factors are combined, influencing the decisions towards patients. We recommend emphasizing research in this field and strengthening education in this area to recognize these aspects adequately.

Volume-based tomography for the diagnosis of incipient silicosis in former gold miners.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate silicosis diagnosed through CT, with integration of clinical-occupational data, in silica-exposed workers presenting chest X-rays within International Labor Organization (ILO) category 0. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 339 former gold miners, with comparable exposures and X-rays classified as ILO subcategory 0/0 (n=285) and 0/1 (n=54) were submitted to volume-based CT. The findings were classified according to the International Classification of HRCT CT for Occupational and Environmental Respiratory Diseases. RESULTS: A profusion degree of round opacities (RO)>1 was found in 22.4% (76/339) of the CT exams. After integrating the CT findings with clinical and occupational data, silicosis was diagnosed as follows: 43/285 (15.1%) and 14/54 (25.9%) in workers whose X-rays had been classified as 0/0 and 0/1, respectively. There was an upward trend towards longer exposures, reaching 38.9% when working more than 10 years underground and classified as 0/1 (p=0019). Those with presence of RO whose final diagnosis was not silicosis were mainly cases of tuberculosis or 'indeterminate nodules'. Emphysema was found in 65/339 (19.1%), only 5 being detected in the X-ray. CONCLUSION: Volume-based CT proved to be useful in the investigation of silicosis among individuals with a relevant exposure to silica, capturing diagnoses that had not been identified on X-rays. A response gradient of silicosis was showed by CT even in this population with ILO category 0 radiographs. It can be indicated based on quantitative and/or qualitative criteria of occupational exposure, especially considering the possibilities of low CT dosage.

Fetal distress during the last third of pregnancy in bitches - evaluation by Doppler ultrasound imaging

Background: Diagnostic ultrasound has revolutionized obstetric practice. Doppler techniques provided in vivo studies of the fetus-placental and uterus-placental circulations, in an increasingly precise manner. The assessment of fetal well-being is essential in obstetric practice, however, in veterinary medicine, there is a deficit of ultrasound parameters related to fetal distress. The main of this research was to determine the hemodynamic characteristics and behavior, through Doppler ultrasonography, of maternal-fetal vessels during the final third of gestation in bitches with fetuses under stress, as well as correlating them with each other and with fetal distress. Materials, Methods & Results: An observational, prospective study was carried out, in which 30 healthy bitches were examined, during the last third of pregnancy, with fetuses under fetal distress. Fetuses were evaluated in 2 stages: (1st): 50-54 days and (2nd): 55-60 days of gestation. All fetuses were calmly assessed, one by one, and fetal heart rate (FHR) was measured 5 times, for at least 3 min, to identify and confirm fetal distress. At least 3 fetuses were evaluated in each bitch and each measurement was performed in triplicate, setting a hemodynamic mean for each value evaluated. The flow pattern in the middle cerebral artery (MCA), internal carotid artery (ICA) and umbilical artery (UA) was evaluated. The analyzed vessel was initially visualized in B mode, followed by evaluation by color and spectral Doppler. The variables observed were: peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV) and the resistivity (RI) and pulsatility (PI) index, as well as the systole/diastole ratio (S/D). The analysis of RI and PI of the umbilical artery showed a statistically significant difference between the mean values found for the times studied, increasing from time 1 to time 2. For middle cerebral and internal carotid arteries, PI, RI and the relationship systole/diastole (S/D), showed a statistically significant difference between the mean values found for the times studied, decreasing from time 1 to time 2. Discussion: Fetal heart rate (HR) findings are considered normal above 200 beats per minute (bpm), only if preceded by acceleration and deceleration. This fact confirms the presence of fetal stress, by this parameter, for the fetuses in the present study. Corroborating the picture of fetal distress, another study concluded that HR tends to increase up to 20 days before delivery, a fact that did not occur in the study in question, where animals in the same gestational period were evaluated. Recent research has concluded that an elevated umbilical artery PI at 28 weeks of gestation, in the absence of fetal growth restriction or prematurity, is associated with some adverse cognitive findings in 12-year-olds children. In the present study, a progressive increase in this index was observed throughout the final third of pregnancy. Although the pups were not monitored after birth, this data serves as a warning for veterinarians, and can be useful in the assessment and diagnosis of possible postnatal nervous alterations. Like what was found in the present study, a study reported that from the 4th week to birth, the PSV of the umbilical artery (UA) increased almost linearly, with high significance. For the middle cerebral arteries, the PI showed a statistically significant difference between the mean values found for the times studied, however, decreasing throughout the final third of pregnancy.

Epidemiología y práctica médica / Epidemiology and medical practice

RESUMEN Se presenta un texto inédito de Ricardo Bruno Mendes Gonçalves, referente del campo de la salud colectiva, en el que aborda la relación entre la epidemiología y la práctica médica. Se trata de la conferencia dictada el 16 de diciembre de 1988, en el marco de la apertura del seminario "Epidemiología clínica: ¿campo científico posible o nueva ideología médica?", organizado por el Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brasil. Esta versión ha sido desgrabada y transcripta manualmente, revisada y, en muchos casos, reescrita por Naomar de Almeida Filho y Jose Ricardo Ayres, buscando siempre preservar el sentido original y el tono coloquial característico de sus conferencias.

ABSTRACT In this unpublished work by Ricardo Bruno Mendes Gonçalves, a key figure in the field of collective health, the relationship between epidemiology and medical practice is considered. The text is based on an inaugural lecture delivered on December 16, 1988 as part of a seminar called "Clinical epidemiology: possible scientific field or new medical ideology?" organized by the Department of Preventive Medicine at the Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Brazil. This manually transcribed version of the lecture was prepared, revised, and in many cases rewritten by Naomar de Almeida Filho and Jose Ricardo Ayres, who always sought to preserve the original meaning and colloquial tone that was characteristic of his lectures.

El ejercicio médico en el siglo XXI. Retos y rescate del método clínico / Medical practice in the twenty-first century. Challenges and rescue of the clinical method

Resumen El método clínico, desde su creación en la Grecia antigua, no ha tenido mayores cambios en sus componentes y aplicación. Sin embargo, desde hace un tiempo se ha venido vulnerando debido al gran impacto que ha tenido la tecnología en las ciencias de la salud, y los nuevos paradigmas impuestos a la práctica clínica y la educación médica. El presente artículo describe los datos históricos más relevantes del método clínico, sus componentes científicos y su aplicación en la medicina, se resalta su importancia en todos los aspectos médicos, y se plasma una reflexión acerca de las causas de esta crisis y cómo involucra al profesional de medicina general en Colombia. (Acta Med Colomb 2021; 46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2021.1997).

Abstract Since its inception in ancient Greece, the clinical method has experienced no major changes in its components and application. However, for some time now, it has been infringed upon by the high impact of technology on the healthcare sciences, and the new paradigms imposed on clinical practice and medical education. This article describes the most relevant historical data on the clinical method, its scientific components and its application in medicine, highlighting its importance in all medical aspects; and provides some thoughts on the reasons for this crisis and how it involves general medical practitioners in Colombia. (Acta Med Colomb 2021; 46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2021.1997).

Correlation between the symptoms of upper gastrointestinal disease and endoscopy findings: Implications for clinical practice.

OBJECTIVE: Digestive symptoms are the most common complaints among patients who seek primary healthcare services. This study aims to identify digestive symptoms and determine their association with upper gastrointestinal endoscopy findings in patients treated at a public endoscopy centre in Northeast Brazil. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from 751 patients with digestive symptoms who had an indication for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. We identified the association between these variables through Fisher's exact test or Chi-square test and calculated the odds ratio. RESULTS: Epigastric pain occurred in 83%, post-prandial plenitude in 72.6%, and heartburn in 72.3% of the patients. Women were more likely to present with epigastric pain (p = 0.001; odds ratio [OR] = 1.25; confidence interval [CI] = 1.07-1.47), post-prandial plenitude (p = 0.001; OR = 1.21; CI = 1.06-1.37), retrosternal pain or burning (p = 0.03; OR = 1.11; CI = 1.004-1.24), heartburn (p = 0.04; OR = 1.10; CI = 0.98-1.24), unintentional weight loss (p = 0.01; OR = 1.12; CI = 1.02-1.24), and dysphagia (p = 0.01; OR = 1.14; CI = 1.03-1.25). There was no statistically significant association between digestive symptoms and endoscopic findings of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Additionally, there was no significant association between digestive symptoms and abnormalities detected by endoscopy. CONCLUSION: Dyspeptic symptoms of epigastric pain, post-prandial fullness, and heartburn were the most common symptoms in patients referred for endoscopy. Dyspepsia, heartburn, and dysphagia were more common in women than in men. Digestive symptoms were not associated with positive endoscopy findings or abnormalities detected by endoscopy.

Primera experiencia en Uruguay en enseñanza curricular de resucitación cardíaca avanzada en el Ciclo Internado Rotatorio en el período 2017-2018, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República. Comunicación y evaluación / Inclusion of advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation in curricular education of medical doctors in Uruguay. First experience in the Rotating Internship between 2017-2018. School of Medicine, University of Uruguay. Communication and Evaluation / Primeira experiência no Uruguai no ensino curricular de Reanimação Cardíaca Avançada no Ciclo de Estágios Rotatórios no período 2017-2018, Faculdade de Medicina, UdelaR. Comunicação e avaliação

Resumen: A partir del año 2017, la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de la República (UdelaR) incorpora la enseñanza en reanimación cardíaca avanzada como actividad curricular obligatoria durante el Ciclo Internado Rotatorio (CIR). Esto se justifica dada la relevancia que presenta en términos de morbilidad y mortalidad la patología cardiovascular, en particular los paros cardiorrespiratorios y específicamente la muerte súbita. Los cursos de reanimación permiten la adquisición de habilidades técnicas y no técnicas para dar respuesta tanto a esta patología tan prevalente como a la falta de estos cursos en la formación médica. Los objetivos del trabajo son comunicar y evaluar la primera experiencia durante el CIR 2017-2018. Para dichos objetivos se realizó un estudio transversal donde se analizaron los números de participantes y el porcentaje de aprobados. Además, se realizó una encuesta de valoración de autopercepción de habilidades previas y posteriores al curso y una evaluación de conformidad con éste. De los resultados se desprende la amplia aprobación en una primera instancia del curso y la valoración positiva que se realiza. También es positiva la mejora en la autopercepción de habilidades identificadas por los internos. Como debilidad se desprende el uso de un cuestionario no validado y que la evaluación no fue completada por todos los internos, ambos aspectos a mejorar en futuras evaluaciones. Como conclusión, se logró comunicar la experiencia, los cursos de Resucitación cardíaca avanzda (RCA) son una fortaleza en sí mismos y han sido un avance significativo en la formación profesional del futuro médico.

Summary: In 2017 the School of Medicine of the University of the Republic included advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation as a mandatory curricular activity during the rotating internship. The decision is justified by morbility and mortality rates of heart disease, in particular cardiopulmonary arrests and sudden death. Resuscitation courses enable the acquisition of technical and non- technical skills to respond to a prevalent condition and to compensate the absence of this specific training in the training of medical doctors. The study aimed to communicate and evaluate the first experience during the 2017-2018 rotating internship. A transversal study was conducted to analyse the number of participants and the percentage of successful candidates. Likewise, a survey was designed to assess self-perception of skills prior to the course and skills acquired during the course, as well as a course satisfaction. Results revealed the high acceptance rate of this first instance of the course and its positive assessment. Similarly, interns evidenced improvement in their self-perception of identified skills. As to a weaknesses found, the questionnaire used had not been validated and not all Interns completed the assessment, both aspects that will be improved in future assessments. To conclude, we managed to inform about the experience, advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation courses are an advantage in itself, and it has been a significant advance in the professional training of future medical doctors.

Resumo: A partir de 2017, a Faculdade de Medicina da Universidad de la República (UdelaR) incorporou o ensino de ressuscitação cardíaca avançada como atividade curricular obrigatória durante o ciclo de estágio rotativo (CIR). Isso se justifica dada a relevância das doenças cardiovasculares em termos de morbimortalidade, em especial a parada cardiorrespiratória e especificamente a morte súbita. Os cursos de reanimação permitem a aquisição de competências técnicas e não técnicas para responder, tanto a esta patologia prevalente, como à falta destes cursos na formação médica. Os objetivos deste trabalho são comunicar e avaliar a primeira experiência durante o Ciclo de Estágios Rotativo 2017-2018. Com esse fim foi realizado um estudo transversal onde foram analisados o número de participantes e o percentual de aprovação. Além disso, foi realizada uma pesquisa para avaliar a autopercepção de habilidades antes e depois do curso, bem como uma avaliação da adesão ao curso. Os resultados mostram a ampla aprovação na primeira instância do curso e a avaliação positiva que se faz do mesmo. A melhora na autopercepção das habilidades identificadas pelos estagiários também é positiva. Como fragilidade, surge a utilização de um questionário não validado e que a avaliação não foi respondida por todos os internos, aspectos que devem ser melhorados em avaliações futuras. Como conclusão foi possível comunicar a experiência, os cursos RCA são uma força em si e têm sido um avanço significativo na formação profissional do futuro médico.

El método clínico y el carácter científico de la medicina clínica / The clinical method and the scientific character of clinical medicine

Introducción: El cuestionamiento del carácter científico de la medicina clínica se incluye entre los problemas epistemológicos de las ciencias. Objetivo: Revisar la contribución de la medicina clínica como ciencia aplicada, con énfasis en la metódica que le distingue: el método clínico. Métodos: Se revisó la bibliografía especializada, complementada con el empleo de procedimientos de investigación cualitativa que incluyeron: entrevistas a profesionales de reconocida experiencia, trabajo con grupos focales y sesiones en profundidad. Desarrollo: El desarrollo histórico del pensamiento científico tuvo impacto en la medicina clínica, la cientificidad del método clínico explicada desde diferentes enfoques, la respuesta a las críticas del positivismo y la manera en que la medicina clínica cumple con los requerimientos para su aceptación como ciencia aplicada. Conclusiones: Se fundamentó la cientificidad de la medicina clínica desde un enfoque dialéctico distinguida por su carácter interdisciplinar, su condición de ciencia aplicada y por una metódica científica que posibilita el desempeño profesional del médico con el enfermo, el individuo en riesgo de enfermar y el hombre aparentemente sano: el método clínico(AU)

Introduction: The questioning the scientific character of clinical medicine is included among the epistemological problems of science. Objective: To review the contribution of clinical medicine as an applied science, with emphasis on the method that distinguishes it: the clinical method. Methods: The specialized bibliography was reviewed, complemented with the use of qualitative research procedures that included interviews with professionals with proven experience, working with focus groups and in-depth sessions. Findings: The historical development of scientific thought had an impact on clinical medicine, the scientificity of the clinical method explained from different approaches, the response to the criticisms of positivism and the way in which clinical medicine meets the requirements for its acceptance as applied science. Conclusions: The scientificity of clinical medicine was founded from a dialectical approach distinguished by its interdisciplinary nature, its condition of applied science and by a scientific method that enables the professional performance of the physician with the patient, the individual at risk of becoming ill and apparently healthy man: the clinical method(AU)

Trabalho do enfermeiro em unidade hospitalar: entre o prescrito e o real / Nurses´ work in an inpatient surgical clinic: between the prescribed and the true tasks

Este estudo teve o objetivo de identificar como ocorre o trabalho prescrito e o trabalho real do enfermeiro em unidade de internação clínica cirúrgica. Uma pesquisa qualitativa, tipo estudo de caso, foi realizada com 12 enfermeiros em unidade de internação clínica cirúrgica. Os dados foram coletados por meio de pesquisa documental, observação sistemática e entrevista semiestruturada. Realizou-se análise de conteúdo, sob a perspectiva do referencial da ergologia. Após a análise dos dados, emergiu a categoria "Trabalho do enfermeiro em unidade hospitalar: entre o prescrito e o real". O trabalho do enfermeiro caracteriza-se por rotinas preestabelecidas e regido por normas e legislações. No entanto, evidencia-se o trabalho real, na medida em que profissional se confronta com dramáticas do uso de si, microgestionando as atividades e efetivando renormalizações. Concluiu-se que o trabalho do enfermeiro é efetivado durante o trabalho real, mas, por vezes, os enfermeiros remetem-se mais a adesão ao trabalho prescrito.

To identify how prescribed and true tasks of nurses in a surgical clinic inpatient unit occur. Qualitative study case research carried out with 12 nurses in a surgical clinic inpatient unit. Data were collected through documentary research, systematic observation and semi-structured interview. Content analysis was carried out from the perspective of the ergology framework. Analysis of data revealed the emergence of a category: 'Nurse's work in a surgical clinic inpatient unit: between prescribed and true tasks'. The nurse's work is characterized by pre-established routines and governed by rules and legislation. However, the true task is made evident as the worker is faced with crucial self-giving while micromanaging activities and effecting renormalizations. Nurses' work is actually borne during true tasks within their frequent endeavor to adhere to the prescribed work.

Eutanásia sob a perspectiva da bioética e clínica ampliada / Euthanasia from the perspective of extended bioethics and clinics / La eutanasia desde la perspectiva de la bioética y la clínica ampliada

Resumo "Eutanásia" significa causar óbito rápido e indolor ou não o evitar, visando aliviar o sofrimento do paciente quando a morte é entendida como melhor bem ou menor mal. "Clínica ampliada" diz respeito à expansão do objeto de interesse clínico, ocupando-se não apenas da doença, mas também e sobretudo do sujeito singular. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a eutanásia a partir da bioética ampliada. Para isso, utilizou-se trecho do romance Anne Prédaille , do escritor francês Henri Troyat, no qual a personagem principal provoca a morte da mãe aplicando dose elevada de morfina. O fragmento mostra a eutanásia como questão de sujeitos com histórias de vida singulares que se inter-relacionam, e não como a passagem asséptica da vida para a morte. Concluiu-se que a bioética deve considerar a história das pessoas envolvidas no processo da eutanásia.

Abstract Euthanasia is the act of intentionally ending a life quickly and painlessly, or omitting to prevent it, to alleviate suffering when death is understood as the greater good or the lesser evil. An extended clinical approach refers to the expansion of the object of clinical interest, which is concerned not only with the disease, but also and above all with the individual. This study analyzes euthanasia from the perspective of extended bioethics. To this end, we used an excerpt from the novel Anne Prédaille by French writer Henri Troyat, in which the main character causes the death of her mother, who suffers from a terminal illness, by applying a high dose of morphine. The literary fragment was intended to show euthanasia as a matter of subjects with unique interrelated life stories, and not as the aseptic passage from life to death. We concluded that bioethics must consider the life history of people involved in the process of euthanasia.

Resumen "Eutanasia" es hacer que una persona muera rápidamente y sin dolor, o no evitarlo, con el fin de aliviar el sufrimiento, cuando la muerte se entiende como el mejor bien o el menor mal. "Clínica ampliada" se refiere a la expansión del objeto de interés de la clínica, que se ocupa no solo de la enfermedad, sino también y sobre todo del individuo. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la eutanasia desde una bioética ampliada. Para ello, se utilizó un extracto de la novela Anne Prédaille del escritor francés Henri Troyat, en la que el personaje principal provoca la muerte de la madre por la aplicación de una alta dosis de morfina. El fragmento muestra la eutanasia como una cuestión de sujetos con historias de vida únicas que se interrelacionan, y no como la transición aséptica de la vida a la muerte. Se llegó a la conclusión de que la bioética debe considerar la historia de la vida de las personas que participan en el proceso de eutanasia.