Corrigendum: Convergence between the dimensional PD models of ICD-11 and DSM-5: a meta-analytic approach.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1325583.].

Posttraumatic stress disorder prevalence and childbirth: update meta-analysis after the introduction of the DSM-5 and COVID-19 pandemic.

PURPOSE: Meta-analyses were previously performed to estimate PTSD prevalence in the postpartum period. Significant events that could impact this outcome occurred in the last decade, such as the publication of the DSM-5 in 2013 and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. This systematic literature review with a meta-analysis addressed studies published after 2014 to estimate PTSD prevalence after childbirth. METHOD: The methodological guidelines recommended by PRISMA were followed. The meta-analysis estimate was the proportion of PTSD cases. The restricted maximum likelihood (REML) was the method adopted for estimation in addition to multilevel random effect models. Subgroup analyses were performed to assess the impact of interest variables. RESULTS: The estimated prevalence was 0.10 (95%CI: 0.8-0.13; I2 = 98.5%). No significant differences were found regarding the introduction of the DSM-5 (p = 0.73) or COVID-19 (p = 0.97), but instead, between low- and middle-income countries, e.g., the Middle East presents a higher prevalence (p < 0.01) than European countries. CONCLUSIONS: There is a potential increase in PTSD prevalence rates after childbirth in the last decade not associated with the pandemic or the current diagnostic classification. Most studies showed a methodological fragility that must be overcome to understand this phenomenon better and support preventive actions and treatment for puerperal women.

Convergence between the dimensional PD models of ICD-11 and DSM-5: a meta-analytic approach.

In the current diagnostic systems, the International Classification of Diseases-11th rev. (ICD-11) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5th ed. (DSM-5), the evaluation and diagnosis of personality disorder (PD) aim at dimensional examination of the severity of its dysfunction and the stylistic features that accompany it. Since their implementation, or even before, several measures have been developed to assess PD severity and traits in both models. Thus, convergent validity metrics have been reported with various PD measures; however, the convergence of the same constructs included in the measures of these two models remains undefined. The objective of the present review was to examine whether there is a sufficient relationship between PD measures of the ICD-11 and DSM-5 AMPD in the general population. For this meta-analytic review, systematic searches were conducted in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. We included studies that reported Pearson's r correlations without restrictions on language, age, sex, setting, type of sample, or informant of the measures. We excluded associations with anankastia, psychoticism or the borderline pattern because they were not comparable between one dimensional model and the other. We examined the quality of the evidence with the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross Sectional Studies, and performed the random effects meta-analysis with the 'meta' package of the RStudio software. Of the 5,629 results returned by the search, 16 studies were eligible; and showed moderate quality. The risk of bias was manifested by not specifying the details of the sample, the recruitment environment, and the identification and control of confounding factors. Thirteen studies provided two or more correlations resulting in a total of 54 studies for meta-analysis. The overall effect size estimate (correlation) was moderate for the overall model (r = 0.62, 95% CI [0.57, 0.67], p < 0.0001, I2 = 97.6%). For the subgroup of associations, ICD-11 severity model and DSM-5 AMPD severity model, the correlation was also moderate (k = 10, r = 0.57, 95% CI [0.48; 0.66]; I2 = 92.9%); as for the subgroup of associations, ICD-11 traits model and DSM-5 AMPD traits model (k = 44, r = 0.63, 95% CI [0.57; 0.69], I2 = 97.9%). The convergent validity between measures of PD severity and traits between one diagnostic system and another has been demonstrated in this review and they can probably be used interchangeably because they also measure the same constructs. Future research can address the limitations of this study and review the evidence for the discriminant validity of these measures.

Diagnostic accuracy of severity measures of ICD-11 and DSM-5 personality disorder: clarifying the clinical landscape with the most up-to-date evidence.

With the implementation of new dimensional models of personality disorder (PD) in the DSM-5 and ICD-11, several investigators have developed and evaluated the psychometric properties of measures of severity. The diagnostic accuracy of these measures, an important cross-cultural metric that falls between validity and clinical utility, remains unclear. This study aimed to analyze and synthesize the diagnostic performance of the measures designed for both models. For this purpose, searches were carried out using three databases: Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. Studies that presented sensitivity and specificity parameters for cut-off points were selected. There were no restrictions on the age and gender of the participants nor on the reference standard used or the settings. Study quality and synthesis were assessed using QUADAS-2 and MetaDTA software, respectively. Twelve studies were eligible covering self-reported and clinician-rated measures based on the ICD-11 and DSM-5 PD severity models. A total of 66.7% of the studies showed a risk of bias in more than 2 domains. The 10th and 12th studies provided additional metrics, resulting in a total of 21 studies for evidence synthesis. Adequate overall sensitivity and specificity (Se = 0.84, Sp = 0.69) of these measures were obtained; however, the cross-cultural performance of specific cut-off points could not be assessed due to the paucity of studies on the same measure. Evidence suggests that patient selection processes should mainly be improved (avoid case-control design), use adequate reference standards, and avoid only reporting metrics for the optimal cut-off point.

Toward Developing Clinical cut-off for the Grandiosity Scale of the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 / Hacia el Desarrollo del Punto de Corte Clínico Para la Escala de Grandiosidad del Inventario Clínico Dimensional de Personalidad 2

ABSTRACT Objective: The present study aims to establish a clinical cut-off for the Grandiosity dimension, using item-level evaluation procedures. Methods: Participants were 5,387 adults, including outpatients diagnosed with narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), outpatients diagnosed with other personality disorders, and adults from the community. We administered the self-reported Grandiosity scale from the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 (IDCP-2). The equating procedure was applied to generate theta scores for participants who did not answer all items. Results: The Wright map revealed that outpatients scored high on the latent continuum of the Grandiosity scale. Group comparison showed large effect sizes for the mean difference between patients and non-patients. The ROC curve supports a cut off at a -0.45 score in theta standardisation, which yields a high sensitivity (91%) and moderate specificity (58%). Moreover, the PPP (71%) and NPP (79%) values suggest that the scale is able to identify NPD patients in 71% of cases, and people without NPD in 79% of cases. Conclusions: The findings suggest the IDCP-2 Grandiosity scale is useful as an NPD screening tool. Possible clinical applications for the scale are described and the limitations of the study are discussed.

RESUMEN Objetivo: El presente estudio tiene como objetivo establecer un corte clínico para la dimensión Grandiosidad, utilizando procedimientos de evaluación a nivel de ítem. Métodos: Los participantes fueron 5.387 adultos, entre pacientes ambulatorios diagnosticados con trastorno de personalidad narcisista (NPD), pacientes ambulatorios diagnosticados con otros trastornos de la personalidad, y adultos de la comunidad. Se administró la escala de Grandiosidad autoinformada del Inventario Dimensional Clínico de Personalidad 2 (IDCP-2). El procedimiento de ecualización se aplicó para generar puntuaciones theta para los participantes que no respondieron a todos los ítems. Resultados: El mapa de Wright reveló que los pacientes ambulatorios estaban ubicados en los niveles altos en el continuo latente de la escala de Grandiosidad. La comparación grupal mostró tamaños de efecto grandes para la diferencia de medias entre pacientes y no pacientes. La curva ROC confirma un corte en -.45 puntos en la estandarización theta que produce una alta sensibilidad (91%) y una especificidad moderada (58%). Además, los valores de PPP (71%) y NPP (79%) indican que la escala puede identificar a los pacientes con NPD en el 71% de los casos y las personas sin NPD en el 79% de los casos. Conclusiones: Los resultados indican que la escala de Grandiosidad del IDCP-2 es útil como instrumento de evaluación para NPD. Se describen posibles aplicaciones clínicas para la escala y se discuten las limitaciones del estudio.

Therapeutic Approaches for ADHD by Developmental Stage and Clinical Presentation.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder with three presentations: inattentive, hyperactive/impulsive and combined. These may represent an independent disease entity. Therefore, the therapeutic approach must be focused on their neurobiological, psychological and social characteristics. To date, there is no comprehensive analysis of the efficacy of different treatments for each presentation of ADHD and each stage of development. This is as narrative overview of scientific papers that summarize the most recent findings and identify the most effective pharmacological and psychosocial treatments by ADHD presentation and age range. Evidence suggests that methylphenidate is the safest and most effective drug for the clinical management of children, adolescents and adults. Atomoxetine is effective in preschoolers and maintains similar efficacy to methylphenidate in adults, whereas guanfacine has proven to be an effective monotherapy for adults and is a worthy adjuvant for the management of cognitive symptoms. The psychosocial treatments with the best results in preschoolers are behavioral interventions that include training of primary caregivers. In adolescents, the combination of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies has shown the best results, whereas cognitive-behavioral interventions are the most effective in adults. Pharmacological and psychosocial treatments must be adjusted to the ADHD presentation and its neurocognitive characteristics through the patient's development.

Psychometric study of the brazilian version of the personality inventory for DSM-5-paper-and-pencil version.

The Personality Inventory for DSM-5 - Self Reported Form (PID-5-SRF) operationalizes Criterion B of the personality alternative model of DSM-5 Section III and has already been cross-culturally adapted to many countries. The objective is to present evidence of validity and reliability of the Brazilian version of PID-5 (pencil-and-paper) in a Brazilian community sample. The sample was composed of 730 individuals from the general population [67.8% women, aged 33.84 (SD = ±15.2), 69.5% ≥ 12 years of schooling]. The participants were recruited in academic, organizational, healthcare, and business facilities in three Brazilian states. The snowball method was used. The PID-5 Brazilian version and the Revised NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI-R) were individually applied, and the retest was applied 30 days after. Satisfactory internal consistency (facets α ≥0.51; domains α ≥0.82) and test-retest reliability (facets ICC ≥ 0.45; domains ICC ≥0.76) were found, but a floor effect was verified in 97.7% of the items. Regarding convergent validity, strong correlations were found between the PID-5 and the NEO-FFI-R domains (r = -0.44 to 0.70). Ten facets did not fit the unidemensional structure. Confirmatory Factor Analyses did not present adequate goodness of fit, and Exploratory Analyses indicated that a five-factor model is more appropriate, though it presents some peculiarities concerning the original model. PID-5 also presented satisfactory goodness of fit to the personality hierarchical model. Generally, the instrument's psychometric indicators favor its use in the Brazilian context. However, some aspects demand attention, and more specific studies should be conducted to verify the impact of reverse-scored items, floor effect, and peculiarities of its internal structure (some facets' multidimensionality and interstitiality) concerning the original model.

Validity of Categories Related to Gender Identity in ICD-11 and DSM-5 Among Transgender Individuals who Seek Gender-Affirming Medical Procedures.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The most recent versions of the two main mental disorders classifications-the World Health Organization's ICD-11 and the American Psychiatric Association's DSM-5-differ substantially in their diagnostic categories related to transgender identity. ICD-11 gender incongruence (GI), in contrast to DSM-5 gender dysphoria (GD), is explicitly not a mental disorder; neither distress nor dysfunction is a required feature. The objective was compared ICD-11 and DSM-5 diagnostic requirements in terms of their sensitivity, specificity, discriminability and ability to predict the use of gender-affirming medical procedures. METHOD: A total of 649 of transgender adults in six countries completed a retrospective structured interview. RESULTS: Using ROC analysis, sensitivity of the diagnostic requirements was equivalent for both systems, but ICD-11 showed greater specificity than DSM-5. Regression analyses indicated that history of hormones and/or surgery was predicted by variables that are an intrinsic aspect of GI/GD more than by distress and dysfunction. IRT analyses showed that the ICD-11 diagnostic formulation was more parsimonious and contained more information about caseness than the DSM-5 model. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the ICD-11 position that GI/GD is not a mental disorder; additional diagnostic requirements of distress and/or dysfunction in DSM-5 reduce the predictive power of the diagnostic model.

ANTECEDENTES/OBJETIVO: Las versiones más recientes de las clasificaciones de trastornos mentales ­CIE-11 de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y DSM­5 de la Asociación Psiquiátrica Americana­ difieren en sus categorías diagnósticas relacionadas con la identidad transgénero. La discordancia de género (DiscG) de la CIE-11, en contraste con la disforia de género (DisfG) del DSM-5, no es considerada un trastorno mental; el distrés y la disfunción no son características requeridas para el diagnóstico. El objetivo fue comparar los requisitos diagnósticos de la CIE-11 y el DSM-5 en términos de sensibilidad, especificidad y capacidad para discriminar casos y predecir el uso de procedimientos médicos de afirmación de género. MÉTODO: 649 adultos transgénero de seis países completaron una entrevista estructurada retrospectiva. RESULTADOS: De acuerdo con el análisis ROC, la sensibilidad de ambos sistemas fue equivalente, aunque la CIE-11 mostró mayor especificidad que el DSM-5. Los análisis de regresión indicaron que la historia de uso de hormonas o cirugía se predijo por variables intrínsecas a la DiscG/DisfG y no por el distrés o disfunción. Según los análisis de respuesta al ítem (TRi) la formación CIE-11 resulta más parsimoniosa y contiene mayor información sobre los casos. CONCLUSIONES: Se aporta evidencia a favor de que la DiscG/DisfG no es un trastorno mental; los criterios diagnósticos adicionales de distrés y/o disfunción del DSM-5 reducen su poder predictivo.

Colombian Clinical Validation of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5).

BACKGROUND: Erectile dysfunction represents an important health problem and the instrument most frequently used for the evaluation of its evaluation is the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5). AIM: Due to lack of adaptation and validation for Spanish-speaking populations, this study aimed to adapt and validate the Colombian version of International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5). METHODS: Two independent samples were evaluated. One used to validate the scale and the other to calculate cut-off point of this version, with 2,021 men from the general population and outpatients from a clinic. The age range was 18 to 75 years old (M = 37.80; SD = 14.06). The second sample included 74 men, 64.9% did not meet DSM-5 criteria for erectile dysfunction, and 35.1% meet DSM-5 criteria to ED. Age range was 19 to 73 years old (M = 40.38; SD = 13.22). OUTCOMES: All participants answered the Spanish versions of the International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5) and the Massachusetts General Health-Sexual Functioning Questionnaire. RESULTS: The Colombian version of IIEF-5 showed adequate psychometric properties, confirmed the one-dimension factorization of the scale, and showed adequate evidence of reliability and validity. Significant differences were observed in the IIEF-5 total score between the non-clinical and clinical groups who meet DSM-5 criteria for erectile dysfunction, with a large effect size. Also, the cut-off the Colombian version was set to 16, with an area under the curve of 94.9%. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The Colombian version of the IIEF-5 is a useful evaluation instrument that provides to determine the presence of erectile dysfunction compatible with DSM-5 criteria. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS: The inventory reports adequate psychometric properties, a confirmed one-dimensional structure, evidence of reliability and validity, and the first cut-off point for Hispanic populations. A more in-depth evaluation of the diagnosis of ED and thus replication in other Spanish-speaking countries and sexual minorities is recommended. CONCLUSION: The Spanish version of the IIEF-5 is a useful evaluation tool for identifying erectile dysfunction, following DSM-5 criteria. Vallejo-Medina P, Saffon JP, Álvarez-Muelas A Colombian Clinical Validation of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5). Sex Med 2022;10:100461.

Desafíos bioéticos del DSM-5: ¿ruptura, recalibración o más de lo mismo? / Bioethical challenges of the DSM-5: rupture, recalibration, or more of the same? / Desafios bioéticos do DSM-5: ruptura, recalibração ou mais do mesmo?

Resumen: 11. 1] El DSM-5 representa la incorporación de la psiquiatría a la medicina basada en la evidencia. 2] La psiquiatría, propia de la intención, se transformó en la fundamentada en la validación empírica. 3] El DSM-5 es expresión de la ciencia moderna que da prioridad al saber calculador, objetivador, clasificador y operacional. 4] A la ética de la beneficencia, propia de la intención, se superpuso una ética de la autonomía y de la equidad, características de la validación. 5] El DSM-5 no puede determinar si los trastornos psiquiátricos son entidades naturales, tipos prácticos hechos por los investigadores, entes construidos socialmente, rótulos que se agrupan formando un sistema.

Abstract: 15. 1] The DSM-5 represents the incorporation of psychiatry into evidence-based medicine. 2] The psychiatry proper to the intention was transformed into that based on empirical validation. 3] The DSM-5 is an expression of modern science that gives priority to calculating, objectifying, classifying, operational knowledge. 4] An ethic of autonomy and fairness characteristic of verification was superimposed on the ethics of beneficence proper to the intention. 5] DSM-5 cannot determine whether psychiatric disorders are natural entities, practical types made by researchers, socially constructed entities, labels that are grouped into a system.

Resumo: 19. 1] O DSM-5 representa a incorporação da psiquiatria à medicina baseada em evidencia. 2] A psiquiatria, própria da intenção, se transformou na fundamentada em validação empírica. 3] O DSM-5 é expressão da ciência moderna que dá prioridade ao saber calculador, objetivador, classificador e operacional. 4] À ética da beneficência, própria da intenção, se superpôs uma ética da autonomia e da equidade, características da validação. 5] O DSM-5 não pode determinar se os transtornos psiquiátricos são entidades naturais, tipos práticos criados pelos investigadores, entes construídos socialmente, rótulos que se agrupam formando um sistema.

Temporal stability and clinical validation of the Spanish version of the female sexual function inventory (FSFI).

The Female Sexual Function Index is one of the most common instruments used to evaluate the female sexual function. The present study aimed to analyze the test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and discriminant validity of the index in clinical samples and to determine a specific and sensitive cutoff point for the Spanish version of the Female Sexual Function Index. For that purpose, a sample consisting of 117 Colombian women was recruited to evaluate test-retest reliability, and a second sample, consisting of 185 women, was divided into diagnosis and no-diagnosis groups based on DSM-5 criteria. Results showed adequate test-retest reliability after four weeks, and satisfactory evidence of internal consistency was obtained for subscale and overall scores. The inventory was found to have an adequate criterion validity, and it confirmed the differences between diagnosis and no-diagnosis groups. The instrument's cutoff point was determined to be 26 points, with a specificity of 73.9%, a sensitivity of 87.7%, and an area under the curve of 85.9 (CI = 80.0-91.7). These results confirm that the Spanish version of the FSFI is an adequate tool for evaluating female sexual dysfunction based on DSM-5 criteria.

Classificação psiquiátrica: tensionamento atual entre realismo e nominalismo / Management of diabetes by professionals and users of Primary Health Care

Resumo Apresenta-se o "nominalismo dinâmico" de Hacking, aplicado à classificação psiquiátrica, como exemplo ilustrativo de síntese entre realismo e nominalismo. Expõem-se as perspectivas realistas inscritas tanto moderadamente na proposta híbrida do Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), quanto fortemente na proposta naturalista de seus concorrentes: Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) e Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP). Aponta-se o principal efeito do naturalismo aplicado à classificação psiquiátrica, que consiste no abandono do hibridismo entre realismo e nominalismo, em prol de uma cartografia do mental que, com recurso à matemática, reivindica-se estritamente realista, respondendo a demanda por maior precisão da bipsiquiatria.

Abstract Diabetes is a disease that cannot be cured, but managed, and its management is seen as a strategy to overcome its unpleasant consequences in various life situations. This study aims to understand how the diabetes mellitus 2 management process occurs by professionals and users affected by this condition. This is a qualitative research, with observational and explanatory design, which included the participation of health professionals and users they care for, all from primary health care. Information was collected through semi-structured interviews and interpreted using Discourse Analysis. For informants, food aspects are the most difficult to deal with. The professionals' discourse points to flexible eating practices, but users understand the guidelines as prohibitions. Feeding represents a great challenge for both professionals and users, as both need to consider management practices as part of care.

Inventario de Personalidad para el DSM-5: propiedades psicométricas en población argentina. Estudio preliminar / Personality Inventory for the DSM-5: Psychometric Properties in Argentine Population. Preliminary Study

Resumen El DSM-5 presenta un modelo dimensional alternativo para los trastornos de personalidad, que incluye rasgos patológicos organizados en cinco grandes áreas: Desapego, Afectividad Negativa, Psicoticismo, Antagonismo y Desinhibición. Para evaluar dicho modelo, se desarrolló el Personality Inventory for DSM-5. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar las propiedades psicométricas de una versión adaptada del instrumento a población argentina. Se trabajó con una muestra no probabilística de 393 sujetos de población general. Se administró la versión adaptada del Personality Inventory for DSM-5 junto con el Listado de Adjetivos para Evaluar Personalidad, una medida de los cinco rasgos del modelo de los Grandes Factores de Personalidad (Amabilidad, Responsabilidad, Extraversión, Neuroticismo y Apertura a la experiencia), equivalentes normales de los rasgos patológicos del modelo alternativo. Los resultados mostraron propiedades psicométricas satisfactorias. La versión argentina del Inventario mostró una estructura de cinco factores similar a la original, con niveles adecuados de consistencia interna e ítems con buenos índices de discriminación. Se observaron diferencias por género y edad. Los hombres puntuaron más alto en Antagonismo, Psicoticismo y Desapego, y las mujeres en Afectividad Negativa. Los jóvenes puntuaron más alto en todas las escalas salvo en Desapego. Por último, se encontraron correlaciones significativas con los cinco factores correspondientes del modelo de los "cinco grandes" (ej., entre Afectividad Negativa y Neuroticismo). Los resultados brindan evidencia preliminar de validez y confiabilidad para la versión local del instrumento, y se espera que sirvan como base para su posterior perfeccionamiento, para ser implementado en tareas clínicas como de investigación.

Abstract The DSM-5 presents an alternative dimensional model for personality disorders, which includes pathological traits organized in five major areas: Detachment, Negative affectivity, Psychoticism, Antagonism and Disinhibition. To evaluate this model, the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) was developed. However, it is unknown how the PID-5 would work adapted to our context. On the other hand, the PID-5 suffers from various limitations (e.g., not all facets are represented in the brief version, affecting the construct validity). The objective of this paper was to study the psychometric properties of an adapted version of the PID-5 to the Argentine population. We worked with a non-probabilistic sample of 393 subjects from the general population. The adapted version of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 was administered together with the Adjectives Checklist to Assess the Big Five Personality Factors (AEP), a measure of the five traits of Big Five Model, normal equivalents of the pathological traits of the alternative model. The following data analyzes were performed: a) Exploratory Factor Analysis to evaluate the internal structure of PID-5; b) reliability analysis to assess the internal consistency of the different scales of the PID-5; c) item analysis to assess discriminating power; d) bivariate correlation analysis to analyze the relationship between PID-5 scores and the AEP; e) multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) to analyze significant differences due to gender, age, and possible interaction effects. Results indicated satisfactory psychometric properties. The Argentinean version of the PID-5 showed a five-factor structure similar to the original, with adequate levels of internal consistency and good discrimination indices. Regarding gender, men scored higher in Antagonism, Psychoticism and Detachment, and the effect size was significant although weak. On the other hand, women scored higher in negative affectivity, but the differences were not significant. Regarding age, young people presented higher scores than adults at all scales except in Detachment, and the effect size was significant although weak. Finally, significant relationships were found with the five factors of the big five model (e.g., strong and positive correlation between Negative Affectivity and Neuroticism; moderate and negative correlations between Detachment and Extraversion, and between Disinhibition and Conscientiousness). Additionally, other high correlations were found (e.g., between Agreeableness and Detachment; Conscientiousness and Psychoticism; Neuroticism and Disinhibition). These results are in line with those found in previous studies. Finally, moderate correlations were found between PID-5 scales (e.g., Disinhibition and Antagonism; Negative Affectivity and Disinhibition; Psychoticism and Disinhibition; and Detachment and Negative Affectivity). These correlations would imply the existence of some higher order factor that would cover the dimensions of the model. Although the results found are acceptable, this study has some limitations. First, we worked with general population, and in future work it would be important to administer the instrument in clinical samples. Second, the Antagonism scale was left with only 4 items, which may affect the construct validity of the instrument. In this regard, it would be convenient to add new items, not only on this scale, to obtain a final version with an intermediate length between 25 and 220 items of the two versions of the original scale. A version of approximately 60 items may be a good solution, that includes both the different facets of the model as well as time constraints if the instrument is pretended to be used within a diagnostic battery. Beyond these limitations, the present study provides preliminary evidence of validity and reliability for the adapted version of the PID 5, and could be a start point for its deepening and improvement to be implemented in clinical and research tasks.

Social communication impairments and restricted, repetitive patterns (Kodawari) considered from the Comprehension section of the WISC-IV in autism spectrum disorder

Abstract Background Many studies have used the Wechsler Intelligence Scale (WISC) to examine the characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, most studies have been based on profile analysis, not on content analysis. Objective The objective of the present study was to apply the WISC-IV to clinical assessment of ASD and clarify how the characteristics of the disorder were reflected in specific items. Methods The study participants were 20 patients aged 5-16 years diagnosed with ASD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). We recruited 20 patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and 20 patients with other disorders (neurotic disorders) as controls. We then compared the scores of the ninth item of the WISC-IV ("Comprehension") among the three groups. Results The differences observed between the ASD vs. the other disorders group were not significant by the standard scoring method. Thus, a two-level scoring method of 0 and ≥1 point was adopted. As a result, significantly more participants in the ASD group scored 0 points compared with the ADHD and other disorders groups. Discussion The results of the present study revealed that a characteristic of ASD appeared in the ninth item of "Comprehension" on the WISC-IV.

DSM-5 Internet gaming disorder among a sample of Mexican first-year college students.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: DSM-5 includes Internet gaming disorder (IGD) as a condition for further study. While online and offline gaming may produce undesired negative effects on players, we know little about the nosology of IGD and its prevalence, especially in countries with emerging economies. METHODS: A self-administered survey has been employed to estimate prevalence of DSM-5 IGD and study the structure and performance of an instrument in Spanish to measure DSM-5 IGD among 7,022 first-year students in 5 Mexican universities that participated in the University Project for Healthy Students (PUERTAS), part of the World Health Organization's World Mental Health International College Student Initiative. RESULTS: The scale for IGD showed unidimensionality with factor loadings between 0.694 and 0.838 and a Cronbach's α = .816. Items derived from gaming and from substance disorders symptoms mixed together. We found a 12-month prevalence of IGD of 5.2% in the total sample; prevalence was different for males (10.2%) and females (1.2%), but similar for ages 18-19 years (5.0%) and age 20+ (5.8%) years. Among gamers, the prevalence was 8.6%. Students with IGD were more likely to report lifetime psychological or medical treatment [OR = 1.8 (1.4-2.4)] and any severe role impairment [OR = 2.4 (1.7-3.3)]. Adding any severe role impairment to the diagnostic criteria decreased the 12-month prevalence of IGD to 0.7%. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of DSM-5 IGD and the performance of diagnostic criteria in this Mexican sample were within the bounds of what is reported elsewhere. Importantly, about one in every seven students with IGD showed levels of impairment that would qualify them for treatment under DSM-5.

Clinical validity and intrarater and test-retest reliability of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 - Clinician Version (SCID-5-CV).

AIM: The Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM is one of the most used diagnostic instruments in clinical research worldwide. The current Clinician Version of the instrument (SCID-5-CV) has not yet been assessed in respect to its psychometric qualities. We aimed to assess the clinical validity and different reliability indicators (interrater test-retest, joint interview, face-to-face vs telephone application) of the SCID-5-CV in a large sample of 180 non-prototypical and psychiatric patients based on interviews conducted by raters with different levels of clinical experience. METHODS: The SCID-5-CV was administered face-to-face and by telephone by 12 psychiatrists/psychologists who took turns as raters and observers. Clinical diagnoses were established according to DSM-5 criteria and the longitudinal, expert, all data (LEAD) procedure. We calculated the percentage of agreement, diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, and the level of agreement (kappa) for diagnostic categories and specific diagnoses. RESULTS: The percentage of positive agreement between the interview and clinical diagnoses ranged between 73% and 97% and the diagnostic sensitivity/specificity were >0.70. In the joint interview, the levels of positive agreement were high (>75%) and kappa levels were >0.70 for most diagnoses. The values were less expressive, but still adequate, for interrater test-retest interviews. CONCLUSION: The SCID-5-CV presented excellent reliability and high specificity as assessed with different methods. The clinical validity of the instrument was also confirmed, which supports its use in daily clinical practice. We highlight the adequacy of the instrument to be used via telephone and the need for careful use by professionals with little experience in psychiatric clinical practice.

Psychometric properties and diagnostic utility of a Brazilian version of the PCL-5 (complete and abbreviated versions).

Background: With the release of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-5), the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL) has been updated to meet the revisions of the diagnostic criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). However, the diagnostic utility and reliability of a Brazilian version of the new Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-5) have not been investigated yet. Objective: To investigate the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and diagnostic utility of the complete version (21-item) and two abbreviated (8-item and 4-item) versions of the Brazilian PCL-5. Methods: A total of 85 individuals with a history of exposure to at least one traumatic event underwent a diagnostic interview using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5-CV) and completed the Brazilian version of the PCL-5. Moreover, participants were invited to complete the checklist for a second time 10-30 days after the first assessment. Results: Both the complete and abbreviated versions of the Brazilian PCL-5 showed good internal consistency (complete PCL-5, α = .96; 8-item, α = .93; 4-item, α = .85) and test-retest reliability (complete PCL-5, ICC .87 [95% CI, 0.65-0.95]; 8-item, ICC .84 [95% CI, 0.60-0.94]; 4-item, ICC .84 [95% CI, 0.58-0.94]). Diagnostic utility analyses using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5-CV) revealed that a cutoff point of 36 presented the higher overall efficiency for predicting a PTSD diagnosis Overall Efficiency (OE, .80) and corresponded to Youden's index J (.65). For the 8-item version, a cutoff point of 13 corresponded to Youden's index J (.61), while scores of 21 or more were associated with the highest OE (.78). For the 4-item PCL-5, scores > 7 presented the highest OE (.77) and corresponded to Youden's index J (.59). Conclusions: Overall, the findings provide relevant evidence regarding the high reliability and diagnostic utility of this Brazilian version of the PCL-5.

Antecedentes: con la publicación de la quinta edición del Manual de Diagnóstico y Estadístico para los Trastornos Mentales (DSM-5), el Cuestionario para el Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático (PCL) se ha actualizado para cumplir con las revisiones de los criterios de diagnósticos del trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT). Sin embargo, la utilidad diagnóstica y la confiabilidad de una versión brasileña del nuevo cuestionario de trastorno de estrés postraumático (PCL-5) aún no se ha investigado.Objetivo: investigar la consistencia interna, la confiabilidad test-retest y la utilidad diagnóstica de la versión completa (21 ítems) y dos versiones abreviadas (8 y 4 ítems) del PCL-5 brasileño.Métodos: Un total de 85 individuos con antecedentes de exposición, al menos, a un evento traumático se sometieron a una entrevista diagnóstica utilizando la entrevista clínica estructurada para el DSM-5 (SCID-5-CV) y completaron la versión brasileña del PCL-5. Además, los participantes fueron invitados a completar el cuestionario por segunda vez entre 10 y 30 días después de la primera evaluación.Resultados: Tanto la versión completa como las abreviadas de la PCL-5 brasileña mostraron una buena consistencia interna (PCL-5 completa, α = .96; 8 ítem, α = .93; 4-item, α = .85) y confiabilidad test-retest (PCL-5 completa, ICC .87 [IC 95%, .65 - .95]; 8 ítems, ICC .84 [IC 95%, 0.60 - 0.94]; 4 ítems, ICC .84 [IC 95%, 0.58] - 0,94]). Los análisis de utilidad diagnóstica que utilizaron el SCID-5-CV revelaron que un punto de corte de 36 presentó la mayor eficiencia general para predecir un diagnóstico de TEPT (OE, .80) y correspondió al índice J de Youden (.65). Para la versión de 8 ítems, un punto de corte de 13 correspondió al índice J de Youden (.61), mientras que las puntuaciones de 21 o más se asociaron con el OE más alto (.78). Para el PCL-5 de 4 ítems, los puntajes> 7 presentaron el OE más alto (.77) y correspondieron al índice J de Youden (.59).Conclusiones: En conjunto, los hallazgos proporcionan evidencia relevante con respecto a la alta confiabilidad y utilidad diagnóstica de esta versión brasileña del PCL-5.

Transtorno de compulsão alimentar: revisão sistemática da literatura / Binge eating disorder: a systematic literature review / Trastorno de compulsión alimentaria: revisión sistemática de la literatura

Através de uma Revisão Sistemática da Literatura retomamos a literatura sobre o Transtorno de Compulsão Alimentar (TCA) entre 2006 a 2016, para caracterizar e discutir as produções sobre o tema. Foi realizada uma busca nas bases de dados SciELO, Science Direct, Redalyc e Lilacs, utilizando os descritores "compulsão alimentar" e "transtorno da compulsão alimentar" e traduções para os idiomas espanhol, francês e inglês. Foram incluídos artigos disponíveis para download em periódicos com Qualis CAPES A1, A2, B1 e B2. Os achados apontam uma tendência da valorização do caráter biológico e voltado para o diagnóstico a partir do Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais, com foco nos sintomas e nos tratamentos. O panorama das pesquisas demonstra a necessidade de pesquisas que se proponham a compreender o TCA de forma ampla e avaliar os possíveis impactos da efetivação como transtorno nos indivíduos envolvidos e nas práticas de saúde que os circundam.

Through a Systematic Review of Literature we return to the literature on Binge Eating Disorder (BED) between 2006 and 2016, to characterize and discuss the productions on the subject. A search was made in the databases SciELO, Science Direct, Redalyc and Lilacs, using the descriptors «compulsão alimentar¼ and «transtorno de compulsão alimentar¼ and translations into the Spanish, French and English languages. Articles available for download in journals with Qualis CAPES A1, A2, B1 and B2 were included. The findings point to a trend towards the valorization of the biological character and aimed at the diagnosis from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, focusing on symptoms and treatments. The research landscape demonstrates the need for research that intends to comprehend the BED in a broad way and to evaluate the possible impacts of effectiveness as a disorder in the individuals involved and in the health practices that surround them.

A través de una Revisión Sistemática de la Literatura retomamos la literatura sobre el Trastorno de Compulsión Alimentaria (TCA) entre 2006 y 2016, para caracterizar y discutir las producciones sobre el tema. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos SciELO, Science Direct, Redalyc y Lilacs, utilizando los descriptores «compulsão alimentar¼ y «transtorno da compulsão alimentar¼ y traducciones a los idiomas español, francés e inglés. Se incluyeron artículos disponibles para descargar en periódicos con Qualis CAPES A1, A2, B1 y B2. Los hallazgos apuntan una tendencia de valorización del carácter biológico y orientado hacia el diagnóstico a partir del Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales, con foco en los síntomas y en los tratamientos. El panorama de las investigaciones demuestra la necesidad de investigaciones que se propongan a comprender el TCA de forma amplia y evaluar los posibles impactos de la efectividad como trastorno en los individuos involucrados y en las prácticas de salud que los circundan

The Positive Personality Model (PPM): Exploring a New Conceptual Framework for Personality Assessment.

The aim of this paper is to explore a new framework for personality assessment that may function as sanity nosology of personality traits: the Positive Personality Model (PPM). The recent publication of DSM-5 created the opportunity to assess personality traits as dimensional constructs (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). In Section III, five maladaptive personality traits are proposed as the maladaptive versions of Five Factor Model (FFM) traits (Costa and McCrae, 1985). This approach draws on the existing idea of conceptualizing pathological and typical personality traits as part of a continuum. It places DSM-5's maladaptive traits in a sickness pole and FFM's traits in a "typical" pole. This spectrum, however, does not include a positive perspective that represents healthy behavior: a sanity nosology. The Positive Traits Inventory-5 (PTI-5; de la Iglesia and Castro Solano, 2018) is a measure designed to assess the positive reverse of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5-Adult (PID-5; Krueger et al., 2013). The 220 positive personality criteria were studied psychometrically using a sample of 1902 Argentinean adults from the general population (M age = 39.10, SD = 13.81, Min = 18, and Max = 83; 50.1% females, 49.9% males). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses resulted in a five-factor solution. The dimensions were labeled Sprightliness, Integrity, Serenity, Moderation, and Humanity and subsumed under the denomination of PPM. Analyses of convergent validity provided some grounds for interpreting the five positive traits as positive versions of the pathological traits and the typical traits. When tested for its predictive capability on mental health, the PPM outperformed the variance explained by the FFM. It is concluded that the PPM may constitute a positive pole in the continuum of personality traits -possibly functioning as a sanity nosology- and that it is somewhat more related to optimal functioning than typical trait models. The PPM should be confirmed in other populations, its predictive capability ought to be tested with other relevant variables, and longitudinal studies should be done to analyze the stability of the traits over time.

Clinical cut-off point for the Distrust dimension of the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 (IDCP-2).

The Clinical Dimensional Personality Inventory 2 (IDCP-2) is a 206-item self-report tool developed for the assessment of 12 dimensions (divided into 47 factors) of personality pathology. One of the scales comprising the instrument, the Distrust scale, is intended to provide psychometric information on traits closely related to the Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD). In the present research, we used the Item Response Theory and the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve analysis to establish a clinical meaningful cutoff for the Distrust scale. Participants were 1,679 adults, among outpatients diagnosed with PPD, outpatients diagnosed with other PDs, and adults from the community. The Wright map revealed that outpatients were located at the very high levels on the latent continuum of the Distrust scale, with a very large effect size for the mean difference between patients and non-patients. The ROC curve supported a cutoff at -1.00 score in theta standardization which yielded 0.87 of sensitivity and 0.54 of specificity. Findings from the present investigation suggest the IDCP-2 Distrust scale is useful as a screening tool of the core features of the PPD. We address potential clinical applications for the instrument and discuss limitations from the present study.