Why do rural youth migrate? Evidence from Colombia and Guatemala.

Migration, from rural to urban settings is a common phenomenon in Latin America, due to social, economic, political, and other factors. Young people in search of economic and educational opportunities, financial, and social stability, have been migrating to larger urban centers, thus crafting important shifts in rural labor, generational transfer, and domestic economies. Through a systematic literature review of scientific literature, and documents from public institutions and international organizations, published between 2012 and 2022, this article addresses rural-urban migration of youth in Colombia and Guatemala's cattle sector, particularly identifying (i) driving factors, (ii) their impacts on cattle farming, and (iii) public policies implemented to counteract prejudicial effects. Results show that unemployment, lack of educational opportunities, and insecurity are the main reasons for youth migration to cities or abroad, with Mexico, the United States, and Spain being the most common destinations. Additionally, impacts on the cattle sector include shortage of labor and a perfectible generational transfer, hindering the modernization of the industry and investments in climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies. Despite various implemented public policies, the results are partial, and the issue of accelerated youth migration remains relevant. Consequently, without more effective measures adopted by national governments, the cattle sector will lag behind its regional and international competitors, deterring the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. As the main contribution of the study, the analysis of migration is highlighted based on its effects on a specific economic sector and not focused on its causes, as evidenced in a wide range of literature.

Relación teórica entre capacidad de absorción, transferencia del conocimiento e innovación en empresas de servicios / Theoretical relationship between absorption capacity, knowledge transfer and innovation in service companies / Relação teórica entre capacidade de absorção, transferência de conhecimento e inovação em empresas de serviços

RESUMEN La transferencia de conocimiento, la capacidad de absorción y la innovación son factores clave para el éxito de las empresas. El propósito de este artículo es estudiar la relación teórica entre los conceptos: capacidad de absorción, transferencia de conocimiento e innovación en empresas de servicios, a través de una investigación bibliométrica, abordando 506 artículos científicos. Los resultados indican que existe una relación teórica positiva entre la Capacidad de absorción y la innovación, la transferencia de conocimiento y la innovación, así como entre la transferencia de conocimiento y la capacidad de absorción, cabe destacar el impacto que tienen estos conceptos y su relación para la gestión empresarial, y su importancia para fortalecer la competitividad e innovación, especialmente en los procesos de las organizaciones de servicios.

AВSTRАСT Knowledge transfer absorption capacity and innovation are key factors for the success of companies. The purpose of this article is to study the theoretical relationship between the concepts: of absorption capacity knowledge transfer and innovation in service companies, through bibliometric research addressing 506 scientific articles. The results indicate that there is a positive theoretical relationship between absorption capacity and innovation, knowledge transfer and innovation as well as between knowledge transfer and absorption capacity, it is worth highlighting the impact of these concepts and their relationship with business management, and their importance to strengthen competitiveness and innovation, especially in the processes of service organizations.

RESUMO A transferência de conhecimento, a capacidade de absorção e a inovação são fatores-chave para o sucesso das empresas. O objetivo deste artigo é estudar a relação teórica entre os conceitos: capacidade absortiva, transferência de conhecimento e inovação em empresas de serviços, por meio de uma pesquisa bibliométrica, abordando 506 artigos científicos. Os resultados indicam que existe uma relação teórica positiva entre capacidade absortiva e inovação, transferência de conhecimento e inovação, bem como entre transferência de conhecimento e capacidade absortiva, destacando o impacto desses conceitos e sua relação para a gestão empresarial e sua importância para o fortalecimento da competitividade e da inovação, especialmente nos processos das organizações de serviços.

Structural analysis of the future of the coffee industry in the Amazonas region using a MICMAC approach.

Currently there are problems in improving the competitiveness of the coffee industry in Amazonas, in this context the present research seeks to analyze the future behavior of the coffee industry through a structural analysis with MICMAC. For this purpose, 14 coffee guilds of Amazonas were interviewed, followed by an external and internal evaluation and a structural analysis with MICMAC. Subsequently, future events were analyzed and validated by experts. MICMAC identified in the short term the importance of local and regional governments supporting the coffee associations in order to achieve their objectives, such as increasing organic coffee production and expanding the coffee frontier; in the medium term, a coffee research center should be created; and in the long term, studies on the different microclimates should be carried out in order to achieve a high price and international demand. The motricity and dependency study contributed to the generation of eight probable events, of which five events are likely to occur by 2030 and a desirable scenario is the ideal.

Public policy guidelines for a comprehensive, territorial and sustainable development to improve productivity and competitiveness. Case Tungurahua province-Ecuador.

In this work we elaborate a proposal for policy guidelines for the improvement of productivity and competitiveness of the province of Tungurahua -Ecuador-, such proposal is based on the theoretical foundations about the concept of a comprehensive, territorial and sustainable development applied to the territorial diagnosis. Herein three analysis techniques were used as a methodological strategy: The Rasmussen Method, which consists of a multisector model based on the Input-Output Tables-; the technique of focus groups for the analysis of perception on the prioritization of key sectors by the population and by the productive sectors; and the Shift-Share Analysis, to determine the level of growth of some sectors with respect to others. The results have allowed the identification of the strengths and weaknesses, as well as, the opportunities and threats associated with the levels of productivity and competitiveness of the province of Tungurahua. Therefore, strategies have been formulated aimed at the comprehensive, territorial and sustainable development of the province, which are built on the strengthening of endogenous capacities in science, technology and innovation, the encouragement of a coordination and articulation between the actors, the strengthening of the local business web and the internationalization of the territory.

Competitiveness and Phylogenetic Relationship of Rhizobial Strains with Different Symbiotic Efficiency in Trifolium repens: Conversion of Parasitic into Non-Parasitic Rhizobia by Natural Symbiotic Gene Transfer.

In Uruguayan soils, populations of native and naturalized rhizobia nodulate white clover. These populations include efficient rhizobia but also parasitic strains, which compete for nodule occupancy and hinder optimal nitrogen fixation by the grassland. Nodulation competitiveness assays using gusA-tagged strains proved a high nodule occupancy by the inoculant strain U204, but this was lower than the strains with intermediate efficiencies, U268 and U1116. Clover biomass production only decreased when the parasitic strain UP3 was in a 99:1 ratio with U204, but not when UP3 was at equal or lower numbers than U204. Based on phylogenetic analyses, strains with different efficiencies did not cluster together, and U1116 grouped with the parasitic strains. Our results suggest symbiotic gene transfer from an effective strain to U1116, thereby improving its symbiotic efficiency. Genome sequencing of U268 and U204 strains allowed us to assign them to species Rhizobium redzepovicii, the first report of this species nodulating clover, and Rhizobium leguminosarun, respectively. We also report the presence of hrrP- and sapA-like genes in the genomes of WSM597, U204, and U268 strains, which are related to symbiotic efficiency in rhizobia. Interestingly, we report here chromosomally located hrrP-like genes.

Influencer Worship and Self-Connection with the Promoted Brands on Social Media: Why Benign Envy and Trait Competitiveness Matter.

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between influencer worship and consumers' self-connection with the brands promoted by the influencer in social media contexts. Data from 698 active social media users who follow influencers were collected to test the conceptual framework. The findings support the positive link between influencer worship and consumers' self-connection with the brands promoted by the influencer on social media and suggest that this relationship is mediated by the activation of benign envy. The results also confirm the positive moderating effect of trait competitiveness on this relationship. Specifically, the effect is stronger for individuals with a higher level of competitive orientation. The findings contribute to the understanding of the relationship between influencers and their followers through computer-mediated environments. Theoretical contributions and managerial implications are presented.

The policy analysis matrix with profit-efficient data: evaluating the profitability of lemon cultivation in Turkey / A matriz de análise de políticas com dados de eficiência de lucro: avaliando a lucratividade do cultivo de limão na Turquia

In this study, the policy analysis matrix (PAM) and data envelopment analysis (DEA) approaches were used to assess lemon producers' productivity in Mersin, Turkey, as well as the international competitiveness of lemon cultivation within the scope of its production plan. According to the findings, most enterprises are inefficient, and the profitability of lemons improved from 2863.5 USD ha-1 to 6606.0 USD ha-1 with special prices within the framework of profit-maximising production plans. Regarding social prices, an increment from 3500.8 USD ha-1 to 8071.5 USD ha-1 was proposed to create a more sustainable production plan. To retain competitiveness in the Turkish lemon trade, it has been established that enterprises should transition to a more efficient production structure. For this reason, it has been concluded that inefficiencies in using inputs should be eliminated, and the dissemination of technology and advanced applications will make producers more competitive.

Neste estudo, as abordagens da matriz de análise de políticas (PAM) e da análise envoltória de dados (DEA) foram usadas para avaliar a produtividade dos produtores de limão em Mersin, Turquia, bem como a competitividade internacional do cultivo de limão no âmbito de seu plano de produção. De acordo com os resultados, a maioria das empresas é ineficiente e a lucratividade dos limões melhorou de 2863,5 USD ha-1 para 6606,0 USD ha-1 com preços especiais no âmbito dos planos de produção para maximizar o lucro. Com relação aos preços sociais, foi proposto um incremento de 3.500,8 USD ha-1 para 8.071,5 USD ha-1 para criar um plano de produção mais sustentável. Para manter a competitividade no comércio de limão turco, foi estabelecido que as empresas devem fazer a transição para uma estrutura de produção mais eficiente. Por isso, concluiu-se que as ineficiências no uso de insumos devem ser eliminadas, e a disseminação de tecnologia e aplicações avançadas tornará os produtores mais competitivos.

ubiF is involved in acid stress tolerance and symbiotic competitiveness in Rhizobium favelukesii LPU83.

The acidity of soils significantly reduces the productivity of legumes mainly because of the detrimental effects of hydrogen ions on the legume plants, leading to the establishment of an inefficient symbiosis and poor biological nitrogen fixation. We recently reported the analysis of the fully sequenced genome of Rhizobium favelukesii LPU83, an alfalfa-nodulating rhizobium with a remarkable ability to grow, nodulate and compete in acidic conditions. To gain more insight into the genetic mechanisms leading to acid tolerance in R. favelukesii LPU83, we constructed a transposon mutant library and screened for mutants displaying a more acid-sensitive phenotype than the parental strain. We identified mutant Tn833 carrying a single-transposon insertion within LPU83_2531, an uncharacterized short ORF located immediately upstream from ubiF homolog. This gene encodes a protein with an enzymatic activity involved in the biosynthesis of ubiquinone. As the transposon was inserted near the 3' end of LPU83_2531 and these genes are cotranscribed as a part of the same operon, we hypothesized that the phenotype in Tn833 is most likely due to a polar effect on ubiF transcription.We found that a mutant in ubiF was impaired to grow at low pH and other abiotic stresses including 5 mM ascorbate and 0.500 mM Zn2+. Although the ubiF mutant retained the ability to nodulate alfalfa and Phaseolus vulgaris, it was unable to compete with the R. favelukesii LPU83 wild-type strain for nodulation in Medicago sativa and P. vulgaris, suggesting that ubiF is important for competitiveness. Here, we report for the first time an ubiF homolog being essential for nodulation competitiveness and tolerance to specific stresses in rhizobia.

Formalization of a new stock trend prediction methodology based on the sector price book value for the Colombian market.

As a financial indicator, Tobin's Q is related to making investment decisions based on the organization's market value related to the organization's replacement costs. The purpose of this study is to develop a methodology for predicting the trend of stock value based on the relationship between the fluctuation of Tobin's Q by sector as a trend index and the stock price variation of the Columbia stock market. To this end, a quantitative quasi-experimental survey will be conducted on shares traded by December 30, 2019. This is at least 90% of the time we have traded in the last 5 years. From the average Q value of the relevant economic sector, the value of each company's stock is adjusted to calculate the estimated price of the company's stock. If there is a disparity between the estimated value of the stock and the value at time t, you can forecast the stock price transition. If the computation yields a more significant result than what is now witnessed in the market, the next period's development will be positive; if it yields a lower result, its development will be negative. The results allow us to establish a significant influence of industry results on the performance of corporate Tobin's Q at the individual level. The significance level is greater than 50% in all cases, and profitability does not go below 30% in any sector, even reaching 100%. The methodology used in this study is essential to all investors tiny firms because it uses publicly available, freely available information, providing tremendous potential for safer non-business revenue.

Cybernetic governance of the Peruvian State: a proposal.

This paper aims to make a proposal to govern the Peruvian State under the umbrella of management cybernetics, following the paths of the viable system model (VSM), proposed by Prof. Stafford Beer, enriched with other soft and hard systemic methodologies and technologies, to cover the soft and hard issues that are part of the complex Peruvian reality at different levels of recursion. For doing this, four defined perspectives were adopted to understand the complexity of Peru: the sectoral view, the regions view, the river basins view and the macroregions view. Peru is seen as a system in focus, defining, for each of these four perspectives, the five systems that VSM has. The application of the VSM in each perspective serves to apply it in two modes: diagnosis and design, according to the respective perspective. Then an integrative analysis and reflection is done considering the four perspectives, to analyze the viability of the VSM approach in the governance of the Peruvian State to establish some conclusions and recommendations in relation to the proposal, appearing at the end of the paper.

Potential of Kazakhstans grain export trade / O potencial do comércio de exportação de grãos do Cazaquistão

Kazakhstan is located in the hinterland of Central Asia. Its virtuous geographical advantages and huge grain production potential make it one of the most important grain exporters in the world. The research on the problem of the grain trade in Kazakhstan is of great significance for food security. This study measured its international competitiveness using the International Market Share Index, the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index, Trade competitiveness index and calculated the international competitiveness and analyzed the influencing factors of grain export by constructing an extended gravity model and measured its export potential. Results showed that Kazakhstan has a low share of the international grain market; however, wheat, barley, and buckwheat have strong export advantages; the level of economic development and economic distance has significantly promoted the scale of grain exports. While geographical distance, the difference in GDP per capita, and the fact whether trading partner countries have joined the Eurasian Economic Union have caused obstacles to grain exports. Kazakhstans export potential to 6 countries including Russia, Kyrgyzstan and China shows an upward” trend, its export potential to 6 countries including Tajikistan and Ukraine showing a “stable” trend, and its export to 9 countries included Poland and Germany. The potential showed a “declining” trend.(AU)

O Cazaquistão está localizado no interior da Ásia Central. Suas virtuosas vantagens geográficas e grande potencial de produção de grãos a tornam um dos exportadores de grãos mais importantes do mundo. A pesquisa sobre o problema do comércio de grãos no Cazaquistão é de grande importância para a segurança alimentar. Este estudo mede sua competitividade internacional por meio do índice IMS, índice RCA, índice TC e calcula a competitividade internacional e analisa os fatores influenciadores da exportação de grãos por meio da construção de um modelo gravimétrico estendido e mede seu potencial exportador. Os resultados mostram que o Cazaquistão tem uma baixa participação no mercado internacional de grãos; no entanto, trigo, cevada e trigo sarraceno têm fortes vantagens de exportação; o nível de desenvolvimento econômico e a distância econômica têm promovido significativamente a escala das exportações de grãos. Embora a distância geográfica, a diferença no PIB per capita e o fato de os países parceiros comerciais terem aderido à União Econômica da Eurásia têm causado obstáculos às exportações de grãos. O potencial de exportação do Cazaquistão para seis países, incluindo Rússia, Quirguistão e China mostra uma tendência de “alta”, seu potencial de exportação para seis países, incluindo Tajiquistão e Ucrânia, mostra uma tendência“ estável ”e sua exportação para nove países, incluindo Polônia e Alemanha. O potencial mostra uma tendência de “declínio”.(AU)

Potential of Kazakhstan's grain export trade / O potencial do comércio de exportação de grãos do Cazaquistão

ABSTRACT: Kazakhstan is located in the hinterland of Central Asia. Its virtuous geographical advantages and huge grain production potential make it one of the most important grain exporters in the world. The research on the problem of the grain trade in Kazakhstan is of great significance for food security. This study measured its international competitiveness using the International Market Share Index, the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index, Trade competitiveness index and calculated the international competitiveness and analyzed the influencing factors of grain export by constructing an extended gravity model and measured its export potential. Results showed that Kazakhstan has a low share of the international grain market; however, wheat, barley, and buckwheat have strong export advantages; the level of economic development and economic distance has significantly promoted the scale of grain exports. While geographical distance, the difference in GDP per capita, and the fact whether trading partner countries have joined the Eurasian Economic Union have caused obstacles to grain exports. Kazakhstan's export potential to 6 countries including Russia, Kyrgyzstan and China shows an upward" trend, its export potential to 6 countries including Tajikistan and Ukraine showing a "stable" trend, and its export to 9 countries included Poland and Germany. The potential showed a "declining" trend.

RESUMO: O Cazaquistão está localizado no interior da Ásia Central. Suas virtuosas vantagens geográficas e grande potencial de produção de grãos a tornam um dos exportadores de grãos mais importantes do mundo. A pesquisa sobre o problema do comércio de grãos no Cazaquistão é de grande importância para a segurança alimentar. Este estudo mede sua competitividade internacional por meio do índice IMS, índice RCA, índice TC e calcula a competitividade internacional e analisa os fatores influenciadores da exportação de grãos por meio da construção de um modelo gravimétrico estendido e mede seu potencial exportador. Os resultados mostram que o Cazaquistão tem uma baixa participação no mercado internacional de grãos; no entanto, trigo, cevada e trigo sarraceno têm fortes vantagens de exportação; o nível de desenvolvimento econômico e a distância econômica têm promovido significativamente a escala das exportações de grãos. Embora a distância geográfica, a diferença no PIB per capita e o fato de os países parceiros comerciais terem aderido à União Econômica da Eurásia têm causado obstáculos às exportações de grãos. O potencial de exportação do Cazaquistão para seis países, incluindo Rússia, Quirguistão e China mostra uma tendência de "alta", seu potencial de exportação para seis países, incluindo Tajiquistão e Ucrânia, mostra uma tendência" estável "e sua exportação para nove países, incluindo Polônia e Alemanha. O potencial mostra uma tendência de "declínio".

Potential of Kazakhstan’s grain export trade / O potencial do comércio de exportação de grãos do Cazaquistão

Kazakhstan is located in the hinterland of Central Asia. Its virtuous geographical advantages and huge grain production potential make it one of the most important grain exporters in the world. The research on the problem of the grain trade in Kazakhstan is of great significance for food security. This study measured its international competitiveness using the International Market Share Index, the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index, Trade competitiveness index and calculated the international competitiveness and analyzed the influencing factors of grain export by constructing an extended gravity model and measured its export potential. Results showed that Kazakhstan has a low share of the international grain market; however, wheat, barley, and buckwheat have strong export advantages; the level of economic development and economic distance has significantly promoted the scale of grain exports. While geographical distance, the difference in GDP per capita, and the fact whether trading partner countries have joined the Eurasian Economic Union have caused obstacles to grain exports. Kazakhstan’s export potential to 6 countries including Russia, Kyrgyzstan and China shows an upward” trend, its export potential to 6 countries including Tajikistan and Ukraine showing a “stable” trend, and its export to 9 countries included Poland and Germany. The potential showed a “declining” trend.

O Cazaquistão está localizado no interior da Ásia Central. Suas virtuosas vantagens geográficas e grande potencial de produção de grãos a tornam um dos exportadores de grãos mais importantes do mundo. A pesquisa sobre o problema do comércio de grãos no Cazaquistão é de grande importância para a segurança alimentar. Este estudo mede sua competitividade internacional por meio do índice IMS, índice RCA, índice TC e calcula a competitividade internacional e analisa os fatores influenciadores da exportação de grãos por meio da construção de um modelo gravimétrico estendido e mede seu potencial exportador. Os resultados mostram que o Cazaquistão tem uma baixa participação no mercado internacional de grãos; no entanto, trigo, cevada e trigo sarraceno têm fortes vantagens de exportação; o nível de desenvolvimento econômico e a distância econômica têm promovido significativamente a escala das exportações de grãos. Embora a distância geográfica, a diferença no PIB per capita e o fato de os países parceiros comerciais terem aderido à União Econômica da Eurásia têm causado obstáculos às exportações de grãos. O potencial de exportação do Cazaquistão para seis países, incluindo Rússia, Quirguistão e China mostra uma tendência de “alta”, seu potencial de exportação para seis países, incluindo Tajiquistão e Ucrânia, mostra uma tendência“ estável ”e sua exportação para nove países, incluindo Polônia e Alemanha. O potencial mostra uma tendência de “declínio”.

Review: International trade in animal products and the place of the European Union: main trends over the last 20 years.

This article presents an analysis of the evolution of international trade in animal products over the period 2000 to 2018, using customs data from the "BACI" database. Firstly, this article presents the evolution of global trade in animal products for the top five exporting countries (in decreasing order: the European Union (EU), the United States, New Zealand, Brazil and Australia) and then for the two largest importers (China and Japan). It then looks at the world trade situation for four major animal products: poultry meat, pig meat, beef and dairy products. Animal products account for 16% of world agro-food trade; this rate has remained fairly stable throughout the period. The growing imbalance between supply and demand for animal products in Asian countries, particularly in China, is stimulating international trade to the benefit of the major exporting countries. The EU is the world's leading exporter of animal products (with 21% of the total in 2018) and the fourth importer (with 6% of the total). It is in surplus in dairy products and pig meat, but in deficit (in value) in beef and poultry meat. Dairy products, which are exported by very few countries (mainly the EU, New Zealand and the United States), account for almost a third of all trade in animal products. They are thus ahead of beef (23%), pork (12%) and poultry meat (12%). Trade in live animals remains low (5%).

Capacidades de innovación de las pequeñas y medianas empresas del sector metalmecánico en Cartagena, Colombia / Innovation capacities of small and medium enterprises of the metalworking sector in Cartagena, Colombia / Capacidades de inovação de pequenas e médias empresas do setor metalomecânico em Cartagena, Colômbia

RESUMEN La presente investigación identifica las capacidades de innovación de las pequeñas y medianas (Pymes) empresas del sector metalmecánico en Cartagena - Colombia. La metodología abordada fue de exploratorio y descriptivo. La población seleccionada correspondió al total de las 25 Pymes del clúster metalmecánico, registradas formalmente en la Cámara de Comercio de Cartagena, con lo cual se identificaron las brechas y potencialidades para impulsar las capacidades de innovación. Como resultado, se identificó en relación con las capacidades para la innovación que, el 85% de la Pymes promueve en sus operaciones novedosas prácticas en todas sus áreas funcionales, incentivando la creatividad y la innovación en el diseño y desarrollo diferenciado de bienes y servicios. Se concluye que, el clúster de empresas metalmecánicas debe orientar esfuerzos a la consolidación de las capacidades innovadoras en las áreas de investigación y desarrollo, vigilancia tecnológica, marketing digital y gestión logística, lo cual contribuiría a la mejora de la productividad y competitividad del sector: CLASIFICACIÓN JEL O32, 111, D24

ABSTRACT This research identifies the innovation capabilities of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the metalworking sector in Cartagena -Colombia. The methodology used was exploratory and descriptive. The population selected corresponded to the total of 25 SMEs in the metal-mechanical cluster formally registered with the Chamber of Commerce of Cartagena, which identified the gaps and potential to boost innovation capabilities. As a result, 85% of the SMEs promote innovative practices in all their functional areas in their operations, encouraging creativity and innovation in the design and differentiated development of goods and services. It is concluded that the cluster of metal-mechanical companies should focus efforts on consolidating innovative capabilities in the areas of research and development, technology watch, digital marketing and logistics management, which would contribute to improving the productivity and competitiveness of the sector. JEL CLASSIFICATION O32, 111, D24

RESUMO Esta pesquisa identifica as capacidades de inovação das Pequenas e Médias Empresas (PMEs) do setor metalomecânico em Cartagena-Colômbia. A metodologia abordada foi exploratória e descritiva. A população selecionada correspondeu ao total das 25 PMEs do cluster metalomecânico, formalmente cadastradas na Cámara de Comercio de Cartagena (em português Câmara de Comércio de Cartagena), nas quais identificaram-se as lacunas e potencialidades para impulsionar as capacidades de inovação. Como resultado, encontrou-se em relação às capacidades de inovação, que 85% das PMEs promovem nas suas operações práticas inovadoras em todas as suas áreas funcionais, incentivando a criatividade e a inovação na concepção e desenvolvimento diferenciado de bens e serviços. Conclui-se que o cluster de empresas metalomecânicas deve direcionar esforços para consolidar capacidades inovadoras nas áreas de pesquisa e desenvolvimento, vigilância tecnológica, marketing digital e gestão logística, o que contribuiria para a melhoria da produtividade e competitividade do setor. CLASSIFICAÇÃO JEL O32, 111, D24

Aproximación a un sistema asociativo de comercialización para productos agrarios de pequeños y medianos productores / Approach to an Associative Marketing System for Agricultural Products of Small and Medium Producers / Abordagem a um Sistema de Marketing Associativo para Produtos Agrícolas de Pequenos e Médios Produtores

Resumen Introducción: en este artículo se presenta una propuesta sobre cómo mejorar el sistema de comercialización de los productos de los campesinos, derivada de resultados de investigación. Objetivo: establecer una aproximación a un sistema asociativo de comercialización para productores agrarios de pequeños y medianos productores. Materiales y métodos: a partir de la investigación realizada con productores del oriente Antioqueño (Acevedo y Palacio, 2012) y la experiencia con campesinos productores de otros municipios del departamento de Antioquia, se procede a la construcción de una propuesta de aproximación a un sistema asociativo de comercialización para productos agrarios de pequeños y medianos productores. Resultados: luego de todo el trabajo de campo y de la interacción con los productores, se puede evidenciar que existen unas malas prácticas de comercialización, ya que para la formación de los precios de los productos intervienen múltiples factores como intermediarios y transporte. Conclusiones: las dificultades que afrontan los pequeños y medianos productores agropecuarios y que ameritan este tipo de propuesta, parten de la forma como comercializan sus productos, evitando costosos desplazamientos y fletes, y tener que enfrentarse a mayoristas, que algunos consideran irrespetuosos, dominantes y abusadores. Esta circunstancia los lleva a vender a acopiadores veredales, o intermediarios en las plazas de los pueblos, donde negocian a precios muy bajos. Este sistema de ventas, centrado en plazas municipales y grandes centrales de abastos, donde el campesino tiene una gran desventaja competitiva, es el dominante en Colombia y muchos otros países. Acevedo y Palacio (2013), concluyen en su investigación, que, para superar las debilidades de los campesinos en la compra de insumos y comercialización de sus productos, es necesario desarrollar empresas asociativas especializadas en mercadeo de productos agropecuarios, que representen todas las líneas de productos, y que permitan la participación de todos los productores y de sus asociaciones, como asociados. El sistema de comercialización propuesto implica lo local y regional, y podría ayudar a grandes grupos de campesinos a lograr garantía de compra y precios justos para sus productos, a través de organizaciones con alto volumen de operaciones, que les permita ser competitivas y financieramente sostenibles en el tiempo.

Abstract Introduction: this article presents a proposal on how to improve the marketing system of peasant products, derived from research results. Objective: to establish an approximation to an associative marketing system for agricultural producers of small and medium producers. Materials and methods: based on the research carried out with producers from eastern Antioquia (Acevedo y Palacio, 2012) and the experience with peasant farmers from other municipalities in the department of Antioquia, a proposal was made to approach an associative marketing system for products of small and medium producers. Results: after all the field work and the interaction with the producers, it can be evidenced that there are bad marketing practices, since multiple factors such as intermediaries and transport intervene in the formation of the prices of the products. Conclusions: the difficulties that small and medium agricultural producers face and that merit this type of proposal, start from the way they market their products, avoiding costly displacements and freights, and having to face wholesalers, which some consider disrespectful, dominant and abusers. This circumstance leads them to sell to rural collectors, or to intermediaries in the squares of the towns, where they negotiate at very low prices. This sales system, centered in municipal squares and large supply centers, where the farmer has a great competitive disadvantage, is the dominant one in Colombia and many other countries. Acevedo and Palacio (2013), conclude in their research, that to overcome the weaknesses of the farmers in the purchase of inputs and marketing of their products, it is necessary to develop associative companies specialized in marketing of agricultural products, which represent all the product lines , and that allow the participation of all producers and their associations, as partners. The proposed marketing system involves the local and regional and could help large groups of farmers to achieve purchase guarantees and fair prices for their products, through organizations with high volume of operations, which allows them to be competitive and financially sustainable in the time.

Resumo Introdução: este artigo apresenta uma proposta sobre melhorar o sistema de comercialização de produtos camponeses, derivado de resultados de pesquisas. Objetivo: estabelecer uma aproximação a um sistema de marketing associativo para produtores agrícolas de pequenos e médios produtores. Materiais e métodos: com base na pesquisa realizada com produtores do leste de Antioquia (Acevedo y Palacio, 2012) e a experiência com camponeses de outros municípios do departamento de Antioquia, foi feita uma proposta para abordar um sistema associativo de comercialização de produtos de pequenos e médios produtores. Resultados: Após todo o trabalho de campo e interação com os produtores, pode-se constatar que existem más práticas de comercialização, uma vez que múltiplos fatores como intermediários e transporte interferem na formação dos preços dos produtos. Conclusões: as dificuldades enfrentadas pelos agricultores de pequena e média escala e garantindo este tipo de proposta, são baseadas em como comercializar os seus produtos, evitando viagens dispendiosas e frete, e ter que lidar com atacadistas, que alguns consideram desrespeitoso, dominante e abusadores. Esta circunstância leva-os a vender para colecionadores das veredas, ou para intermediários nas praças das cidades, onde negociam a preços muito baixos. Este sistema de vendas, centrado em praças municipais e grandes centros de abastecimento, onde o agricultor tem uma grande desvantagem competitiva, é o dominante na Colômbia e em muitos outros países. Acevedo e Palace (2013), concluir em suas pesquisas, para superar as fragilidades dos agricultores na compra de insumos e comercialização dos seus produtos, é necessário desenvolver especializado empresas cooperativas comercialização de produtos agrícolas, representando todas as linhas de produtos , e que permitem a participação de todos os produtores e suas associações, como parceiros. A comercialização do sistema proposto envolve local e regional, e poderia ajudar grandes grupos de agricultores para atingir garantia de compra e preços justos para os seus produtos, através de organizações com operações de alto volume, o que lhes permite ser competitivos e financeiramente sustentável no tempo.

Attractiveness and Sexual Competitiveness of Anastrepha obliqua Males (Diptera: Tephritidae) Fed on a Diet Enriched With Providencia rettgeri.

The West Indian fruit fly, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), is the second most important tephritid fruit fly in Mexico, infesting mango, hog plum and guava fruits. To control this pest, the Mexican government has implemented the use of the sterile insect technique (SIT), which involves the mass production, sterilization and release of flies. However, the A. obliqua laboratory males used in SIT are selected to a lesser extent by the wild females during competitiveness tests. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of males fed on fruit fly food enriched with Providencia rettgeri to those in males fed on food alone, assessing male mating competitiveness, capture of females using traps baited with males fed with the enriched diet and sex pheromone components. The results indicated that males fed with the diet enriched with P. rettgeri had increased mating competitiveness and captured more females in the field cage tests. However, no difference was observed in the proportion of volatile sex pheromone components identified during the calling of A. obliqua males. The results suggest the value of incorporating bacteria into the mass rearing technique of A. obliqua adults in order to improve the sexual competitiveness of males from the laboratory compared to wild males.

Cogniciones en el lado oscuro: desconexión moral, tríada oscura y conducta antisocial en adolescents / Cognitions on the dark side: Moral disengagement, dark triad and antisocial behavior in adolescents

Resumen En el marco de una tradición de investigación relativamente reciente, ciertos rasgos psicológicos relacionados con diversas conductas socialmente reprobables se han agrupado bajo la denominación de "Factor o lado oscuros de la personalidad". En este contexto, este trabajo estudia la varianza común que pudiera existir entre los tres componentes del constructo tríada oscura (maquiavelismo, narcisismo y psicopatía) y los procesos cognitivos constitutivos del constructo desconexión moral, en orden a relacionarlos con la conducta antisocial de una muestra de 800 adolescentes (M = 15.33, SD = .99; 50.1 % chicos). El análisis factorial exploratorio sugirió retener cuatro factores mediante el Análisis Paralelo de Horn. Estos factores se sometieron a una rotación bifactorial en el contexto exploratorio, y sus índices de ajuste fueron adecuados ꭓ² (1219.42, 737) = 1.65 p < .05; RMSEA = .03 (.01, .05 ); CFI = .98. El análisis factorial confirmatorio de este modelo bifactorial para representar el lado oscuro, obtuvo índices de ajuste óptimos ꭓ² (392.38, 150) = 2.61 p < .05; RMSEA = .04 (.04, .05); CFI = .95; y similar para chicos y chicas. El modelo de ecuaciones estructurales indicó que el "lado oscuro", entendido aquí como las características comunes de la tríada oscura y la desconexión moral, está directa e intensamente relacionado con conductas antisociales en chicas (β = .57, p < .001) y en chicos (β = .54, p < .001). Finalmente, se discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados para la prevención de una amplia gama de conductas antisociales en adolescentes.

Abstract Within the context of a recent research tradition, certain psychological traits related to various socially reprehensible behaviors have been grouped under the name of "Dark Factor or dark side of personality." In this context, this paper studies the common variance that could exist between the three components of the Dark Triad construct (Machiavellianism, Narcissism and Psychopathy) and the constituent cognitive processes of Moral Disengagement construct, in order to relate them to the antisocial behavior of a sample composed of 800 adolescents (M = 15.36, SD = .99; 50.1 % boys). Exploratory factor analysis suggested retaining four factors using Horn Parallel Analysis. These factors were subjected to a bifactorial rotation in the exploratory context, and their fit indices were adequate ꭓ² (1219.42, 737) = 1.65 p <.05; RMSEA = .03 (.01, .05); CFI = .98. The confirmatory factor analysis of this bifactorial model to represent the dark side obtained optimal fit indices ꭓ² (392.38, 150) = 2.61 p <.05; RMSEA = .04 (.04, .05); CFI = .95; similar for boys and girls. The results of the structural equation model indicated that the "dark side", understood here as the common characteristics of the Dark Triad and Moral Disengagement, is directly and intensely related to antisocial behaviors in girls (β = .57, p < .001) and boys (β = .54, p < .001). Finally, the implications of these results for the prevention of a wide range of antisocial behaviors in adolescents are discussed.

A gestão da informação como ferramenta para o compliance: uma perspectiva preliminar no contexto da diminuição de riscos e aumento de competitividade nas organizações brasileiras do setor da saúde / La gestión de la información como herramienta de cumplimiento: una perspectiva preliminar en el contexto de la reducción de riesgos y la mayor competitividad en las organizaciones del sector brasileño de la salud / Information management as a tool for compliance: a preliminary perspective in the context of risk reduction and increased competitiveness in brazilian health sector organizations

A implementação de programas de compliance vem sendo cada vez mais difundida nos ambientes organizacionais, se destacando o compliance, com vistas a estar em conformidade com as questões jurídicas, aumentando a eficiência e minimizando os riscos. O objetivo do presente artigo situa-se na análise da difusão do compliance a partir da perspectiva na gestão da informação, bem como seu impacto nos aspectos jurídicos no Brasil, e com isso, refletir sobre as vantagens da adoção desses mecanismos como forma de ganho de competitividade. Dessa maneira, a presente pesquisa realizou um levantamento bibliográfico com o objetivo de realizar uma análise preliminar da gestão da informação enquanto ferramenta organizacional no contexto da saúde. Também foi analisado como o processo de compliance pode fazer uso da informação gerida com o intuito de diminuir o risco e aumentar a competitividade no contexto das organizações que possuem a saúde como área fim. Ressalta-se que se trata de uma pesquisa de caráter preliminar, que buscou chamar a atenção das organizações brasileiras do setor da saúde quanto ao uso da gestão da informação como ferramenta para o compliance. Sendo assim, concluiu-se preliminarmente que a prática do compliance, alinhada ao uso estratégico da informação, pode ser fundamental para a minimização de riscos e aumento da competitividade, especialmente pelo ganho de confiabilidade de ambiente, pautado na integridade e na segurança de investimentos(AU)

La implementación de programas de compliance (cumplimiento normativo) se ha generalizado cada vez más en entornos organizacionales, con miras a cumplir con los problemas legales, aumentar la eficiencia y minimizar los riesgos. El objetivo de este artículo es determinar la difusión del compliance desde la perspectiva de la gestión de la información, así como su impacto en los aspectos legales en Brasil, y con eso, reflexionar sobre las ventajas de adoptar estos mecanismos como una forma de obtener competitividade. En la presente investigación realizó una encuesta bibliográfica con el fin de realizar un análisis preliminar de la gestión de la información como herramienta organizativa en el contexto de la salud. También se analizó cómo el proceso de compliance puede hacer uso de la información administrada para reducir el riesgo y aumentar la competitividad en el contexto de las organizaciones que tienen la salud como área final. Esta es una investigación preliminar, que intenta atraer la atención de las organizaciones brasileñas del sector de la salud en cuanto al uso de la gestión de la información como herramienta para el compliance. Por lo tanto, se concluyó preliminarmente que la práctica del compliance, alineada con el uso estratégico de la información, puede ser fundamental para minimizar los riesgos y aumentar la competitividad, especialmente por la ganancia en la confiabilidad del entorno basada en la integridad y la seguridad de las inversiones(AU)

The implementation of compliance programs has been increasingly widespread in organizational environments, highlighting compliance, with a view to being in compliance with legal issues, increasing efficiency and minimizing risks. The objective of this article is to analyze the diffusion of compliance from the perspective of information management, as well as its impact on legal aspects in Brazil, and with that, to reflect on the advantages of adopting these mechanisms as a way of gaining competitiveness. In this way, the present research carried out a bibliographic survey with the objective of carrying out a preliminary analysis of information management as an organizational tool in the context of health. It was also analyzed how the compliance process can make use of managed information in order to reduce risk and increase competitiveness in the context of organizations that have health as an end area. It should be noted that this is a preliminary research, which sought to draw the attention of Brazilian organizations in the health sector regarding the use of information management as a tool for compliance. Therefore, it was preliminarily concluded that the practice of compliance, in line with the strategic use of information, can be fundamental to minimize risks and increase competitiveness, especially due to the gain in the reliability of the environment based on the integrity and security of investments(AU)

Capacidades dinámicas: aportes y tendencias / Dynamic capabilities: contributions and trends / Capacidades dinâmicas: contribuições e tendências

Resumen El enfoque de capacidades dinámicas, constituye una alternativa de análisis dentro del área disciplinar de la gestión estratégica. La revisión de autores seminales permite exponer sus componentes y contextos de aplicación. Este enfoque permite plantear un marco teórico ordenado para ser aplicado en entornos de alta volatilidad como los actuales. Las empresas generan capacidades que les permiten responder rápidamente ante los requerimientos del mercado, adecuarse a los cambios tecnológicos y operar en un futuro impredecible. Cuando las organizaciones desarrollan capacidades dinámicas, adaptan y reconfiguran los recursos y capacidades, para atender las exigencias del entorno.

Abstract The Dynamic Capabilities Approach constitutes an alternative analysis within the disciplinary area of strategic management. The review of seminal authors allows exposing its components and application contexts. This approach allows proposing an ordered theoretical framework to be applied in high volatility environments like the current ones. Companies generate capabilities that allow them responding quickly to market requirements, adapting to technological changes and operating in an unpredictable future. When organizations develop dynamic capabilities, they adapt and reconfigure resources and capabilities to meet the demands of the environment.

Resumo A Abordagem de Capacidades Dinâmicas constitui uma alternativa de análise na área disciplinar da gestão estratégica. A revisão dos autores seminais permite expor seus componentes e contextos de aplicação. Essa abordagem permite propor um referencial teórico ordenado a ser aplicado em ambientes de alta volatilidade, como os atuais. As empresas geram recursos que lhes permitem responder rápidamente aos requisitos do mercado, adaptar-se às mudanças tecnológicas e operar em um futuro imprevisível. Quando as organizações desenvolvem capacidades dinâmicos, adaptam e reconfiguram recursos para atender às demandas do ambiente.