Assessment of attributes for choosing a dental center in Trujillo, Peru: patients versus dentists / Valoración de los atributos para la elección de un centro odontológico en Trujillo, Perú: pacientes versus odontólogos

Objective: To determine the difference between patients and dentists regarding the assessment of attributes for choosing a dental center in Trujillo, Peru. Materials and Methods: A comparative cross-sectional observational study was conducted involving a sample of 162 dentists and 162 patients from the Trujillo province in Peru. The data was collected through a virtual questionnaire, validated by experts, and assessed for reliability. Statistical analysis was performed using the U-Mann Whitney and Spearman correlation tests, with a significance level set at 5%. Results: Patients, in comparison to dentists, demonstrated a greater preference for selecting a dental center where the practitioner is a recognized specialist (p<0.001). Similarly, patients showed a preference for centers offering expedited appointments, advanced technology, and equipment, providing affordable and flexible payment options, free consultations, and having convenient parking and comfortable facilities (p<0.05). Conversely, dentists perceived that the most valued attribute by patients is the recommendation of the dentist (p=0.031). Conclusions: When choosing a dental center, patients primarily value attributes related to both the professional responsible for care and administrative management. Conversely, dentists consider the main factor influencing a patient's choice of dental center to be recommendations of the dentist. Valoración de los atributos para la elección de un centro odontológico en Trujillo, Perú: pacientes versus odontólogos

Objetivo: Determinar la diferencia entre pacientes y odontólogos con respecto a la valoración de atributos para la elección de un centro odontológico en Trujillo. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional transversal comparativo con una muestra de 162 odontólogos y 162 pacientes de la provincia Trujillo (Perú). La data fue recogida a través de un cuestionario virtual, sometido a validación por expertos y prueba de confiabilidad. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante las pruebas U-Mann Whitney y correlación de Spearman, considerando un nivel de significancia del 5%. Resultado: Los pacientes, con respecto a los odontólogos, mostraron mayor valoración para la elección del centro odontológico cuando el profesional es especialista y reconocido (p<0.001); así mismo, cuando se le brindan citas rápidas, se usa tecnología y equipamiento adecuados, se brindan facilidades de pago con precios bajos y consultas gratuitas, y el centro cuenta con estacionamiento y espacios cómodos (p<0.05). Por su parte, los odontólogos consideran que el atributo más valorado por los pacientes es que el profesional sea recomendado (p=0.031). Conclusión: Para la elección del centro odontológico, los pacientes valoraron en mayor medida los atributos relacionados al profesional responsable de la atención y la gestión administrativa. Por otro lado, los odontólogos consideraron preferentemente que el atributo principal para la elección del centro odontológico por parte del paciente es que el odontólogo haya sido recomendado.

Elaboración de modelos dentales didácticos en resina epóxica / Elaboration of didactic dental models in epoxy resin

Los modelos de estudio son un registro fundamental para el diagnóstico, el plan de tratamiento, la presentación de caso y la evaluación del progreso del tratamiento dental; son registros anatomofisiológicos de las arcadas dentarias que sirven para evaluar la dentición en los tres planos del espacio y la oclusión en la relación cúspide-fosa, en una dimensión estática y dinámica. Para obtener los modelos de estudio es imprescindible obtener impresiones totales con diversos materiales de impresión de los arcos dentarios, que reproduzcan fielmente todos los detalles anatómicos, para posteriormente obtener un modelo en yeso piedra. Los modelos obtenidos a partir de una impresión generalmente son a base de yeso odontológico, los cuales a pesar de sus mejoras aún conservan algunas características negativas como: baja resistencia a la fractura por impacto, baja resistencia al desgaste por abrasión, inestabilidad dimensional y radiopacidad que impide la simulación de procedimientos endodóncicos. Con la finalidad de mejorar la simulación en la práctica odontológica, se usa la resina epóxica que puede emplearse en la obtención de modelos, este material es más resistente y presenta una mayor resistencia a la abrasión; además es radiolúcido, por lo que es útil para la réplica de preparaciones y procedimientos de simulación endodóntica. Los detalles de la superficie obtenidos con resina epóxica son superiores a los obtenidos con yeso. El uso de simuladores es una herramienta educativa con la que se favorece la adquisición de ciertas habilidades, destrezas, técnicas y competencias necesarias para la formación de estudiantes o profesionales de odontología. En el presente trabajo se describe la técnica para la elaboración de modelos dentales didácticos en resina epóxica para utilizarlos en la enseñanza de la práctica odontológica (AU)

Study studies are a fundamental record for diagnosis, treatment plan, case presentation and evaluation of the progress of dental treatment. They are anatomo-physiological records of the dental arches to evaluate the dentition in the three planes of space and the occlusion in the cusp-fossa relationships, in a static and dynamic dimension. To obtain the study models, it is essential to obtain total impressions with various impression materials of the dental arches, which faithfully reproduce all the anatomical details, in order to later obtain a stone plaster model. Those obtained from an impression are generally based on dental plaster, which despite its improvements still retain some negative characteristics such as: low resistance to fracture by impact, low resistance to wear by abrasion, dimensional instability and radio opacity that prevents the simulation of endodontic procedures. In order to improve simulation in dental practice, the use of epoxy resin can be used to obtain models, this material is more resistant and has greater resistance to abrasion, it is radiolucent, which makes them Useful for replicating preparations and endodontic simulation procedures, the surface details obtained with epoxy resin are superior to those obtained with plaster. The use of simulators is an educational tool that favors the acquisition of certain abilities, skills, techniques and competencies necessary for the training of the student or professional in dentistry. In the present work, the technique for the elaboration of didactic dental models in epoxy resin to be used in the teaching of dental practice is described.(AU)

[Associated factors and types of eye injuries occurring in dentistry practice: systematic review]. / Factores asociados y tipos de lesiones oculares ocurridas en la práctica odontológica: revisión sistemática.

Introduction: The dentist and auxiliary personnel are in constant risk of occupational diseases such as: allergies, infections, skin or eye injuries; that could affect patients. A problem of social interest are the ocular injuries that occur to dental personnel. The literature reveals the prevalence of eye injuries in dental practice that are associated with solid particles, fluid splashes. Our objective was, through a systematic review, to review the types of ocular injuries and their associated factors that occurred in dental practice. Material and Methods: The relevant studies were searched in the databases: PubMed, Scopus, Ebsco, among others. The search included cross-sectional studies that evaluated the evidence on ocular injuries occurring in dental practice, excluding literature reviews, letters to the reader, and editorials. Results: Eight studies were included to develop the systematic review; determining that the associated factors of ocular injuries occurred in dental practice are: a) occasional use of ocular protection b) age c) sex d) years of practice and the types of ocular injuries are the entry of liquids and foreign bodies. Conclusions: Deficiency in compliance with eye or facial protection protocols in dental practice, cause eye injuries; Type of fluid entry, foreign bodies, splash of biological fluids or conjunctivitis. These eye injuries are generated from associated factors such as the occasional use of eye protection, age, sex, and others.

Guia prático de fabricação de alinhadores in house ­ Parte 3: impressão de modelos, pós-processamento, termoplastificação, acabamento e gestão clínica / Practical guide for manufacturing aligners in house ­ Part 3: printing models, post-processing, thermoplasticization, improvement and clinical management

Resumo Após o planejamento virtual dos movimentos ortodônticos em plataformas apropriadas e a exportação dos diversos modelos digitais de subsetups, inicia-se a fase laboratorial de fabricação dos alinhadores in house, com a impressão 3D de modelos em resina fotossensível, seguida dos processos de lavagem e pós-cura. Assim, os modelos estarão prontos para serem estampados com variadas opções de laminados poliméricos termoplastificados, que serão recortados, receberão acabamento fino, higienizados e entregues aos pacientes. Na terceira parte do tutorial, serão apresentados esses conceitos práticos da fabricação de alinhadores in house. (AU)

Abstract Following the virtual planning of orthodontic movements using suitable platforms and the resulting exportation of multiple digital models of sub-setups, the laboratory phase begins to produce in house aligners. This phase involves the utilization of 3D printing technology to fabricate models using photosensitive resin, followed by additional steps of washing and post-curing. The models are then prepared for printing using a range of thermoplastic polymer laminate choices. After this, they are meticulously trimmed, refined, sterilized, and subsequently, disseminated to the intended recipients. The current part 3 of the tutorial will focus on the practical concepts involved in the in house production of aligners(AU)

Guia prático da fabricação de alinhadores inhouse ­ Parte 2: Planejamento e Estagiamento / Practical guide to inhouse aligner fabrication ­ Part 2: Planning and Staging

Resumo Movimentos ortodônticos realizados com alinhadores in-house possuem detalhes e particularidades que os diferem da mecânica ortodôntica convencional multi-bráquetes e que precisam ser respeitados pelo ortodontista na busca pela maior previsibilidade, eficácia e eficiência dos resultados. Detalhes quanto ao tipo de movimento programado para cada dente, controle de ancoragem, hierarquização das movimentações, peculiaridade da mecânica das variadas composições dos plásticos e tipos de attachments são apresentados nesta segunda parte do tutorial sobre a fabricação de alinhadores in-house (AU)

Abstract Orthodontic movements with in-house aligners entail specific details and nuances that distinguish them from traditional multi-bracket orthodontic techniques. The orthodontist must acknowledge these details to ensure greater predictability, efficacy, and efficiency in achieving desired outcomes. This second part of the in-house aligners manufacturing tutorial presents insights on tooth-specific movement requirements, anchorage control, movement hierarchy, unique aspects of plastic mechanics, and attachment types (AU)

A tendência da utilização de modelos de excelência em gestão na saúde: os diferenciais competitivos em clínicas odontológicas / The new trend of using excellence models in health management: the competitive differentials in dental care clinics

As constantes movimentações dentro dos cenários dos negócios mundiais vêm aumentando o nível de exigências nos relacionamentos entre clientes e fornecedores, assim, se torna impreterível a atualização dos cirurgiões-dentistas frente à tecnologia relacionada não só aos aspectos técnicos da Odontologia, mas também, aos aspectos da gestão de suas empresas. Como objetivos desta pesquisa, podem ser ressaltadas a análise dos perfis demográfico, acadêmico e profissional dos cirurgiões-dentistas de São José dos Campos e região, bem como, da sensibilidade dos profissionais da Odontologia frente ao uso de modelos de gestão como potencializadores de diferenciação competitiva e ainda assim, verificar a qualidade das disciplinas relacionadas a gestão durante sua formação acadêmica. Os recursos e métodos que foram utilizados para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho deram-se através de pesquisas bibliográficas em material de renome, bem como, avaliação qualitativa por meio de pesquisa elaborada com respostas de múltipla escolha. Para a submissão dos questionários para as clínicas, foi elaborado um vídeo instrucional, onde além de apresentar o processo operacional de resposta e envio, foi apresentada também uma pequena abertura teórica. Tal questionário pode ser acessado através de link ou QR Code, para acesso via internet ou material impresso em papel para pessoas não familiarizadas com tais tecnologias. Como resultado, constata-se que, dentre os 153 (100%) indivíduos válidos, 137 (89,5%) reconhecem os modelos de gestão como impulsionadores de resultados empresariais e 136 (88,9%) identificam essa abordagem como uma tendência no segmento. Adicionalmente, verifica-se que 83 e dentro desse grupo, 68 (81,9%) avaliaram-nas como deficientes. Isso revela uma lacuna expressiva entre o ensino acadêmico em Odontologia e as habilidades de gestão essenciais na prática profissional, culminando em um cenário em que apenas 29 (19,0%) aplicam efetivamente a Gestão Empresarial Profissional em suas clínicas. (AU)

The constant movements within global business scenarios have been increasing the level of demands in relationships between customers and suppliers, thus, it is essential for dentists to update themselves in the face of technology related not only to the technical aspects of Dentistry, but also to the aspects management of their companies. The objectives of this research include analyzing the demographic, academic and professional profiles of dental surgeons in São José dos Campos and surroundings, as well as the sensitivity of dentistry professionals to the use of management models as enhancers of competitive differentiation and even so, to verify the quality of management-related disciplines during their academic training. The resources and methods that were used to develop this work were carried out through bibliographical research on renowned material, as well as qualitative evaluation through research prepared with multiple-choice answers. For the submission of questionnaires to the clinics, an instructional video was prepared, where in addition to presenting the operational process of responding and sending, a small theoretical opening will also be presented. This questionnaire can be accessed through a link or QR Code, for access via the internet or printed material on paper for people who is unfamiliar with such technologies. As a result, it appears that, among the 153 (100%) valid individuals, 137 (89.5%) recognize management models as drivers of business results and 136 (88.9%) identify this approach as a trend in the segment. Additionally, it appears that 83 (54.2%) of them studied some discipline related to management during their undergraduate studies, and within this group, 68 (81.9%) evaluated them as deficient. This reveals a significant gap between academic teaching in Dentistry and the essential management skills in professional practice, culminating in a scenario in which only 29 (19.0%) effectively apply Professional Business Management in their clinics. (AU)

Perception of the clinical endodontic practice of Dentistry graduates in their first years in the job market in southern Brazil

Introduction: Knowledge about the clinical endodontic practices of dental school graduates in the first years of their professional life may contribute to the discussions about Dentistry teaching. Methods: An online questionnaire with seven open and closed questions hosted on the Google forms platform was applied to dentists trained in the first half of 2019 in a School of Dentistry in southern Brazil. The questionnaire is structured to analyze how clinical Endodontics has been practiced in the labor market. The data collected in the questionnaires were transferred to an Excel® spreadsheet and analyzed as absolute and relative frequencies for closed questions and descriptions for open questions. Results: Molars and two-rooted teeth are the dental groups most frequently treated endodontically (64.3% and 35.7%). Both retreatment and conservative treatment of the pulp corresponded to up to 25% of all procedures in the graduates' clinical practice. The endodontic protocol learned in their dental school was used by 64.3% of the graduates who provided endodontic treatments, and 42.9% reported the occurrence of at least one accident. The difficulty in access reported by the participants suggests that more training should be provided for this operative stage. Conclusions: After two years in the job market and having faced the initial difficulties existing in any profession, more than half of the graduates still performed endodontics in their dental clinical practice and used the same protocols learned in dental school.

Concerns, Knowledge, and Practices of Dentists in Mexico Regarding Infection Control during the Coronavirus Disease Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Dentists are highly exposed and vulnerable during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, as physical proximity to patients is necessary for effective dental examination and treatment. The objective of this study was to describe the concerns, knowledge, and infection control practices of dentists in Mexico during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this cross-sectional study conducted from 22 May 2020 to 8 July 2020, an anonymous survey was distributed to dentists, which covered information regarding dentists' sociodemographic and professional characteristics, clinical practices during the pandemic, and perceptions regarding the application of infection prevention and control guidance for dental settings during the COVID-19 pandemic. Out of 703 respondents, 73.1% (n = 514) were women and 53.6% (n = 377) were dentists with 1-10 years of experience. Regarding the statements issued by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the responses for 11 survey items had total agreement rates >90% (high frequency); seven and nine items had moderate and low frequency of total agreement, respectively. Most dentists in this study agreed with the WHO and CDC statements and were concerned regarding the possibility of infection, despite using the protective gear.

Impacto de la pandemia en la práctica de los profesionistas de la salud oral en México / Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the oral health professionals' practice in Mexico

partir de la pandemia, los odontólogos han presentado una serie de complicaciones en su práctica diaria, la naturaleza misma de la profesión representa un alto riesgo de contagio y la posibilidad de generar una infección cruzada por el virus SARS-CoV-2, por lo que han tenido que limitar su labor a la atención de urgencias, adquiriendo insumos relacionados a incrementar los cuidados de su grupo de trabajo y del paciente. Objetivo: Conocer el impacto de esta plaga en la práctica de los profesionistas de la salud oral en México. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal mediante la aplicación de una encuesta a través de redes sociales a odontólogos, los resultados se expresaron con tablas de frecuencias y porcentajes. Resultados: Se recibieron respuestas de 200 cirujanos dentistas con clínica privada, 71% comentó haber cerrado su consultorio al inicio de esta calamidad, en contraste, el 53.5% de profesionales afirmaron tener actualmente una consulta no restringida, refiriendo que se ha visto reducida entre 50 y 75%, la mayoría reconoce que han tenido que reforzar el uso de EPP y algunos protocolos de protección, 16.5% ha padecido COVID-19. Conclusiones: La pandemia ha generado un impacto económico importante en la práctica de los odontólogos, al combinarse la disminución del número de pacientes con el aumento de gastos. Se debe considerar a la odontología como una profesión de alto riesgo, por lo que este gremio debe ser tomado en cuenta para el plan de vacunación como parte importante del sector salud (AU)

Given the nature of their profession, the COVID-19 pandemic has brought complications in their daily practice to odontologists, who are at a high risk of contracting the disease, and the possibility of creating a cross infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. That is why odontologists have had to restrain their practice to attend to emergencies only and acquire consumables and equipment related to improve their patients' care and the safety of their work team. Objective: To know the COVID-19 pandemic impact in the oral health professionals' practice in Mexico. Material and methods: A transversal, descriptive study was conducted by using a survey through social networks to gather information from odontologists practicing in Mexico. Results were presented in frequency and percentage tables. Result: Responses of 200 dental surgeons in private practice were received. 71% said that they closed their office at the beginning of the pandemic. On the other hand, 53.5% of them currently have a non-restricted practice but it is reduced between 50 and 75%. Most of them recognized that they had to improve the use of PPE and add some protection protocols, 16.5% have suffered from COVID-19. Conclusions: This pandemic has generated an important economic impact in the odontological practice, combining the decrease in the number of patients with the increase in their office expenses. Odontology must be considered a high-risk profession and an important part of the health sector, consequently, these professionals must be included in the vaccination plan on a priority basis (AU)

Saliva: What Dental Practitioners Should Know about the Role of This Biofluid in the Transmission and Diagnostic of SARS-CoV-2.

A novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak has become a global ongoing pandemic. This pandemic represents a great work risk for all health professionals, it includes dental professionals who are in constant contact with saliva, which represents one of the main routes of transmission of the disease. This is due to the fact that a wide variety of oral tissues and cells are susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2 and that they express the ACE2 receptor, which is the main route of entry of the virus into cells, as well as the proteins TMPRSS and furin that contributes to the binding of the virus to the host cells. According to recent studies, some of the oral cells most susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2 are the epithelial cells of the salivary glands. This explains the presence of the virus in the saliva of infected patients and provides scientific evidence that supports the use of saliva as a biofluid that offers the opportunity to develop new detection and diagnostic techniques. This is because saliva is much easier to collect compared to nasopharyngeal swab. However, the presence of the virus in saliva, also represents a great source of transmission, since the main form of infection is through microscopic drops that are generated when infected people cough or sneeze. Likewise, health professionals, such as dentists are exposed to contagion through saliva. The objective of this review article is to provide a perspective on the main cells and tissues that can be affected by the virus, the risk of contagion that the presence of the virus in saliva represents for dentists; and the new techniques developed from saliva samples for the diagnosis and surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review is expected to contribute to the knowledge of oral health professionals about the risk of saliva in the spread of SARS-CoV-2, but also its advantages as a diagnostic tool for pandemic control. In conclusion, the authors can mention that information that provides more scientific evidence of the mechanisms of infection of the coronavirus in oral cells and tissues is being published continually. This also explains the presence of the virus in the saliva of infected people and the risk of contagion that this means. It also provides scientific evidence of the use of saliva as a biofluid for the detection, diagnosis, monitoring, and control of the spread of the virus.

How Dentists Face the COVID-19 in Mexico: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: on 7 January 2020, a new type of coronavirus was isolated, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV-2), the organism causing the outbreak that has affected the lives of all humans and has modified the rules of coexistence around the world. In Mexico, from 3 January 2020 to 9 January 2021, there have been 1439, 569 confirmed cases of COVID-19 with 131,031 deaths. The World Health Organization reported that Mexico was ranked twelfth, in terms of confirmed cases of COVID-19 by country. Aim: the objective of this study was to determine what modifications dentists from the Mexican Republic have made to their dental practice during theCOVID-19 pandemic. Methods: the study was conducted based on a questionnaire to evaluate the dentists' response and knowledge on the modifications in their dental practice to combat the new coronavirus's cross-transmission. The questionnaire was piloted before it was distributed. The questionnaire was disseminated through the social network Facebook. The questionnaire was distributed to groups of dentists on Facebook, in each of the Mexican Republic states. The survey was carried out during June 2020. Results and Conclusions: from the 32 states of the Mexican Republic, 29 participated with at least one respondent. The results of the applied survey suggest that dentists, at least the population of surveyed ones, have proper knowledge of detection methods of patients suspected of COVID-19, preventive measures that must be applied in the dental office to decrease the risk of infection, and the appropriate procedures and solutions for dental office disinfection.

What has Changed in the Daily Practice of the Dental Imaging Center During the COVID-19 Pandemic? / ¿Qué ha Cambiado en la Práctica Diaria del Centro de Imágenes Dentales Durante la Pandemia de COVID-19

A new type of RNA coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) related to acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and responsible for COVID-19 disease has spread around the world, resulting in an unprecedented pandemic. COVID-19 has become an international public health emergency and countless people and sectors have been affected. In this context, individual and collective protection measures were taken, mainly in health care. Dentistry, considered a high risk area, had to undergo changes in relation to biosecurity, including in radiological clinical practice. Thus, this letter aims to comment on these changes during visits to dental imaging centers.

Un nuevo tipo de coronavirus de ARN (SARS-CoV-2) relacionado con el síndrome respiratorio agudo (SARS) responsable de la enfermedad COVID-19 se ha extendido por todo el mundo y ha provocado una pandemia sin precedentes. COVID-19 se ha convertido en una emergencia de salud pública internacional y un sinnúmero de personas y sectores se han visto afectados. En este contexto, se tomaron medidas de protección individual y colectiva, principalmente en el ámbito de la salud. La atención dental, considerada de alto riesgo, tuvo que sufrir cambios en relación con la bioseguridad, incluida la práctica clínica radiológica. Así, esta carta tiene como objetivo comentar estos cambios durante los atendimientos a los centros de imagenología dental.

Pro-CAD: una alternativa para profesionalizar al personal auxiliar del odontólogo / Pro-CAD: a professionalizing alternative for the dentist's auxiliary staff

El presente artículo es el resultado de una investigación orientada a la implantación de un modelo educativo, que sustenta una propuesta para la capacitación de recursos humanos de apoyo técnico en el campo de la salud. Para este propósito se denominaron: Asistentes Dentales a quienes son el personal auxiliar que se desempeña con profesionales que ejercen la odontología en forma privada en México, y que no cuentan con escuelas para su formación, considerando sus diferencias individuales e involucrando las áreas cognoscitiva (conocimientos), psicomotriz (habilidades y destrezas) y afectiva (comportamientos). Los recursos humanos compiten fuertemente por encontrar un espacio de desempeño en un mercado altamente exigente, razón por la cual el eje principal de la investigación se fundamentó en el planteamiento del Consejo Normalizador y Certificador de Competencias Laborales (CONOCER). El modelo fue diseñado durante la formación doctoral, enmarcado en la línea de innovación curricular para la calidad total como consecuencia del interés personal por evaluar las competencias del personal auxiliar que se desempeña apoyando al gremio de la odontología; la población está organizada en un colegio local de profesionales filial a la Asociación Dental Mexicana. Se utilizó el método mixto, y la herramienta para recolección de datos fue la encuesta, misma que aportó información relevante para construir una propuesta denominada modelo Pro-CAD (Programa de Capacitación Asistente Dental), que se incluye brevemente al final de este artículo (AU)

This article is the result of research aimed at the implementation of an educational model, which supports a proposal for the training of human resources of technical support in the field of health. For this purpose they were called: Dental Assistants, who are the auxiliary staff who work with professionals who practice dentistry privately in México, and who do not have schools for their training considering their individual differences and involving the cognitive areas (knowledge), psychomotor (skills and skills), affective (behaviors). Human resources compete strongly to find a performance space in a highly demanding market, which is why the main focus of the research was based on the approach of the Standardizing Council and Labour Skills Certificater (CONOCER). The model was designed during my doctoral training framed in the line of curriculum innovation for total quality as a result of the personal interest in evaluating the work skills of the auxiliary staff who perform supporting the dental guild, the population is organized in a local college of professionals affiliated with the Mexican Dental Association. The mixed method was used, and the data collection tool was the survey, which provided relevant information to build a proposal called the Pro-CAD (Dental Assistant Training Program) model that is briefly included at the end of this article (AU)

Development and validation of an instrument to assess adherence to occupational health protocols in dentistry.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was the creation and validation of an instrument to evaluate adherence to occupational health protocols used in dentistry that arise from official regulations and international recommendations on infection control, biosafety, and occupational health in dentistry. Additionally, in May 2017 the effectiveness of the instrument was documented within the dental care clinics in the postgraduate area. METHODS: The instrument was developed based on constructs of occupational health, infection control, and biosafety in dentistry, made up of 21 indicators of 5 dimensions called protocols. Using direct observation through 35 measurements during 1 week, adherence to occupational health protocols was evaluated in postgraduate residents within the clinical sections of endodontics/pediatric dentistry, periodontics, prosthodontics, and orthodontics. RESULTS: The instrument presents an index of 0.88 in Cronbach's alpha analysis. There is a 34.4% adherence within the postgraduate dental clinic to the proposed occupational health protocols. The protocol with the highest adherence at 41.1% was the personal protection protocol. The periodontics section had a 52.9% observance of the proposed protocols and had the highest adherence to occupational health protocols. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed instrument is valid and reliable to evaluate adherence to the proposed occupational health protocols within dental care clinics. Dental clinics must be inspected and evaluated to ensure adherence to infection control, biosafety, and occupational health protocols within routine dental practice.

Factores determinantes para la atención clínica odontológica de pacientes con discapacidad / Determining factors for the clinical dental care of patients with disabilities

Objetivo: identificar los factores, inherentes a la práctica clínica, que determinan la atención odontológica de pacientes con discapacidad. Métodos: realización de estudio descriptivo, de alcance explicativo, cuantitativo y corte transversal; aplicación de en-cuesta dirigida a odontólogos que ejercen como profesionales independientes, con la cual se midieron variables de caracterización, conocimientos, habilidades, percepción, infraestructura y atención del paciente con discapacidad. También, se desarrolló un análisis descriptivo, correlacional y multivariado. Resultados: no todos los odontólo-gos recibieron formación para la atención clínica de personas con discapacidad; algu-nos conocen los métodos de comunicación alternativa y aumentativa y, de estos, una mayoría representativa no los sabe manejar. Sobre la infraestructura, se identificó que esta cumple parcialmente con la normatividad y que la mayoría de los profesionales se sienten medianamente preparados para llevar a cabo esta atención, por lo que el 67,3% (99) afirmó atender esta población con sus protocolos clínicos habituales, pero, el 83,7% (123) manifestó brindar la atención solo en casos de urgencia odontológica. Los factores que determinan la atención del paciente con discapacidad están relacio-nados con la cantidad de pacientes asistentes, las experiencias negativas previas, las habilidades en el manejo de la consulta, la sensación de preparación y los años de ex-periencia clínica. Conclusiones: las experiencias negativas previas en la práctica clínica con pacientes con discapacidad son determinantes; para su disminución se sugiere la urgente implementación de técnicas comunicativas, la adecuación de infraestructura y el desarrollo de habilidades para la atención integral e inclusiva.

Objective: Identify the factors that establish dental clinic care for patients with disabilities, that are inherent to the professional and to the clinical practice. Methods:A descriptive study of explanatory quantitative cross-cutting score was done. It was applied to dentists that worked independently where characterization variables, abilities, perception, infrastructure were measured, and attention to the patient in a situation of disability. A descriptive, correlational, multivariate analysis. Results: Only some dentists received the I information for the clinic care of patients in a situation of disability. Only some of them know the methods of alternative and augmentative communication and most of them don't know how to work with them. The infrastructure partially complies with the regulations and most of the professionals feel moderately prepared, so 67,3%(99) attend those patients in their usual clinical practice, but 83,7%(123) would attend them only in an emergency case. The factors that establish dental clinic care for patients with disabilities are related with the quantity of patients in a situation of disability, the previous, negative experiences, management skills in the consult, preparation sensation and the years of clinical experience. Conclusions: The previous negative experiences in the clinical practice with patients in a situation of disability are the most important factor for the dental clinic care for patients with disabilities, these experiences should decrease a from implementation of communication techniques, infrastructure adjustments and the development of abilities for the comprehensive and inclusive attention.

Women and Children Only: María Teresa Saleme and the Feminization of Dentistry in Argentina.

Women currently form the majority of dentists in Latin America, yet the historical reasons for this development have not been explored. As early as the second decade of the 20th century, a high number of dental students in Argentina were women, yet the stories of these early women dentists have not been told. This study uses the life of María Teresa Saleme, a pioneering woman dentist, as a case study to describe the experiences of early woman dentists in Argentina. This study posits that the way in which the professionalization of dentistry occurred in Argentina set the stage for the subsequent predominance of women in the field. Sources include archival research and personal interviews. In addition, a review was undertaken of the current literature on early women dentists, the history of dentistry in Argentina, and the professionalization of dentistry.

Placas protectoras de mucosa: su aplicación estomatológica / Occlusal splints for mucosal protection

El objetivo de esta comunicación es divulgar el uso de las placas de protectoras de mucosa (PPM) en el ámbito de la patología bucal, así como en la consulta odontológica diaria. Tomando como antecedente los primitivos protectores bucales diseñados para deportes de contacto, se desarrolló su uso en odontología con un diseño particular para el tratamiento de los desórdenes temporomandibulares. Describimos aquí la aplicación de las PPM en estomatología en el contexto de coadyuvancia terapéutica para diferentes entidades de muy frecuente consulta. Asimismo, se detallan la técnica de confección y las indicaciones de uso y cuidado para los pacientes (AU)

The aim of this report is to emphasize the usefulness of oral splints for mucosa protection in oral pathology as well as in every day dental practice. There is substantial evidence that mouthguards were first developed for use in boxing. The most common therapeutic use of occlusal splints in dentistry is the treatment of temporomandibular joint disorders. The present work describes the use of oral splints for mucosa protection in the context of adjuvant therapy as a protective device for many common disorders of the oral mucosa. At the same time it explains the fabrication technique and provides proper use and handling guidelines (AU)

Biología Molecular aplicada a la Estomatología en el siglo XXI: avances, bioética y educación científica / Molecular Biology applied to Dentistry in the XXI century: advances, bioethics and scientific education

Este artículo constituye una rápida mirada a los nuevos caminos adoptados por las ciencias biológicas aplicadas a la salud en los últimos tiempos, comentando su impacto en el mundo y, de modo especial, en el ejercicio de la odontología. Inicia con algunos alcances de la biología molecular y biotecnología, incluyendo el impacto de la ingeniería tisular en la cavidad oral; los cambios en el paradigma de la etiología que relaciona las enfermedades orales y sistémicas; se revisan áreas de investigación controversiales como la clonación de seres humanos y el desarrollo de tejidos humanos, hasta llegar a las aplicaciones de la genómica en salud. Se destaca la importancia de analizar el avance de estos procesos, así como su implicancia e impacto en el campo de las ciencias de la vida. La revisión propone un análisis desde la perspectiva bioética y de los derechos humanos, concluyendo con la posición responsable que debe asumir la educación científica.

This article provides a quick look at new ways adopted by the biological sciences from a health perspective, commenting on their impact on the world, particularly in the dental practice. It starts with the scopes of molecular biology and biotechnology, including the impact of tissue engineering in the oral cavity; the changes in the paradigm of the etiology that relates oral and systemic diseases; controversial areas of research as cloning of human beings and development of human tissues, until the applications of genomics in health. This review highlights the importance of analyzing the progress of these processes, as well as their implications and impact in life sciences. It is proposed an analysis from the perspective of the bioethics and the human rights, concluding with the responsible position which should be taken by the scientific education.

Clinical attachment loss: estimation by direct and indirect methods.

OBJECTIVE: This observational study aimed to compare the estimation of clinical attachment loss (CAL) as measured by direct (CALD ) and indirect (CALI ) methods. METHODS: Periodontitis patients (n = 75; mean age: 50.9 ± 8.02 years; 72.2% women; 50.6% smokers) received a periodontal examination (six sites/tooth) to determine the presence of visible plaque and calculus, the gingival bleeding index (GBI), periodontal probing depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BOP), CALD and gingival recession (GR). CALI values resulted from the sum of PPD and GR values. Statistical analysis considered only data from sites with visible GR (e.g. the gingival margin apical to the cemento-enamel junction; n = 4,757 sites) and determined the mean difference between CALI and CALD measurements. Based on the mean difference, univariate and multivariate analyses were also performed. RESULTS: Mean CALD and CALI values were 3.96 ± 2.07 mm and 4.47 ± 2.03 mm, respectively. The indirect method overestimated CAL compared with the direct method (mean difference: 0.51 ± 1.23 mm; P < 0.001). On uni- and multivariate analyses, absence of GBI and BOP, PPD and proximal site location had significant influences on the overestimation of CAL by the indirect method (all P ≤ 0.01). The indirect method increased the CAL value by 0.38 mm for each additional 1 mm in PPD. CONCLUSIONS: To decrease the number of probing errors in daily practice it is suggested that direct examination is more appropriate than the indirect method for estimating CAL.

Dental management of patients with microstomia: a review of the literature and update on the treatment / Manejo clínico odontológico del paciente con microstomia: una revisión de la literatura y puesta al día

Difficulty in dental management is one of the factors that characterize the patient that requires special care in dentistry. One of the clinical conditions that make dental treatment particularly complex is microstomia. Microstomia is defined as a small and insufficient oral aperture that will hinder diagnosis and dental treatment. Although there have been reports of patients with diseases and syndromes that cause microstomia, the available literature offers only a limited number of reviews on this topic. The aim of this paper is to present a review of the etiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of microstomia. In addition, to describe the therapeutic adaptations to be applied in dental procedures in patients with microstomia, emphasizing the importance of a preventive approach in this group of patients...

La dificultad en el manejo odontológico es uno de los factores que definen al paciente que requiere cuidados especiales en odontología. Una de las situaciones clínicas que más dificulta el tratamiento dental es la microstomia. La microstomia se define como una apertura bucal pequeña e insuficiente que va a dificultar el diagnóstico y el tratamiento bucodental. Aunque se han descrito casos clínicos de pacientes con enfermedades y síndromes que cursan con microstomia, no hay muchas revisiones del tema en la literatura. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar una revisión sobre la etiología, la clínica, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la microstomia. Así como, describir las adaptaciones terapéuticas que se deben aplicar en los procedimientos dentales en el paciente con microstomia, recalcando la importancia de un enfoque preventivo en este grupo de pacientes...