Corrigendum: Convergence between the dimensional PD models of ICD-11 and DSM-5: a meta-analytic approach.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1325583.].

Posttraumatic stress disorder prevalence and childbirth: update meta-analysis after the introduction of the DSM-5 and COVID-19 pandemic.

PURPOSE: Meta-analyses were previously performed to estimate PTSD prevalence in the postpartum period. Significant events that could impact this outcome occurred in the last decade, such as the publication of the DSM-5 in 2013 and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. This systematic literature review with a meta-analysis addressed studies published after 2014 to estimate PTSD prevalence after childbirth. METHOD: The methodological guidelines recommended by PRISMA were followed. The meta-analysis estimate was the proportion of PTSD cases. The restricted maximum likelihood (REML) was the method adopted for estimation in addition to multilevel random effect models. Subgroup analyses were performed to assess the impact of interest variables. RESULTS: The estimated prevalence was 0.10 (95%CI: 0.8-0.13; I2 = 98.5%). No significant differences were found regarding the introduction of the DSM-5 (p = 0.73) or COVID-19 (p = 0.97), but instead, between low- and middle-income countries, e.g., the Middle East presents a higher prevalence (p < 0.01) than European countries. CONCLUSIONS: There is a potential increase in PTSD prevalence rates after childbirth in the last decade not associated with the pandemic or the current diagnostic classification. Most studies showed a methodological fragility that must be overcome to understand this phenomenon better and support preventive actions and treatment for puerperal women.

A 50 años de la exclusión de la homosexualidad del Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales (DSM) / 50 years after the exclusion of homosexuality from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

RESUMEN Se cumple medio siglo del hecho histórico constituido por la remoción de la homosexualidad como ítem diagnóstico en la clasificación norteamericana de trastornos psiquiátricos, es decir, en el Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales (DSM). Aunque es un período breve, cuesta trabajo creer que, hasta hace 50 años, las personas homosexuales carecían de numerosos derechos civiles elementales en EE. UU. y que diversas leyes penalizaban actos sexuales privados y libremente consentidos entre adultos. Rememorar estos hechos significativos en el contexto de una acotada reseña de la historia conceptual de la homosexualidad como trasfondo es el objetivo fundamental de este artículo que, a la vez, constituye un recordatorio de muchas tareas pendientes en la salud mental y derechos humanos de las minorías sexuales, todavía víctimas de homofobia, estigma y segregación, más aún en países como el nuestro.

ABSTRACT It is half a century since the historical event constituted by the removal of homosexuality as a psychiatric diagnosis from the North American Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Although it is a short period of time, it is hard to believe that fifty years ago, homosexual people lacked many basic civil rights in the United States and various laws criminalized private, freely consented sexual acts between adults. Recalling these significant events in the context of a summarized conceptual history of homosexuality is the main objective of this brief account which, at the same time, can serve as a reminder of many tasks pending in the mental health and human rights of sexual minorities, still victims of homophobia, stigma, and segregation, even more so in countries like Peru.

Genealogia da agressividade infantil no Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais: o diagnóstico entre clínica e política / Genealogy of child aggressiveness in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders : diagnostic between clinic and politics / Généalogie de l'agressivité infantile dans le Manuel Diagnostique et Statistique des Troubles Mentaux : le diagnostic entre clinique et politique / Genealogía de la agresividad infantil en el Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de Trastornos Mentales : el diagnóstico entre la clínica y la política

Resumo: Este artigo faz uma análise genealógica da inclusão da "agressividade infantil" e suas variações no Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais (DSM) ao longo das suas edições. Começamos por avaliar a relevância da inclusão deste signo clínico nos critérios de diagnóstico, sobretudo a partir de 1980. Em seguida, analisamos as implicações clínicas e políticas desta inclusão, em particular no que concerne à construção de uma psicopatologia da infância e à definição social de normas de conduta. Por fim, analisamos como a ênfase colocada na normatização da agressividade infantil através de discursos normativos, em consonância com as exigências neoliberais de desempenho, contribui para o aumento da expressão da agressividade como forma de lidar com o mal-estar e com o sofrimento subjetivo.

Abstract: This article provides a genealogical analysis of the inclusion of "child aggressiveness" and its variations in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) throughout its editions. We begin by assessing the relevance of the inclusion of this clinical sign in the diagnostic criteria, especially since 1980. We then analyze the clinical and political implications of this inclusion, particularly regarding the construction of a psychopathology of childhood and the social definition of norms of conduct. Finally, we analyse how the emphasis placed on the normalization of child aggression through normative discourses, in line with neoliberal demands for performance, contributes to an increase in the expression of aggression as a way of dealing with malaise and subjective suffering.

Résumé : Cet article propose une analyse généalogique de l'inclusion de l'« agressivité infantile ¼ et de ses variations dans le Manuel diagnostique et statistique des troubles mentaux (DSM) au fil de ses éditions. Nous commençons par évaluer la pertinence de l'inclusion de ce signe clinique dans les critères diagnostiques, en particulier depuis 1980. Nous analysons ensuite les implications cliniques et politiques de cette inclusion, notamment en ce qui concerne la construction d'une psychopathologie de l'enfance et la définition sociale de normes comportementales. Enfin, nous analysons comment l'accent mis sur la normalisation de l'agressivité de l'enfant par les discours normatifs, en accord avec les exigences de performance néolibérales, contribue à l'augmentation de l'expression de l'agressivité comme moyen de faire face au malaise et à la souffrance subjective.

Resumen: Este artículo realiza un análisis genealógico de la inclusión de la "agresividad infantil" y sus variaciones en el Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales (DSM) a lo largo de sus ediciones. Comenzamos evaluando la relevancia de la inclusión de este signo clínico en los criterios diagnósticos, especialmente desde 1980. A continuación, analizamos las implicaciones clínicas y políticas de esta inclusión, sobre todo en lo que respecta a la construcción de una psicopatología de la infancia y a la definición social de las normas de comportamiento. Por último, analizamos cómo el énfasis puesto en la normalización de la agresividad infantil a través de discursos normativos, en consonancia con las exigencias neoliberales de rendimiento, contribuye a un aumento de la expresión de la agresividad como forma de afrontar el malestar y el sufrimiento subjetivo.

Convergence between the dimensional PD models of ICD-11 and DSM-5: a meta-analytic approach.

In the current diagnostic systems, the International Classification of Diseases-11th rev. (ICD-11) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5th ed. (DSM-5), the evaluation and diagnosis of personality disorder (PD) aim at dimensional examination of the severity of its dysfunction and the stylistic features that accompany it. Since their implementation, or even before, several measures have been developed to assess PD severity and traits in both models. Thus, convergent validity metrics have been reported with various PD measures; however, the convergence of the same constructs included in the measures of these two models remains undefined. The objective of the present review was to examine whether there is a sufficient relationship between PD measures of the ICD-11 and DSM-5 AMPD in the general population. For this meta-analytic review, systematic searches were conducted in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. We included studies that reported Pearson's r correlations without restrictions on language, age, sex, setting, type of sample, or informant of the measures. We excluded associations with anankastia, psychoticism or the borderline pattern because they were not comparable between one dimensional model and the other. We examined the quality of the evidence with the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross Sectional Studies, and performed the random effects meta-analysis with the 'meta' package of the RStudio software. Of the 5,629 results returned by the search, 16 studies were eligible; and showed moderate quality. The risk of bias was manifested by not specifying the details of the sample, the recruitment environment, and the identification and control of confounding factors. Thirteen studies provided two or more correlations resulting in a total of 54 studies for meta-analysis. The overall effect size estimate (correlation) was moderate for the overall model (r = 0.62, 95% CI [0.57, 0.67], p < 0.0001, I2 = 97.6%). For the subgroup of associations, ICD-11 severity model and DSM-5 AMPD severity model, the correlation was also moderate (k = 10, r = 0.57, 95% CI [0.48; 0.66]; I2 = 92.9%); as for the subgroup of associations, ICD-11 traits model and DSM-5 AMPD traits model (k = 44, r = 0.63, 95% CI [0.57; 0.69], I2 = 97.9%). The convergent validity between measures of PD severity and traits between one diagnostic system and another has been demonstrated in this review and they can probably be used interchangeably because they also measure the same constructs. Future research can address the limitations of this study and review the evidence for the discriminant validity of these measures.

Diagnostic accuracy of severity measures of ICD-11 and DSM-5 personality disorder: clarifying the clinical landscape with the most up-to-date evidence.

With the implementation of new dimensional models of personality disorder (PD) in the DSM-5 and ICD-11, several investigators have developed and evaluated the psychometric properties of measures of severity. The diagnostic accuracy of these measures, an important cross-cultural metric that falls between validity and clinical utility, remains unclear. This study aimed to analyze and synthesize the diagnostic performance of the measures designed for both models. For this purpose, searches were carried out using three databases: Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. Studies that presented sensitivity and specificity parameters for cut-off points were selected. There were no restrictions on the age and gender of the participants nor on the reference standard used or the settings. Study quality and synthesis were assessed using QUADAS-2 and MetaDTA software, respectively. Twelve studies were eligible covering self-reported and clinician-rated measures based on the ICD-11 and DSM-5 PD severity models. A total of 66.7% of the studies showed a risk of bias in more than 2 domains. The 10th and 12th studies provided additional metrics, resulting in a total of 21 studies for evidence synthesis. Adequate overall sensitivity and specificity (Se = 0.84, Sp = 0.69) of these measures were obtained; however, the cross-cultural performance of specific cut-off points could not be assessed due to the paucity of studies on the same measure. Evidence suggests that patient selection processes should mainly be improved (avoid case-control design), use adequate reference standards, and avoid only reporting metrics for the optimal cut-off point.

Does "Susto" Really Exist? Indigenous Knowledge and Fright Disorders Among Q'eqchi' Maya in Belize.

Susto is one of the most common disorders referenced in the medical anthropological and cultural psychiatric literature. This article questions if "susto" as understood in cultural psychiatric terms, especially in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM), is in fact a single "cultural concept of distress." There is extensive cross-cultural and intracultural variability regarding fright-related disorders in the ethnographic literature. What is often labeled "susto" may be in reality a variety of distinct disorders, or lacking in the two signature components found in the cultural psychiatric literature: the existence of a "fright," and subsequent soul loss. There has been significant polysemic and geographical drift in the idiom label, the result of colonialism in Mesoamerica, which has overlayed but not necessarily supplanted local knowledge. Using data from fifteen years of research with Q'eqchi' (Maya) healers and their patients, we demonstrate how important variability in signs, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of fright-related disorders renders any simple declaration that this is a singular "susto" problematic. We argue for a careful consideration of the knowledge of Indigenous medical specialists charged with treating fright-related disorders and against the inclination to view variability as insignificant. Such consideration suggests that Indigenous forms of fright-related disorder are not susto as presented commonly in the DSM and cultural psychiatric literature.

O poder (neuro)psiquiátrico: a psicopatologização do cotidiano na era do cérebro / El poder (neuro)psiquiátrico: la psicopatologización de la vida cotidiana en la era del cerebro / (neuro)psychiatric power: the psychopathologization of everyday life in the brain era

Resumo Esta pesquisa pretende demonstrar como, em decorrência das alianças entre a psiquiatria e neurociências, emerge uma realidade social em que o diagnóstico psiquiátrico é extremamente disseminado, abarcando um número cada vez maior de pessoas e de situações. Logo, questiona-se como a reformulação do poder psiquiátrico, embasada na explicação cerebralista dos transtornos mentais, auxilia a expansão dos processos de psicopatologização do cotidiano. A hipótese é que o próprio saber-poder médico-psiquiátrico vem contribuindo para sua amplificação, confirmando-se como umas das práticas mais sensíveis em termos biopolíticos na atualidade. Nesse sentido, aplicando-se a técnica de pesquisa da documentação indireta e o método dedutivo, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica de cunho crítico e interdisciplinar. Testada a hipótese principal, concluiu-se, ao final, que a patologização generalista do sofrimento psíquico corresponde a um novo reducionismo biológico, o qual cria um novo modelo de controle social, embasado, agora, na chamada neuropsiquiatria.

Resumen Esta investigación pretende demostrar cómo de las alianzas entre la psiquiatría y las neurociencias emerge una realidad social en la que el diagnóstico psiquiátrico está extremadamente difundido, abarcando un número creciente de personas y situaciones. Por tanto, cuestiona cómo la reformulación del poder psiquiátrico, a partir de la explicación cerebralista de los trastornos mentales, ayuda a la ampliación de los procesos cotidianos de psicopatologización. La hipótesis es que el propio saber-poder médico-psiquiátrico viene contribuyendo a su amplificación, confirmándose como una de las prácticas más sensibles hoy en día en términos biopolíticos. En este sentido, aplicando la técnica de investigación de la documentación indirecta y el método deductivo, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica crítica e interdisciplinaria. Una vez contrastada la hipótesis principal, concluye, finalmente, que la patologización generalista del sufrimiento psíquico corresponde a un nuevo reduccionismo biológico, que crea un nuevo modelo de control social, ahora basado en la denominada neuropsiquiatría.

Abstract This research aims to demonstrate how a social reality emerges from the alliances between psychiatry and neurosciences in which psychiatric diagnosis is extremely disseminated, encompassing an ever-increasing number of people and situations. Therefore, it questions how the reformulation of psychiatric power, based on the cerebralist explanation of mental disorders, helps the expansion of everyday psychopathologization processes. The hypothesis is that medical-psychiatric knowledge-power itself has been contributing to its amplification, confirming itself as one of the most sensitive practices today in biopolitical terms. In this sense, applying the research technique of indirect documentation and the deductive method, a critical and interdisciplinary bibliographical review was carried out. Having tested the main hypothesis, it concludes, in the end, that the generalist pathologization of psychic suffering corresponds to a new biological reductionism, which creates a new model of social control, now based on the so-called neuropsychiatry.

A agressividade infantil no DSM: os diagnósticos e os seus efeitos subjetivos / Child aggressiveness in the DSM: the diagnoses and their subjective effect / L'agressivité infantile dans le DSM: les diagnostics et leurs effets subjectifs / Agresividad infantil en el DSM: diagnósticos y sus efectos subjetivos

Neste artigo analisamos a forma pela qual a "agressividade infantil" foi incluída nos sistemas de classificação do DSM ao longo de suas sucessivas edições. Primeiramente, identificamos as transformações significativas no uso desse signo clínico. Em seguida discutimos as consequências clínicas e políticas dessas transformações, tanto na formulação de uma psicopatologia própria à infância quanto na definição social dos quadros de normalidade e de desvio em relação à conduta. Observamos, por fim, que a pretensa regulação da infância pela produção de discursos normativos a respeito da agressividade foi acompanhada pelo incremento das vias agressivas como forma privilegiada de expressão do mal-estar e de subjetivação do sofrimento. Nossa hipótese é que tal produção é reforçada pelas exigências neoliberais de performance, ignorando assim as demandas sociais e subjetivas de reconhecimento.

In this article, we analyze how "child aggressiveness" was included in the classification systems of the DSM throughout its successive editions. First, we identified the significant transformations in the use of this clinical sign. Then, we discuss the clinical and political consequences of its transformations, both in the formulation of a psychopathology specific to childhood and regarding the social definition of normality and conduct deviations. Finally, we observed that the alleged regulation of childhood by the production of normative discourses about aggressiveness was followed by the increase of aggressive expressions of discontent and subjectivation of suffering. Our hypothesis is that such production is reinforced by neoliberal demands of performance, thus ignoring social and subjective demands for recognition.

Dans cet article, nous analysons la manière dont "l'agressivité infantile" a été intégrée dans les systèmes de classification du DSM tout au long de ses éditions successives. Tout d'abord, les transformations significatives dans l'usage de ce signe clinique. Ensuite, nous discutons les conséquences cliniques et politiques de ces transformations, à la fois dans la formulation d'une psychopathologie propre à l'enfance et dans la définition sociale des cadres de normalité et déviation de la conduite. Nous observons enfin que la prétendue régulation de l'enfance par la production de discours normatifs sur l'agressivité s'est accompagnée de l'accroissement des voies d'agressivité comme formes d'expression du malaise et de subjectivation de la souffrance. Notre hypothèse est qu'une telle production est renforcée par des exigences de performance néolibérales, ignorant ainsi les exigences sociales et subjectives de reconnaissance.

En este artículo analizamos la forma en que la "agresividad infantil" fue incluida en los sistemas de clasificación del DSM a lo largo de sus sucesivas ediciones. Primeramente, identificamos los cambios significativos en el uso de ese signo clínico. Luego discutimos las consecuencias clínicas y políticas de estos cambios, tanto en la formulación de una psicopatología propia a la infancia como en la definición social de los cuadros de normalidad y de desviación de la conducta. Observamos, por fin, que la pretendida regulación de la infancia por la producción de discursos normativos respecto a la agresividad estuvo acompañada del aumento de formas agresivas como forma privilegiada de expresión del malestar y de subjetivación del sufrimiento. Nuestra hipótesis es que dicha producción se ve reforzada por las demandas neoliberales de performance, ignoran así las demandas sociales y subjetivas de reconocimiento.

Toward Developing Clinical cut-off for the Grandiosity Scale of the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 / Hacia el Desarrollo del Punto de Corte Clínico Para la Escala de Grandiosidad del Inventario Clínico Dimensional de Personalidad 2

ABSTRACT Objective: The present study aims to establish a clinical cut-off for the Grandiosity dimension, using item-level evaluation procedures. Methods: Participants were 5,387 adults, including outpatients diagnosed with narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), outpatients diagnosed with other personality disorders, and adults from the community. We administered the self-reported Grandiosity scale from the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 (IDCP-2). The equating procedure was applied to generate theta scores for participants who did not answer all items. Results: The Wright map revealed that outpatients scored high on the latent continuum of the Grandiosity scale. Group comparison showed large effect sizes for the mean difference between patients and non-patients. The ROC curve supports a cut off at a -0.45 score in theta standardisation, which yields a high sensitivity (91%) and moderate specificity (58%). Moreover, the PPP (71%) and NPP (79%) values suggest that the scale is able to identify NPD patients in 71% of cases, and people without NPD in 79% of cases. Conclusions: The findings suggest the IDCP-2 Grandiosity scale is useful as an NPD screening tool. Possible clinical applications for the scale are described and the limitations of the study are discussed.

RESUMEN Objetivo: El presente estudio tiene como objetivo establecer un corte clínico para la dimensión Grandiosidad, utilizando procedimientos de evaluación a nivel de ítem. Métodos: Los participantes fueron 5.387 adultos, entre pacientes ambulatorios diagnosticados con trastorno de personalidad narcisista (NPD), pacientes ambulatorios diagnosticados con otros trastornos de la personalidad, y adultos de la comunidad. Se administró la escala de Grandiosidad autoinformada del Inventario Dimensional Clínico de Personalidad 2 (IDCP-2). El procedimiento de ecualización se aplicó para generar puntuaciones theta para los participantes que no respondieron a todos los ítems. Resultados: El mapa de Wright reveló que los pacientes ambulatorios estaban ubicados en los niveles altos en el continuo latente de la escala de Grandiosidad. La comparación grupal mostró tamaños de efecto grandes para la diferencia de medias entre pacientes y no pacientes. La curva ROC confirma un corte en -.45 puntos en la estandarización theta que produce una alta sensibilidad (91%) y una especificidad moderada (58%). Además, los valores de PPP (71%) y NPP (79%) indican que la escala puede identificar a los pacientes con NPD en el 71% de los casos y las personas sin NPD en el 79% de los casos. Conclusiones: Los resultados indican que la escala de Grandiosidad del IDCP-2 es útil como instrumento de evaluación para NPD. Se describen posibles aplicaciones clínicas para la escala y se discuten las limitaciones del estudio.

Therapeutic Approaches for ADHD by Developmental Stage and Clinical Presentation.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder with three presentations: inattentive, hyperactive/impulsive and combined. These may represent an independent disease entity. Therefore, the therapeutic approach must be focused on their neurobiological, psychological and social characteristics. To date, there is no comprehensive analysis of the efficacy of different treatments for each presentation of ADHD and each stage of development. This is as narrative overview of scientific papers that summarize the most recent findings and identify the most effective pharmacological and psychosocial treatments by ADHD presentation and age range. Evidence suggests that methylphenidate is the safest and most effective drug for the clinical management of children, adolescents and adults. Atomoxetine is effective in preschoolers and maintains similar efficacy to methylphenidate in adults, whereas guanfacine has proven to be an effective monotherapy for adults and is a worthy adjuvant for the management of cognitive symptoms. The psychosocial treatments with the best results in preschoolers are behavioral interventions that include training of primary caregivers. In adolescents, the combination of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies has shown the best results, whereas cognitive-behavioral interventions are the most effective in adults. Pharmacological and psychosocial treatments must be adjusted to the ADHD presentation and its neurocognitive characteristics through the patient's development.

Transient decrease in sound tolerance levels following hearing deprivation in normal-hearing subjects.

Objective: To determine the circadian influence on sound sensitivity produced by temporal hearing deprivation in healthy normal human subjects. Design: Participants underwent bilateral earplugging before completion of anthropometry, the author's developed questionnaire, the Hamilton Anxiety and Depression Inventory, pure tone audiometry (PTA), stapedial reflex thresholds (SRT), distortion products otoacoustic emissions input/output (DPOAE-I/O), and uncomfortable loudness levels (ULLs). Afterward, the participants were randomly divided into group A, starting at 8:00 a.m. and finishing at 8:00 p.m., and group B, starting at 4:00 p.m. and ending at 4:00 a.m. Serum cortisol levels and audiological test results were obtained at the beginning and end of the session and 24-h free urinary cortisol levels were measured. Study sample: Thirty healthy volunteers. Results: PTA was 2.68 and 3.33 dB HL in groups A and B, respectively, with no statistical difference between them. ULLs were significantly lower in group A compared to group B, with an average of 8.1 dB SPL in group A and 3.3 dB SPL in group B (p < 0.0001). A SRT shift was observed in group A, with no difference in group B, and a night shift in DPOAE-I/O in group B. Conclusions: Reduced loudness tolerance is demonstrated during daytime hearing deprivation in contrast to nighttime; this may be due to increased central gain in the awake cortex.

Psychometric study of the brazilian version of the personality inventory for DSM-5-paper-and-pencil version.

The Personality Inventory for DSM-5 - Self Reported Form (PID-5-SRF) operationalizes Criterion B of the personality alternative model of DSM-5 Section III and has already been cross-culturally adapted to many countries. The objective is to present evidence of validity and reliability of the Brazilian version of PID-5 (pencil-and-paper) in a Brazilian community sample. The sample was composed of 730 individuals from the general population [67.8% women, aged 33.84 (SD = ±15.2), 69.5% ≥ 12 years of schooling]. The participants were recruited in academic, organizational, healthcare, and business facilities in three Brazilian states. The snowball method was used. The PID-5 Brazilian version and the Revised NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI-R) were individually applied, and the retest was applied 30 days after. Satisfactory internal consistency (facets α ≥0.51; domains α ≥0.82) and test-retest reliability (facets ICC ≥ 0.45; domains ICC ≥0.76) were found, but a floor effect was verified in 97.7% of the items. Regarding convergent validity, strong correlations were found between the PID-5 and the NEO-FFI-R domains (r = -0.44 to 0.70). Ten facets did not fit the unidemensional structure. Confirmatory Factor Analyses did not present adequate goodness of fit, and Exploratory Analyses indicated that a five-factor model is more appropriate, though it presents some peculiarities concerning the original model. PID-5 also presented satisfactory goodness of fit to the personality hierarchical model. Generally, the instrument's psychometric indicators favor its use in the Brazilian context. However, some aspects demand attention, and more specific studies should be conducted to verify the impact of reverse-scored items, floor effect, and peculiarities of its internal structure (some facets' multidimensionality and interstitiality) concerning the original model.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A pilot study for symptom assessment and diagnosis in children in Chile.

Background: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders among school-age children and is characterized by varying degrees of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Diagnosis, which currently relies on the DSM-V criteria, is complex. This research proposes an integrated procedure for ADHD diagnosis in children, improving the diagnostic process and scientific research on etiopathology. Materials and methods: We conducted a clinical report on ADHD diagnosis in children (n = 92) between the ages of 8 and 13, based on the results of the application of different scales to parents of school-age children in Chile. The children were divided into two groups, those with an ADHD diagnosis (n = 44) and those without (n = 48) (24% females). Results: The results revealed statistically significant differences between groups for scales EDAH y SDQ-Cas, Conners Comprehensive Behavior Scale, Conners Parent Scale and the criteria according to the DSM-V and its dimensions, with the exception of inattention. Conclusion: The findings indicate the importance of appropriate criteria and procedures to establish a diagnosis and implement effective interventions in ADHD.

A (dis)função do diagnóstico: uma leitura psicanalítica sobre o DSM / The (dys)function of diagnosis: a psychoanalytic reading about the DSM / La (dis)función del diagnóstico: una lectura psicoanalítica sobre el DSM

INTRODUÇÃO: Partindo da interrogação sobre a função do diagnóstico, reconstrói-se um panorama histórico sobre o diagnóstico para a psiquiatria e os (des)enlaces com a psicanálise. OBJETIVO: Examinar os compromissos e as diferenças do diagnóstico para os diferentes campos. METODOLOGIA: O presente artigo teve como orientação de pesquisa o que Canguilhem (1975) define como trabalho de conceito. A partir de uma epistemologia específica, essa posição baseia-se no princípio de que é preciso partir de uma articulação conceitual para se falar de um fenômeno. Assim, foi realizado um percurso exploratório sobre o diagnóstico para o campo da psiquiatria e da psicanálise. RESULTADOS: A eliminação do aspecto subjetivo como critério elementar para realizar a avaliação diagnóstica a partir da terceira versão do Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais (DSM) demarca uma ruptura irreparável com a psicanálise, uma vez que nega aquilo que lhe é mais caro. Se o objeto da psiquiatria é o fenômeno observável, a psicanálise se volta para a escuta das ranhuras, ponto opaco em que a nomeação generalista não dá conta de apaziguar a angústia. Isso não requer a negação dos sintomas observáveis, tendo em vista que é possível se servir deles sem, no entanto, reduzir a escuta clínica à mera classificação fenomenológica. CONCLUSÃO: A aposta na singularidade da construção sintomática é o que permite a emergência da subjetividade, negligenciada na universalização diagnóstica contemporânea.

INTRODUCTION: Starting from the question about the function of the diagnosis, a historical panorama about the diagnosis for psychiatry and the (dis)links with psychoanalysis is reconstructed. OBJECTIVE: Examine the commitments and the differences for the different fields. METHODS: This article had as research orientation what Canguilhem (1975) defines as concept work. Based on a specific epistemology, this position is based on the principle that it is necessary from a conceptual articulation to talk about a phenomenon. Thus, an exploratory path on the diagnosis for the field of psychiatry and psychoanalysis was carried out. RESULTS: The elimination of the subjective aspect as an elementary criterion to carry out the diagnostic evaluation from the third version of the Diagnostic and Statistical of Mental Disorders Manual (DSM) marks an irreparable break with psychoanalysis since it denies what is most dear to it. If the object of psychiatry is the observable phenomenon, psychoanalysis turns to listen to the grooves, an opaque point in which the generalist appointment does not manage to alleviate the anguish. This does not require the denial of the observable symptoms, considering that it is possible to use them without, however, reducing clinical listening to a mere phenomenological classification. CONCLUSION: The bet on the singularity of the symptomatic construction is what allows the emergence of the subjectivity, neglected in the contemporary diagnostic universalization.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Partiendo del interrogatorio sobre la función del diagnóstico, el artículo reconstruye un panorama histórico sobre el diagnóstico para la psiquiatría, así como las vinculaciones y desvinculaciones con el psicoanálisis. OBJETIVO: Examinar los compromisos y diferencias para los diferentes campos. METODOLOGÍA: Este artículo tuvo como orientación de investigación lo que Canguilhem (1975) define como trabajo conceptual. A partir de una epistemología específica, esta posición se fundamenta en el principio de que es necesario partir de una articulación conceptual para hablar de un fenómeno. Así, se realizó un recorrido exploratorio sobre el diagnóstico para el campo de la psiquiatría y el psicoanálisis. RESULTADOS: La eliminación del aspecto subjetivo como criterio elemental para realizar la evaluación diagnóstica de la tercera versión del Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales (DSM) marca una ruptura irreparable con el psicoanálisis, ya que niega lo más importante para él. Si el objeto de la psiquiatría es el fenómeno observable, el psicoanálisis vuelve a escuchar los surcos, el punto opaco en el que la nominación generalista no consigue aliviar la angustia. Esto no requiere la negación de los síntomas observables, considerando que es posible utilizarlos sin, sin embargo, reducir la escucha clínica a una mera clasificación fenomenológica. CONCLUSÃO: La apuesta por la singularidad de la construcción sintomática es lo que permite la emergencia de la subjetividad, desatendida en la universalización diagnóstica contemporánea.

Validity of Categories Related to Gender Identity in ICD-11 and DSM-5 Among Transgender Individuals who Seek Gender-Affirming Medical Procedures.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The most recent versions of the two main mental disorders classifications-the World Health Organization's ICD-11 and the American Psychiatric Association's DSM-5-differ substantially in their diagnostic categories related to transgender identity. ICD-11 gender incongruence (GI), in contrast to DSM-5 gender dysphoria (GD), is explicitly not a mental disorder; neither distress nor dysfunction is a required feature. The objective was compared ICD-11 and DSM-5 diagnostic requirements in terms of their sensitivity, specificity, discriminability and ability to predict the use of gender-affirming medical procedures. METHOD: A total of 649 of transgender adults in six countries completed a retrospective structured interview. RESULTS: Using ROC analysis, sensitivity of the diagnostic requirements was equivalent for both systems, but ICD-11 showed greater specificity than DSM-5. Regression analyses indicated that history of hormones and/or surgery was predicted by variables that are an intrinsic aspect of GI/GD more than by distress and dysfunction. IRT analyses showed that the ICD-11 diagnostic formulation was more parsimonious and contained more information about caseness than the DSM-5 model. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the ICD-11 position that GI/GD is not a mental disorder; additional diagnostic requirements of distress and/or dysfunction in DSM-5 reduce the predictive power of the diagnostic model.

ANTECEDENTES/OBJETIVO: Las versiones más recientes de las clasificaciones de trastornos mentales ­CIE-11 de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y DSM­5 de la Asociación Psiquiátrica Americana­ difieren en sus categorías diagnósticas relacionadas con la identidad transgénero. La discordancia de género (DiscG) de la CIE-11, en contraste con la disforia de género (DisfG) del DSM-5, no es considerada un trastorno mental; el distrés y la disfunción no son características requeridas para el diagnóstico. El objetivo fue comparar los requisitos diagnósticos de la CIE-11 y el DSM-5 en términos de sensibilidad, especificidad y capacidad para discriminar casos y predecir el uso de procedimientos médicos de afirmación de género. MÉTODO: 649 adultos transgénero de seis países completaron una entrevista estructurada retrospectiva. RESULTADOS: De acuerdo con el análisis ROC, la sensibilidad de ambos sistemas fue equivalente, aunque la CIE-11 mostró mayor especificidad que el DSM-5. Los análisis de regresión indicaron que la historia de uso de hormonas o cirugía se predijo por variables intrínsecas a la DiscG/DisfG y no por el distrés o disfunción. Según los análisis de respuesta al ítem (TRi) la formación CIE-11 resulta más parsimoniosa y contiene mayor información sobre los casos. CONCLUSIONES: Se aporta evidencia a favor de que la DiscG/DisfG no es un trastorno mental; los criterios diagnósticos adicionales de distrés y/o disfunción del DSM-5 reducen su poder predictivo.

Colombian Clinical Validation of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5).

BACKGROUND: Erectile dysfunction represents an important health problem and the instrument most frequently used for the evaluation of its evaluation is the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5). AIM: Due to lack of adaptation and validation for Spanish-speaking populations, this study aimed to adapt and validate the Colombian version of International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5). METHODS: Two independent samples were evaluated. One used to validate the scale and the other to calculate cut-off point of this version, with 2,021 men from the general population and outpatients from a clinic. The age range was 18 to 75 years old (M = 37.80; SD = 14.06). The second sample included 74 men, 64.9% did not meet DSM-5 criteria for erectile dysfunction, and 35.1% meet DSM-5 criteria to ED. Age range was 19 to 73 years old (M = 40.38; SD = 13.22). OUTCOMES: All participants answered the Spanish versions of the International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5) and the Massachusetts General Health-Sexual Functioning Questionnaire. RESULTS: The Colombian version of IIEF-5 showed adequate psychometric properties, confirmed the one-dimension factorization of the scale, and showed adequate evidence of reliability and validity. Significant differences were observed in the IIEF-5 total score between the non-clinical and clinical groups who meet DSM-5 criteria for erectile dysfunction, with a large effect size. Also, the cut-off the Colombian version was set to 16, with an area under the curve of 94.9%. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The Colombian version of the IIEF-5 is a useful evaluation instrument that provides to determine the presence of erectile dysfunction compatible with DSM-5 criteria. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS: The inventory reports adequate psychometric properties, a confirmed one-dimensional structure, evidence of reliability and validity, and the first cut-off point for Hispanic populations. A more in-depth evaluation of the diagnosis of ED and thus replication in other Spanish-speaking countries and sexual minorities is recommended. CONCLUSION: The Spanish version of the IIEF-5 is a useful evaluation tool for identifying erectile dysfunction, following DSM-5 criteria. Vallejo-Medina P, Saffon JP, Álvarez-Muelas A Colombian Clinical Validation of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5). Sex Med 2022;10:100461.

Os árbitros do desejo e os enteados da natureza: controvérsias e ontologias sobre a categoria pedofilia em torno do DSM - 5 / The arbiters of desire and the stepchildren of nature: controversies and ontologies on the category pedophilia around the DSM - 5

Pedofilia é categoria originada na psiquiatria do final do século XIX para descrever uma espécie das denominadas perversões ou desvios sexuais, hoje parafilias, que conceitua a atração sexual de adultos por crianças pré-púberes. Tornou-se objeto de proibição e punição legal, ligada à categoria "abuso sexual infantil", e de repúdio social extremo, que configurou um dos pânicos morais/sexuais a partir das últimas décadas do século XX, no Brasil a partir do início dos anos 2000. No entanto, é notável constatar que a categoria, suas definições e características e as práticas científicas e políticas decorrentes (de pesquisa, terapêuticas, jurídicas) são objeto de uma ampla literatura e intensas controvérsias acadêmicas, clínicas e forenses em muitos países centrais da Europa e América do Norte. A tese visa delinear controvérsias recentes sobre o diagnóstico psiquiátrico "pedofilia" em torno da revisão do Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders ­ DSM (Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais) ­, da American Psychiatric Association, para a formulação do DSM-5, publicado em 2013, através de uma amostra de artigos de autores presentes nas propostas de revisão do diagnóstico, que expressam epistemologias, ontologias e deontologias diversas e em confronto. Os temas das controvérsias analisadas são a mudança do diagnóstico para "pedohebefilia", a permanência ou remoção das parafilias e da pedofilia do Manual e sua natureza enquanto "orientação", "interesse" ou "preferência" sexual. As vozes presentes nas controvérsias incluem psiquiatras, sexólogos, psicólogos, historiadores e uma organização de "pessoas atraídas por menores" (MAPs), nova designação utilizada por uma vertente do ativismo pedófilo. O delineamento das controvérsias é feito a partir de seus enquadramentos institucionais, políticos, morais, éticos e clínicos, configurando disputas significativas nestas posições e um consenso em torno do "combate" e prevenção ao abuso sexual infantil, categoria forte na quase totalidade das formulações. Apesar disso, há um dissenso ideológico e político sobre se a psiquiatria deve ser um enquadramento deste crime, se este não é, de fato, problema jurídico e penal e não médico, numa crítica à extensão das entidades diagnósticas para fins morais e políticos de contemplar a opinião pública e o aparato judicial. A psiquiatria forense é campo prevalente e determinante, embora não único, da permanência da categoria enquanto diagnóstico médico. Por outro lado, são abordadas as lutas, presentes nas controvérsias e no ativismo, pela desestigmatização desta condição da sexualidade, sua distinção da violência sexual e pelo estabelecimento de cidadania plena para os MAPs, que inclui o respeito de seus direitos no atendimento em serviços de saúde mental.

Pedophilia is a category originated in psychiatry in the late 19th century to describe a species of the so-called sexual perversions or deviations, nowdays paraphilias, which conceptualizes the sexual attraction by adults of pre-pubertal children. It turned the object of legal prohibition and punition, linked to the category of "child sexual abuse", and of extreme social rejection, that shaped one of the moral/sexual panics since the last decades of the 20th century, in Brasil since the early 2000 years. Nevertheless, it's noticeable to verify that the category, its definitions and features, and the scientific and political ensuing practices (of research, therapeutic, legal) are the object of a large literature and intense academic, clinical and forensic controversies in many central countries of Europe and North America. The thesis intends to outline recent controversies on the psychiatric diagnosis "pedophilia" around the revision of the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders ­ DSM - of the American Psychiatric Association and the elaboration of the DSM-5, published in 2013, through a sample of papers of acting authors in the proposals of the revision of the diagnosis, which express various epistemologies, ontologies and deontologies in dispute. The themes of the controversies under analysis are the change of the diagnosis to "pedohebephilia", the tenure or removal of paraphilias and pedophilia from the Manual and its nature as a sexual "orientation", "interest" or "preference". The figuring voices in the controversies include psychiatrists, sexologists, psychologists, historians and an organization of "minor-attracted people" (MAPs), new designation used by a branch of the pedophile activism. The delineation of the controversies is made through their institutional, political, moral, ethical and clinical frames, outlining noteworthy disputes in these positions and a consensus around the "combat" and prevention of child sexual abuse, strong category in almost the whole of the formulations. In spite of this, there is an ideological and political dissent on if psychiatry should be a frame to handle a crime, if this one is a juridical and penal problem and not a medical one, in a criticism of the extension of diagnostic entities for moral and political ends to comply with public opinion and the apparatus of Justice. Forensic psychiatry is a prevailing and decisive field, though not the only one, in the maintenance of the category as a medical diagnosis. On the other hand, the struggles, active in the controversies and activism, over the de-stigmatization of this condition of sexuality, its distinction from sexual violence and for the establishment of a full citinzenship for MAPs, including the respect of their rights of assistance in mental health services, are addressed.

Desafíos bioéticos del DSM-5: ¿ruptura, recalibración o más de lo mismo? / Bioethical challenges of the DSM-5: rupture, recalibration, or more of the same? / Desafios bioéticos do DSM-5: ruptura, recalibração ou mais do mesmo?

Resumen: 11. 1] El DSM-5 representa la incorporación de la psiquiatría a la medicina basada en la evidencia. 2] La psiquiatría, propia de la intención, se transformó en la fundamentada en la validación empírica. 3] El DSM-5 es expresión de la ciencia moderna que da prioridad al saber calculador, objetivador, clasificador y operacional. 4] A la ética de la beneficencia, propia de la intención, se superpuso una ética de la autonomía y de la equidad, características de la validación. 5] El DSM-5 no puede determinar si los trastornos psiquiátricos son entidades naturales, tipos prácticos hechos por los investigadores, entes construidos socialmente, rótulos que se agrupan formando un sistema.

Abstract: 15. 1] The DSM-5 represents the incorporation of psychiatry into evidence-based medicine. 2] The psychiatry proper to the intention was transformed into that based on empirical validation. 3] The DSM-5 is an expression of modern science that gives priority to calculating, objectifying, classifying, operational knowledge. 4] An ethic of autonomy and fairness characteristic of verification was superimposed on the ethics of beneficence proper to the intention. 5] DSM-5 cannot determine whether psychiatric disorders are natural entities, practical types made by researchers, socially constructed entities, labels that are grouped into a system.

Resumo: 19. 1] O DSM-5 representa a incorporação da psiquiatria à medicina baseada em evidencia. 2] A psiquiatria, própria da intenção, se transformou na fundamentada em validação empírica. 3] O DSM-5 é expressão da ciência moderna que dá prioridade ao saber calculador, objetivador, classificador e operacional. 4] À ética da beneficência, própria da intenção, se superpôs uma ética da autonomia e da equidade, características da validação. 5] O DSM-5 não pode determinar se os transtornos psiquiátricos são entidades naturais, tipos práticos criados pelos investigadores, entes construídos socialmente, rótulos que se agrupam formando um sistema.

Iterative Revision of the DSM: An Interim Report From the DSM-5 Steering Committee.

After the publication of DSM-5, the American Psychiatric Association moved to a model of iterative DSM revision. Proposals for changes-including addition and deletion of diagnostic categories-can be made whenever data become available to support these changes. Criteria for consideration of proposals and a multistage review process have been created. This Open Forum reports on the first 3 years' experience since the opening of the submission portal in late 2017. Changes to date include adoption of a new diagnostic category, clarification of existing diagnostic criteria and text, and inclusion of new nondiagnosis codes for suicidal and nonsuicidal self-injury.