Recent advancements in image-enhanced endoscopy in the pancreatobiliary field.

Image-enhanced endoscopy (IEE) has advanced gastrointestinal disease diagnosis and treatment. Traditional white-light imaging has limitations in detecting all gastrointestinal diseases, prompting the development of IEE. In this review, we explore the utility of IEE, including texture and color enhancement imaging and red dichromatic imaging, in pancreatobiliary (PB) diseases. IEE includes methods such as chromoendoscopy, optical-digital, and digital methods. Chromoendoscopy, using dyes such as indigo carmine, aids in delineating lesions and structures, including pancreato-/cholangio-jejunal anastomoses. Optical-digital methods such as narrow-band imaging enhance mucosal details and vessel patterns, aiding in ampullary tumor evaluation and peroral cholangioscopy. Moreover, red dichromatic imaging with its specific color allocation, improves the visibility of thick blood vessels in deeper tissues and enhances bleeding points with different colors and see-through effects, proving beneficial in managing bleeding complications post-endoscopic sphincterotomy. Color enhancement imaging, a novel digital method, enhances tissue texture, brightness, and color, improving visualization of PB structures, such as PB orifices, anastomotic sites, ampullary tumors, and intraductal PB lesions. Advancements in IEE hold substantial potential in improving the accuracy of PB disease diagnosis and treatment. These innovative techniques offer advantages paving the way for enhanced clinical management of PB diseases. Further research is warranted to establish their standard clinical utility and explore new frontiers in PB disease management.

Visibility of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma under iodine staining on texture and color enhancement imaging.

Objective: Iodine staining on white light imaging (WLI) is the gold standard for detecting and demarcating esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). We examined the effects of texture and color enhancement imaging (TXI) on improving the endoscopic visibility of ESCC under iodine staining. Methods: Twenty ESCC lesions that underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection were retrospectively included. The color difference between ESCC and the surrounding mucosa (ΔEe) on WLI, TXI, and narrow-band imaging was assessed, and ΔEe under 1% iodine staining on WLI and TXI. Furthermore, the visibility grade determined by endoscopists was evaluated on each imaging. Result: The median ΔEe was greater on TXI than on WLI (14.53 vs. 10.71, respectively; p < 0.005). Moreover, the median ΔEe on TXI under iodine staining was greater than the median ΔEe on TXI and narrow-band imaging (39.20 vs. 14.53 vs. 16.42, respectively; p < 0.005 for both). A positive correlation in ΔEe under iodine staining was found between TXI and WLI (correlation coefficient = 0.61, p < 0.01). Moreover, ΔEe under iodine staining on TXI in each lesion was greater than the corresponding ΔEe on WLI. The visibility grade assessed by endoscopists on TXI was also significantly greater than that on WLI under iodine staining (p < 0.01). Conclusions: The visibility of ESCC after iodine staining was greater on TXI than on WLI.

Exploring the efficacy of laser-assisted in-office tooth bleaching: A study on varied irradiation times and power settings utilizing a diode laser (445 nm).

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a laser-assisted in-office tooth bleaching treatment, employing a diode laser (445 nm) using different power and time settings. Two hundred human incisors were collected for evaluating tooth color change (ΔΕ00) and whiteness index in dentistry (ΔWID) following laser-assisted tooth bleaching treatment. The specimens were distributed into 25 groups (n = 8) according to laser output power (0.5-2 W) and duration of irradiation (10-60 s) that was applied. ΔΕ00 and ΔWID were evaluated using a spectrophotometer at three points of time (24 h, 1 week and 1 month after treatments). Three-way ANOVA revealed that power, duration of laser irradiation, and time of measurement after bleaching treatments significantly affected both ΔΕ00 and ΔWID(p < 0.05). Furthermore, laser irradiation increased ΔΕ00 and ΔWID at all applied powers compared to the control group (p < 0.05), but this increase was dependent on the duration of irradiation. Laser irradiation significantly increased ΔΕ00 when the duration of operation was 50-60 s at 0.5-1 W, while at 1.5-2 W was significantly increased when the duration was 30-60 s. ΔWID was significant higher in the laser groups compared to the control group at all powers, except for 0.5 W where it was significant higher when the duration was 50-60 s. The outcomes of the study can help in selecting the suitable power settings and duration of laser exposure to achieve the optimal whitening results while ensuring the safety of the tooth pulp.

THz Generation by Two-Color Plasma: Time Shaping and Ultra-Broadband Polarimetry.

The generation of terahertz radiation via laser-induced plasma from two-color femtosecond pulses in air has been extensively studied due to its broad emission spectrum and significant pulse energy. However, precise control over the temporal properties of these ultra-broadband terahertz pulses, as well as the measurement of their polarization state, remain challenging. In this study, we review our latest findings on these topics and present additional results not previously reported in our earlier works. First, we investigate the impact of chirping on the fundamental wave and the effect of manipulating the phase difference between the fundamental wave and the second-harmonic wave on the properties of generated terahertz pulses. We demonstrate that we can tune the time shape of terahertz pulses, causing them to reverse polarity or become bipolar by carefully selecting the correct combination of chirp and phase. Additionally, we introduce a novel technique for polarization characterization, termed terahertz unipolar polarimetry, which utilizes a weak probe beam and avoids the systematic errors associated with traditional methods. This technique is effective for detecting polarization-structured terahertz beams and the longitudinal component of focused terahertz beams. Our findings contribute to the improved control and characterization of terahertz radiation, enhancing its application in fields such as nonlinear optics, spectroscopy, and microscopy.

Influence of in-office whitening on the color matching and surface characteristics of single-shade resin composites.

OBJECTIVE: The color matching of single-shade resin composites after in-office whitening was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four single-shade resin composites were used. A total of 35% hydrogen peroxide was used as the whitening agent. The resin composite was placed in a cavity of an artificially discolored bovine tooth. The color differences between the restoration and surrounding enamel before and after whitening were determined based on ΔE*ab, ΔE00, and ΔWID. The color stability, surface roughness (Sa), and surface gloss (GU) of the resin composite alone were also evaluated. Statistical analyses were performed using repeated-measures analysis of variance with the Tukey-Kramer test. RESULTS: Based on the 50:50% of perceptibility and acceptability thresholds of ΔE*ab and ΔE00, none of the resin composite restorations were clinically acceptable before or after whitening. Regarding ΔWID, although all resin composites showed "acceptable match" in the baseline, they showed "mismatch" after the third session of whitening. Most of the resin composites alone were stable in color against whitening. CONCLUSIONS: Although the single-shade resin composites failed to achieve the expected color matching on discolored teeth either before or after the whitening, the impact of the whitening on the color of the resin composite alone may be negligible.

Unlocking the secrets of Hofbauer cells in placental (patho-) physiology: Isolation and quality assessment in human term placenta.

INTRODUCTION: Hofbauer cells (HBCs) are macrophages of fetal origin that reside in the villous tissue. They are the only immune cells within healthy villi. While HBCs perform innate immune functions such as phagocytosis and antigen presentation, they are increasingly recognized for their diverse roles in placental physiology e.g. vascular functionality, tissue homeostasis, tolerance. Consequently, HBCs are of utmost interest in a variety of non-physiological placental conditions. ISOLATION: Villous tissue is collected freshly after delivery and finely minced. The resulting tissue is digested in a two-step process, using Trypsin/DNase to separate cytotrophoblasts and collagenase/DNase to penetrate deeper into the villous stroma, containing HBCs, and obtain a single cell suspension. After a density gradient centrifugation, the corresponding cell layer is collected and subjected to negative immune selection of HBCs, yielding unaffected cells that have not been activated during the isolation process. QUALITY CONTROL: In addition to a classical immunocytochemistry (ICC) approach including macrophage markers, and markers for potentially contaminating cell types (e.g. fibroblasts, muscle, mesenchymal cells), we have developed a multi-color flow cytometry (FC) panel. This panel assesses Hofbauer cell purity and polarization states more accurately and comprehensively than qualitative ICC, using percentage analysis of parent cells to estimate the expression levels of specific markers. DISCUSSION: The presented protocol allows us to isolate HBCs in significant numbers and high purity, even from placentae compromised by preeclampsia (PE) with limited placental volume. We have successfully developed and implemented this protocol to study healthy, diabetic and PE macrophages, aiding a better understanding of the underlying placental pathophysiology at the cellular level.

Thickness Determination and Control in Protein-Based Biomaterial Thin Films.

Controlling the thickness and uniformity of biomaterial films is crucial for their application in various fields including sensing and bioelectronics. In this work, we investigated film assemblies of an engineered repeat protein─specifically, the consensus tetratricopeptide repeat (CTPR) protein ─a system with unique robustness and tunability. We propose the use of microreflectance spectroscopy and apparent color inspection for the quick assessment of the thickness and uniformity of protein-based biomaterial films deposited on oxidized silicon substrates. Initially, we characterized the thickness of large, uniform, spin-coated protein films and compared the values obtained from microreflectance spectroscopy with those obtained from other typical methods, such as ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy. The excellent agreement between the results obtained from the different techniques validates the effectiveness of microreflectance as a fast, noninvasive, and affordable technique for determining the thickness of biomaterial films. Subsequently, we applied microreflectance spectroscopy to determine the thickness of drop-casted CTPR-based films prepared from small protein solution volumes, which present a smaller surface area and are less uniform compared to spin-coated samples. Additionally, we demonstrate the utility of apparent color inspection as a tool for assessing film uniformity. Finally, based on these results, we provide a calibration of film thickness as a function of the protein length and concentration for both spin-coated and drop-casted films, serving as a guide for the preparation of CTPR films with a specific thickness. Our results demonstrate the remarkable reproducibility of the CTPR film assembly, enabling the simple preparation of biomaterial films with precise thickness.

Perioperative evaluation and follow-up analysis of carotid body tumor by Color Doppler Ultrasound.

OBJECTIVES: The value of Color Doppler Ultrasound (CDU) for perioperative evaluation and follow-up outcomes of carotid body tumor (CBT) remains elusive. This study aimed to investigate the role of CDU in CBT in our center. METHODS: From January 2015 to December 2020, 75 patients with CBT were included in the study. Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) and CDU data of patients were collected and analyzed. The postoperative recovery and follow-up outcomes were summarized. RESULTS: A total of 91 CBTs in 75 patients were included in the study. 73.3% of patients had unilateral lesions, while 26.7% had bilateral lesions. Lesions were categorized as Shamblin I (4.4%), Shamblin II (52.7%), and Shamblin III (42.9%). 79.5% lesions were treated by surgical resection, 12.3% were treated by surgical resection with internal carotid artery reconstructed by artificial vessel, while 8.2% were treated by surgical resection with internal carotid artery reconstructed by autogenous great saphenous vein. Compared with CTA, the sensitivity of CDU for detection of CBT was 96.7%, the sensitivity and specificity of CDU for detection of Shamblin Ⅰ lesions were both 100%, the sensitivity and specificity for Shamblin Ⅱ were 100% and 72.1%, respectively, while the sensitivity and specificity for Shamblin Ⅲ were 69.2% and 100%, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between CTA and CDU for detection of the maximal diameter, volume of CBT and distance between the end of the tumor and the mastoid process. 79.7% of patients were followed up with CDU. Recurrence of CBT occurred in 1 patient. CDU showed that stenosis and occlusion of artificial vessel occurred in 1 and 6 patients, respectively. Occlusion of autogenous great saphenous vein was found in 2 cases. CONCLUSIONS: CDU can accurately diagnose Shamblin Ⅰ CBT, have high sensitivity for Shamblin Ⅱ and high specificity for Shamblin Ⅲ CBT. It plays an important role in diagnosis, perioperative evaluation and follow-up analysis of CBT.

Dual-emission CPB@SMSO@SiO2 composites with tunable afterglow through energy transfer.

Afterglow materials face limitations in color variety, low luminosity, and stability. Thus, developing materials with adjustable afterglow color, increased photoluminescence (PL) intensity, and enhanced stability is crucial. This paper reports the fabrication of a series of core-shell composites, CPB@SMSO@SiO2, which combine Sr2MgSi2O7: Eu2+, Dy3+ (SMSO) and lead halide perovskite quantum dots (CsPbBr3/CPB PeQDs) through a process involving in-situ growth and hydrolytic coating. The SMSO in the composite can absorb 365 nm UV light and then emit 470 nm light, which can be absorbed by the CsPbBr3 PeQDs, resulting in an overall increase in the PL intensity of the composite. The afterglow color can be turned from green to blue by adjusting the ratio of SMSO and CsPbBr3. Furthermore, the stability of the composites is improved by the SiO2 shell layer formed by hydrolysis of tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS). This study presents an opportunity to develop innovative afterglow materials.

Presentations of Cutaneous Disease in Various Skin Pigmentations: Seborrheic Dermatitis.

Description Seborrheic dermatitis is a common dermatologic disease affecting patients of all ages, ethnicities, and skin pigmentations. The rash often affects the scalp, ears, and central face. The underlying skin pigmentation of the individual may affect how this disease presents. We present several cases of seborrheic dermatitis in individuals of varying ages, genders, and skin pigmentations.

Presentations of Cutaneous Disease in Various Skin Pigmentations: Chronic Atopic Dermatitis.

Description Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder classically affecting flexural areas of the body. It is present in children and adults, including those with darker skin pigmentation. Chronic lesions are hyperpigmented plaques that are dry, cracked, and/or scaly often with lichenification. Differential diagnoses include psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, ichthyosis, and pityriasis rosea. This article will showcase clinical images with varying presentations of chronic atopic dermatitis in a range of age groups and skin colors according to the Fitzpatrick scale.

Presentations of Cutaneous Disease in Various Skin Pigmentations: Porokeratosis.

Description Porokeratosis was first described in 1893. It is a relatively rare disorder with over 9 subtypes. Lesions are clinically characterized as well-demarcated, erythematous papules (raised, <1 cm) or plaques (raised, >1 cm), with an atrophic center, and raised scaly border. Porokeratosis is an important diagnosis to identify because it may undergo malignant transformation and mimics many commonly encountered diagnoses. These commonly mimicked diagnoses include squamous cell carcinoma, tinea corporis, nummular dermatitis, and psoriasis vulgaris, to name a few. The clinical images in this review focus on identifying porokeratosis along the full spectrum of skin tones.

Hyperspectral imaging of liverwort Marchantia polymorpha identifies MpWRKY10 as a key regulator defining Foliar pigmentation patterns.

Foliar pigmentation patterns vary among plant species and growth conditions. In this study, we utilize hyperspectral imaging to assess foliar pigmentation in the bryophyte Marchantia polymorpha under nutrient stress and identify associated genetic factors. Using singular value decomposition (SVD) for feature selection, we quantitate color variations induced by deficiencies in phosphate, nitrate, magnesium, calcium, and iron. Pseudo-colored thallus images show that disrupting MpWRKY10 causes irregular pigmentation with auronidin accumulation. Transcriptomic profiling shows that MpWRKY10 regulates phenylpropanoid pathway enzymes and R2R3-MYB transcription factors during phosphate deficiency, with MpMYB14 upregulation preceding pigment accumulation. MpWRKY10 is downregulated in older, pigmented thalli under phosphate deficiency but maintained in young thalli, where it suppresses pigmentation genes. This downregulation is absent in pigmented thalli due to aging. Comparative transcriptome analysis suggests similar WRKY and MYB roles in nutrient response and pigmentation in red-leaf lettuce, alluding to conserved genetic factors controlling foliar pigmentation patterns under nutrient deficiency.

It's not what you say it's what you do: School diversity ideologies and adolescent mental health and academic engagement.

This study examined the relation between schools' color-evasive versus multicultural diversity ideologies, school characteristics, and adolescent development. Across two datasets linking individual-level survey data (N = 1692) and administrative records (N = 300,063; Mage = 12.4, 52% female, 48% male), schools' stated support for diversity (via a pro-diversity mission statement) was related to adolescent mental health and academic achievement, but in nuanced ways depending on individual racial/ethnic backgrounds, the racial/ethnic diversity of the student body and teachers, and the extent of racial disparities in discipline and gifted education. Findings suggest that communicating support for diversity without redressing systemic inequities in school discipline and academic tracking will not reduce racism-related achievement gaps and may instead exacerbate mental health disparities.

Three in one: coordination-induced emission for inherent fluorescent Al-MOF synthesis combined with inner filter effect@aggregation-induced emission mechanisms for designing color tonality and ratiometric sensing platforms.

Three phenomena, namely coordination-induced emission (CIE), aggregation-induced emission (AIE), and inner filter effect (IFE), were incorporated into the design of a ratiometric and color tonality-based biosensor. Blue fluorescent Al-based metal-organic frameworks (FMIL-96) were prepared from non-emissive ligand and aluminum ions via CIE. Interestingly, the addition of tetracycline (TC) led to ratiometric detection and color tonality, as the blue emission at 380 nm was quenched (when excited at 350 nm) due to IFE, while the green-yellowish emission at 525 nm was enhanced due to AIE. Based on that, an ultra-sensitive visual-based color tonality mode with smartphone assistance was developed for detection of TC. The sensor exhibited a linear relationship within a broad range of 2.0 to 85.0 µM TC with a detection limit of 68.0 nM. TC in milk samples was quantified with high accuracy and precision. This integration of smartphone and visual fluorescence in solution is accurate, reliable, cost-effective, and time-saving, providing an alternative strategy for the semi-quantitative determination of TC on-site.

Masking ability of gingiva-colored resin-based composites over different tooth-colored substrates.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of different tooth-colored substrates and restoration thicknesses on the final color of gingiva-colored resin-based composites (GCRBCs). Five different shades of GCRBCs [light pink (LP), dark pink (DP), orange (Or), brown (Br), and purple (P)] were used to prepare disc-shaped specimens with 2 different thicknesses: 1.0 mm, and 2.0 mm. GCRBC discs (n = 5) were placed over 3 different tooth-colored substrates (ND1, ND5, and ND9) and color parameters were assessed using a spectroradiometer. Color differences (∆E*ab and ∆E00) were calculated using CIELab and CIEDE2000 formulas and compared to 50:50% perceptibility (PT: ∆E*ab = 1.7, ΔE00 = 1.1) and acceptability (AT: ∆E*ab = 3.7, ΔE00 = 2.8) visual thresholds. Color variation data were statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVAs followed by Bonferroni's post hoc tests (a = 05). The ∆E*ab and ΔE00 values of GCRBCs placed over ND9 substrates were significantly higher in the LP-1.0 mm and Or-1.0 mm groups that presented values above AT (p< .001).Regardless of the substrate color and GCRBC thickness applied, ∆E*ab and ΔE00 values below AT were recorded in the gingival color groups of P. Substrate color significantly affected the color differences in the gingival color groups of LP, DP, and Or with a restoration thickness of 1.0 mm (p < .05). Gingival color, restoration thickness, and substrate color influenced the color differences of GCRBCs. When the gingival color was a lighter gingival color, rather than dark purple, the masking ability was decreased, especially with a restoration thickness of 1.0 mm.

A Combined Metabolome and Transcriptome Reveals the Lignin Metabolic Pathway during the Developmental Stages of Peel Coloration in the 'Xinyu' Pear.

Sand pear is the main cultivated pear species in China, and brown peel is a unique feature of sand pear. The formation of brown peel is related to the activity of the cork layer, of which lignin is an important component. The formation of brown peel is intimately associated with the biosynthesis and accumulation of lignin; however, the regulatory mechanism of lignin biosynthesis in pear peel remains unclear. In this study, we used a newly bred sand pear cultivar 'Xinyu' as the material to investigate the biosynthesis and accumulation of lignin at nine developmental stages using metabolomic and transcriptomic methods. Our results showed that the 30 days after flowering (DAF) to 50DAF were the key periods of lignin accumulation according to data analysis from the assays of lignin measurement, scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation, metabolomics, and transcriptomics. Through weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), positively correlated modules with lignin were identified. A total of nine difference lignin components were identified and 148 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 10 structural genes (PAL1, C4H, two 4CL genes, HCT, CSE, two COMT genes, and two CCR genes) and MYB, NAC, ERF, and TCP transcription factor genes were involved in lignin metabolism. An analysis of RT-qPCR confirmed that these DEGs were involved in the biosynthesis and regulation of lignin. These findings further help us understand the mechanisms of lignin biosynthesis and provide a theoretical basis for peel color control and quality improvement in pear breeding and cultivation.

Analyzing the effect of blue-blocking lenses on color vision tests using the chromaticity coordinate method.

Significance: Blue light with wavelengths of 380-445 nm can harm the retina, leading to the development of blue-blocking lenses (BBLs). Understanding whether BBLs affect color vision test outcomes and color discrimination ability is crucial for people in color-associated jobs. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of BBLs on color vision tests and analyze color discrimination using mathematical models of color spaces. Approach: Six pseudoisochromatic (PIC) tests and two Farnsworth-Munsell (FM) tests were conducted to assess participants' color vision. Friedman signed rank test was used to compare the outcomes of the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue Tests (FM 100-Hue Tests) between the BBLs and ordinary lenses groups. The CIE color difference formula and a spectral illuminometer were employed to evaluate the color differences with and without BBLs. Results: All subjects showed normal outcomes in all PIC tests and Farnsworth-Munsell Dichotomous D-15 Tests (FM D-15 Tests). There were no significant differences between ordinary lenses group and BBLs groups in FM 100-Hue Tests. In the color space, the effect of BBLs on each color light was equivalent to a translation on the CIE 1931 chromaticity diagram with minor distortion. Since BBLs do not disrupt the continuity of the chromaticity diagram, or cause different colors to appear the same, they do not lead to color confusion. However, colors with short wavelengths exhibited more changes in color difference when wearing BBLs. Conclusions: BBLs do not impair the wearer's ability to discriminate colors or perform color vision tests accurately. However, BBLs can cause color differences especially in the recognition of blue hues.

Use of stool color card as screening tool for biliary atresia in resource-constraint country.

Aim: The study was aimed to find out the efficacy of a stool color card (SCC) in differentiating biliary atresia (BA) from non-BA in resource-limited countries. Background: stool color screening system was introduced in 2004 which lead to marked improvement in sensitivity of detecting BA. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted from January, 2019 through July, 2022 on purposively sampled infants who developed jaundice before three months of age, had direct bilirubin of > 20 % of total with pale stool and dark urine. Results: 144 cases (male, 96) were included in the study and their mean age at admission was 87.3±37.2 days and mean age at onset of jaundice was 6.1±7.7 days. BA was confirmed in 106 (73.6%) cases and 38 (26.4%) children were in non-BA group. Frequency of persistent pale stool between BA and non- BA were 88 vs 8 (83.0 % Vs 21.0 %) which was highly significant (p=0.000). Mean difference of total and direct serum bilirubin, median alanine transferase and alkaline phosphatase were not statistically significant between two groups. Median of serum gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) in BA was 570 U/L and in non-BA it was 138.0 U/L which was statistically significant (p=0.000). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of SCC were 83%, 78.9%, 91.7%, 62.5% and 81.9% respectively. Conclusion: SCC has good sensitivity to diagnose BA but failed to prove better specificity to rely simply on it. SCC may be used as early screening tool for prompt referral to appropriate medical care centers for final evaluation of BA.

Quantitative ultrasound imaging parameters in patients with cancerous thyroid nodules: development of a diagnostic model.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop a diagnostic model utilizing quantitative ultrasound parameters to accurately differentiate benign from malignant thyroid nodules. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 194 patients with thyroid nodules, encompassing 65 malignant and 129 benign cases, was performed. Clinical data, ultrasound characteristics, and hemodynamic indicators were compared. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and logistic regression analysis identified independent diagnostic markers. RESULTS: No significant differences in clinical data were observed between the groups (P>0.05). Malignant nodules, however, were more likely to exhibit solid composition, hypoechoicity, irregular shapes, calcifications, central blood flow, and unclear margins (P<0.05). Hemodynamic parameters showed that malignant nodules had lower end-diastolic volume (EDV) but higher peak systolic velocity (PSV), resistive index (RI), and vascularization flow index (VFI) (P<0.001). Independent diagnostic factors identified included calcification, margin definition, RI, and VFI. A risk prediction model was formulated, demonstrating significantly lower scores for benign nodules (P<0.0001), achieving an ROC area of 0.964. CONCLUSION: Color Doppler ultrasound effectively distinguishes malignant from benign thyroid nodules. The diagnostic model emphasizes the importance of calcification, margin clarity, RI, and VFI as critical elements, enhancing the accuracy of thyroid nodule characterization and facilitating informed clinical decisions.